17

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets the A. kidneys. B. adrenal gland. C. anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis). D. hypothalamus. E. pancreas.

A

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by the following except A. hypoglycemia. B. polyuria. C. polyphagia. D. polydipsia. E. glycosuria.

A

Eicosanoids are derived from A. arachidonic acid. B. leukotriene. C. prostacyclin. D. prostaglandins. E. thromboxanes.

A

T4 and T3 are _____ hormones that are mainly transported _____ in the blood. A. monoamine; bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) B. monoamine; unbound (free) C. steroid; bound to transcortin-binding protein (TBP) D. steroid; unbound (free) E. catecholamine; bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)

A

Target organs most often regulate the pituitary gland via A. negative feedback inhibition. B. positive feedback inhibition. C. up-regulation. D. down-regulation. E. antagonistic regulation.

A

The ___ is not an endocrine gland but it has a role in endocrine function. A. kidney B. pancreas C. thyroid gland D. parathyroid gland E. adrenal gland

A

The ___ secretes a hormone that increases the body's metabolic rate, promotes alertness , quickens reflexes, and stimulates the fetal nervous system. A. thyroid gland B. pancreas C. adrenal gland D. parathyroid gland E. thymus

A

The hypophyseal portal system connects A. the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) with the hypothalamus. B. the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) with the hypothalamus. C. the anterior pituitary with the posterior pituitary. D. the hypothalamus with its target organs. E. the pituitary with its target organs.

A

The resistance stage in the general adaptation syndrome (stress response) is dominated by A. cortisol. B. epinephrine. C. norepinephrine. D. angiotensin. E. aldosterone.

A

___ is not a steroid hormone. A. Insulin B. Cortisol C. Progesterone D. Aldosterone E. Estradiol

A

Absence of iodine in the diet leads to A. hypoparathyroidism. B. hypothyroidism. C. hypocalcemia. D. hypoglycemia. E. hypoxemia.

B

Many hours after a meal, alpha () cells in the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) secrete A. glucagon, which lowers blood glucose. B. glucagon, which raises blood glucose. C. insulin, which lowers blood glucose. D. insulin, which raises blood glucose. E. glucocorticoids, which raise blood glucose.

B

Prostaglandins have all the following roles except A. to induce labor contractions. B. to stop fever and pain. C. to constrict or dilate arterioles. D. to act as vasodilators or vasoconstrictors. E. to inhibit gastric secretion.

B

The ___ secretes several hormones that stimulate the development of lymphatic organs and regulates development and activity of T cells (white blood cells). A. thyroid B. thymus C. adrenal gland D. spleen E. parathyroid

B

These are all hypothalamic hormones except A. antidiuretic hormone (ADH). B. luteinizing hormone (LH). C. thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH). D. somatostatin. E. prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH).

B

This figure shows A. modulation of target cell sensitivity by up-regulation. B. modulation of target cell sensitivity by down-regulation. C. enzyme amplification. D. a cascade effect. E. a permissive effect.

B

This figure shows the major organs of the endocrine system. Which structure secretes growth hormone (GH or somatotropin)? A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 8 E. 9

B

What makes a cell responsive to a particular hormone? A. the chemical properties of the hormone B. the presence of a receptor for that particular hormone C. the location of the gland that secretes the hormone D. the location of the target cells in the body E. the site where the hormone is secreted

B

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events leading to polyuria and dehydration? A. hyperglycemia glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid glucose transport maximum exceeded glucose enters renal tubules osmotic diuresis B. hyperglycemia glucose enters renal tubules glucose transport maximum exceeded glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid osmotic diuresis C. hyperglycemia glucose enters renal tubules glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid osmotic dieresis glucose transport maximum exceeded D. hyperglycemia glucose transport maximum exceeded glucose enters renal tubules glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid osmotic diuresis E. osmotic diuresis glucose enters renal tubules glucose transport maximum exceeded glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid hyperglycemia

B

___ secretion is controlled by neuroendocrine reflexes, whereas ___ secretion is controlled by negative feedback mechanisms. A. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH); luteinizing hormone (LH) B. Oxytocin (OT); antidiuretic hormone (ADH) C. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); oxytocin (OT) D. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) E. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); luteinizing hormone (LH)

B

Neither follicle stimulating (FSH) hormone nor testosterone alone can stimulate significant sperm production, whereas when they act together, the testes produce some 300,000 sperm per minute. This exemplifies A. hormone clearance. B. the cascade effect. C. the synergistic effect. D. the permissive effect. E. the antagonistic effect.

C

The ___ secrete(s) a hormone as a response to hypocalcemia. A. thymus B. thyroid gland C. parathyroid glands D. pineal gland E. pituitary gland

C

The initial response to stress is called ____ and is mediated mainly by ___. A. the resistance stage; cortisol B. the resistance stage; aldosterone and cortisol C. the alarm reaction; norepinephrine and epinephrine D. the alarm reaction; cortisol E. the exhaustion stage; norepinephrine and epinephrine

C

The neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) secretes A. prolactin (PRL). B. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). C. oxytocin (OT). D. thyroid hormone (TH). E. growth hormone (GH).

C

Aspirin and ibuprofen block A. the release of arachidonic acid from the plasma membrane. B. the action of phospholipase A1. C. the action of phospholipase A2. D. the action of lipoxygenase. E. the action of cyclooxygenase.

E

Cortisol A. inhibits fat digestion. B. stimulates protein synthesis. C. promotes glycogen synthesis. D. stimulates glucose intake by most organs. E. promotes breakdown of fat and protein.

E

Growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion causes gigantism when it begins in childhood, but it is more likely to cause ___ when it begins in adulthood. A. myxedema B. Graves disease C. Cushing syndrome D. goiter E. acromegaly

E

Negative feedback inhibition occurs when A. thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) targets the anterior pituitary. B. thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) causes the anterior pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). C. thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) targets the thyroid gland. D. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) targets the thyroid gland. E. thyroid hormone (TH) targets the anterior pituitary.

E

The infundibulum is A. a mass of endocrine and neural cells. B. a portal system between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. C. a bulky nucleus composed of the paraventricular nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus. D. a depression of the sphenoid bone that protects the pituitary gland. E. a projection of the hypothalamus from which the pituitary gland hangs.

E

The zona fasciculata in the adrenal gland secretes A. glucagon. B. epinephrine. C. estradiol. D. aldosterone. E. cortisol.

E

These are all secreted by the pancreas except A. glucagon. B. pancreatic polypeptide. C. gastrin. D. somatostatin (growth hormone-inhibiting hormone). E. somatotropin (growth hormone).

E

This is the last step in the sequence of events happening when cyclic AMP acts as a second messenger. A. G protein activates adenylate cyclase B. cAMP activates protein kinases C. adenylate cyclase produces cAMP D. G protein is activated by the binding of a hormone to the receptor E. enzymes are activated or deactivated by the action of protein kinases

E

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone targets the A. thyroid gland. B. thyroid hormone. C. hypothalamus. D. posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis). E. anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis).

E

___ is synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. A. Aldosterone B. Cortisol C. Testosterone D. Calcitriol E. Glucagon

E

These statements about diabetes mellitus (DM) are correct except A. the body produces autoantibodies that destroy the pancreatic beta cells in type I DM. B. target cells are unresponsive to insulin in type II DM. C. both type I and type II DM are characterized by lack of, or low levels of, insulin. D. diabetic neuropathy is a common long term effect of DM. E. type II DM is more common than type I DM.

C

This figure shows the hypothalamo-pituitary-target organ relationships. Which hormone stimulates glucocorticoid secretion? A. 1 B. 6 C. 8 D. 5 E. 10

C

This figure shows the major organs of the endocrine system. What does "1" represent? A. the hypothalamus B. the pituitary gland C. the pineal gland D. the hypophysis E. the adrenal gland

C

This gland has both endocrine and exocrine functions. A. the adrenal gland B. the salivary gland C. the ovary D. the pineal gland E. the thymus `

C

This hormone plays an important role in synchronizing physiological function with the cycle of daylight and darkness. A. calcitonin B. melanin C. melatonin D. hepcidin E. inhibin

C

___ enters a target cell's nucleus and acts directly on the genes. A. Insulin B. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) C. Estrogen D. Glucagon E. Oxytocin (OT)

C

All these can cause Cushing syndrome except A. ACTH hypersecretion by the pituitary. B. ACTH-secreting tumors. C. hyperactivity of the adrenal cortex. D. hyperactivity of the adrenal medulla. E. excess cortisol secretion.

D

Diabetes insipidus is caused by A. epinephrine hypersecretion. B. cortisol hypersecretion. C. aldosterone hypersecretion. D. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) hyposecretion. E. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) hypersecretion.

D

During the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome (stress response) stress overwhelms homeostasis. A characteristic of this stage is that A. glycogen supplies are depleted. B. energy demands are met primarily by fat metabolism. C. fermentation is not enough to provide the necessary ATP. D. energy demands are met primarily by protein metabolism. E. energy demands are met primarily by carbohydrate metabolism.

D

Endocrine gland(s) A. secrete substances that do not alter the metabolism of their target cells, but have extracellular effects. B. secrete their products by way of ducts. C. have an unusually low density of blood capillaries. D. release their secretions into the blood. E. secretions may be released onto the body surface

D

Even a small quantity of hormone can have a strong effect on its target cell because of A. negative feedback inhibition. B. an antagonistic effect. C. up-regulation. D. enzyme amplification. E. down-regulation.

D

The ___ secrete(s) ___, which promotes Na+ and water retention. A. adrenal medulla; epinephrine B. pancreas; cortisol C. kidneys; corticosterone D. adrenal cortex; aldosterone E. thyroid; calcitonin

D

The nervous system reacts to stimuli _____ compared to the endocrine system, adapts _____ compared to the endocrine system, and has _____ effects compared to the endocrine system. A. slowly; slowly; widespread B. quickly; slowly; specific C. quickly; quickly; widespread D. quickly; quickly; specific E. slowly; quickly; specific

D

This figure shows the hypothalamo-pituitary-target organ relationships. Which hormone is not a tropin? A. 1 B. 4 C. 8 D. 5 E. 6

D

___ has more target cells in the body than any of the others. A. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) B. Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) C. Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) D. Growth hormone (GH) E. Oxytocin (OT)

D

__ are secreted by one cell into the tissue fluid, diffuse to nearby cells in the same tissue, and stimulate their physiology. A. Neurotransmitters B. Neuromodulators C. Hormones D. Parahormones E. Paracrines

e