171 final exam 4

Difference from IQ test

Intelligence tests are different than achievement tests in that they measure someone's potential rather than progress. Intelligence tests can measure potential for academic achievement, or their strengths and weaknesses,.

ambiguous stimulus

view image, write some things.

Rprschach Test (inkblot test)

10 inkblots "tell me what you see"

Thematic Appeception Test (TAT) (projective)

30 cards picturing simple scenes

MMPI / MMPI-2 (object)

567 items, 60-90 minutes as true or false, numerous scores, very wide use, special lingo has validity scale built it

Projective tests can be used to diagnose mental illness. The Rorschach inkblot test is one example of a projective test that does this. In this test, the individual is shown a series of 10 inkblots and asked by the interviewer to explain what he sees. The answers are interpreted by the interviewer and give him an idea of the ways in which the individual organises his thoughts. This information is used as a basis for a diagnosis. An individual with a disorganised thought process, for instance, may have a psychotic disorder such as schizophrenia.

A common criticism of projective tests is their lack of standardisation. This means that different people giving the test may administer and interpret the tests differently and, therefore, the tests will yield different results. Projective tests are generally considered less reliable than other standardised, objective, psychological tests.

Achievement Tests

A test designed to assess an examinee's knowledge or skills in a content domain in which one has received instruction

SCL-90-R

Age range: 13+ 90 items (15 minutes), short phrases feelings, thought patterns, behavior responses on 5-point scale (not at all ... extremely) 12 scores 9 primary, 3 global

Millon-multiaxial (MCMI-IV)

Assessment of DSM-5®-related personality disorders and clinical syndromes. 18 and older;25 to 30 minutes. its effort to align its sacles with the DSM-IV.

MMPI-2 (object)

Changes: a little item updating scale numbers (Table 13.3) new norms "high" score definition 70 65

Strategies

Check responses to items with extreme empirical frequencies Check for consistency on same or similar items Balancing direction of items (Table 12.7, next) Using forced-choice method (Table 12.8, next)

Uses

Clinical Counseling Personnel selection Research

projective hypothese

In an ambiguous situation, response will be determined by personality dynamics

Clinical Tests

trial on a few persons to determine the safety of a new drug or invasive medical device; for drugs, dosage or toxicity limits should be obtained.

EPPS

Murray's psychological needs

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Notes on use very widespread, generally 2nd to Rorschach some decline in recent years Roots in Murray's theory of needs, presses (Used earlier for EPPS)

Types

Objective tests tend to be more reliable and valid than protective or subjective tests. eg. selected response format and simple item stems.

Pros/cons

Projective tests have great strengths — they focus on unique aspects of personality and allow for exploration of many issues. They are often hard to interpret and can be subjective and unreliable. Objective tests are very reliable and do not require subjective interpretation. But they are limited in what they cover, require the cooperation of the test-taker, and may require above average reading levels.

Rorschach: Reports & Evaluation

Report- Sequence of Scores and Structural Summary Evaluation of the Rorschach- extraordinary differences of opinion

Scales and indexes

The L Scale: Also referred to as the "lie scale," The F Scale: detect attempts at "faking good" or "faking bad." The K Scale: detects attempts to present oneself in the best possible way. The ? Scale: the number of items left unanswered. TRIN Scale: detect patients who respond inconsistently. VRIN Scale: also detects inconsistent responses. The Fb Scale: composed of 40 items that less than 10% of normal respondents support.

Uses

Track student achievement over time Compare group achievement across classes, schools, or districts Being used in high-stakes decision making Help identify academic strengths and weaknesses Used to evaluate the effectiveness of instructional programs or curricula Used in licensing and certification in a broad array of professions

Objective personality tests

a test of personality that can be scored in a simple, clerical-like manner, (e.g. by counting responses to multiple-choice or true-false items.)

Projective tests

ambiguous stimulus constructed-response (free-response) also, exceptional controversy about usefulness

Structured interview

attempt to allevviiate , cover same topic, with same questions, and client. it aspire to be both comprehensive and consistent. included within the consistency are response coding.

4 factors

content, theoretical, factor analysis, and criterion-keying.

Basic problem

disentangling true personality traits from response sets

semistrucruted approach

falls between the two interview. has some standard questions, but it is partly tailored to the individual client.

Clinical Interview

is a tool that helps physicians, psychologists and researchers make an accurate diagnosis of a variety of mental illnesses

Criterion-keying

items are selected for a personality scale strictly in terms of their ability to discriminate between two well-defined groups of examinees. adv: proven to be an enormously fruitful approach to test development. ; dis: limited the score, only well when we have well-define group, emphasizes differentiation between group.

Content

logical or rational method develops test items and scales based on simple, straightforward understanding of what we want to measure. also call commonsense approach. basily yes or no question. adv: simpllicity. food validity; disa: fake good fake bad

Beck Depression Inventory(BDI-II)

most widely used index for symptoms of depression, a surprisingly brief instrument -21 items

objective test good reliability and validity measure everyone on the same standard, enabling comparisons

projective tests ask subjects to respond to intentionally vague/ ambiguous stimuli to reveal personality "themes" such as wants, need, traits, etc. can't compete with another because you can answer anything.

Theoretical

reference to some personality theory. adv: provide an operational definition of the theory dis: test's utility is limited by theory validity always concern about how well the test reflects the theory.

Response styles

response sets, response styles, distortion, impression management, socially desirable, faking good, faking bad, malingering

Standardized test

test that is administered, scored, and interpreted in a standard manner The goal is to ensure that testing conditions are as nearly the same as possible for all individuals

f(ive factor inventory) NEO-PI (object)

the big 5 measure

Factor analysis

to identify the dimensions underlying a large number of observation. adv:primary methodology for helping to identify dimensions. bringing order to items and responses.; dis: result depend on content of the items. endless factor analysis,

Unstructured interview

traditional interview, fraught with technical inadequacies. follows no particular pattern and varies from one client to another as well as from one clinician to another.