18.1 - steps in automated analysis
task-targeted automation (Stand-alone)
- a module will run specific tasks, samples need to be transported by hand - require the involvement of people - affect *traceability* because samples are sometimes left idle
measurement phase
- accurate calibration is essential to obtain accurate info - most systems use *photometry* to measure the activity of analyte tested
total laboratory automation (TLA)
- combines a wide variety of processes, including accessioning and sorting of spx, de-capping tubes, centrifugation, aliquoting etc - includes pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical ops
reagent systems and delivery
- one or more rgts are dispensed into rxn cuvet - monitors carousel, chain driven pulley, proboscis - most automated systems employ motorized carousel to hold the rgts
specimen measurement
- small aliquot of the sample is introduced into the rxn cuvet - circular carousels, rectangular racks
TLA advantages
- standardized testing - reduced sample handling steps - increased productivity, faster TAT and better quality
sample identification
- usually done by reading the bar code - this information can be done manually
signal processing and data handling
analyte conc. is estimated from a calibration curve that is stored in the analyzer
send results to LIS
analyzer communicates results for the ordered test to the LIS
- task targeted automation - total laboratory automation
approaches to automation
- sample ID - determination of tests to perform
automated analysis: ID and Preparation steps
- rgt. systems and delivery - spx measurement and delivery - chemical rxn phase
automated analysis: chemical reaction steps
- measurement phase - signal processing and data handling - sending of results to LIS
automated analysis: data collection and analysis steps
- sample identification - chemical reaction - data collection and analysis
steps in automated analysis
chemical/clinical rxn phase
the sample and rgts are mixed and incubated dilution: pumps and syringes mixing: glass coils, beaker mixer, rotors incubation: electronic circuits, waterbath