18.1 - steps in automated analysis

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task-targeted automation (Stand-alone)

- a module will run specific tasks, samples need to be transported by hand - require the involvement of people - affect *traceability* because samples are sometimes left idle

measurement phase

- accurate calibration is essential to obtain accurate info - most systems use *photometry* to measure the activity of analyte tested

total laboratory automation (TLA)

- combines a wide variety of processes, including accessioning and sorting of spx, de-capping tubes, centrifugation, aliquoting etc - includes pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical ops

reagent systems and delivery

- one or more rgts are dispensed into rxn cuvet - monitors carousel, chain driven pulley, proboscis - most automated systems employ motorized carousel to hold the rgts

specimen measurement

- small aliquot of the sample is introduced into the rxn cuvet - circular carousels, rectangular racks

TLA advantages

- standardized testing - reduced sample handling steps - increased productivity, faster TAT and better quality

sample identification

- usually done by reading the bar code - this information can be done manually

signal processing and data handling

analyte conc. is estimated from a calibration curve that is stored in the analyzer

send results to LIS

analyzer communicates results for the ordered test to the LIS

- task targeted automation - total laboratory automation

approaches to automation

- sample ID - determination of tests to perform

automated analysis: ID and Preparation steps

- rgt. systems and delivery - spx measurement and delivery - chemical rxn phase

automated analysis: chemical reaction steps

- measurement phase - signal processing and data handling - sending of results to LIS

automated analysis: data collection and analysis steps

- sample identification - chemical reaction - data collection and analysis

steps in automated analysis

chemical/clinical rxn phase

the sample and rgts are mixed and incubated dilution: pumps and syringes mixing: glass coils, beaker mixer, rotors incubation: electronic circuits, waterbath


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