18G16D

Breach in the epithelium of the gastrointestinal mucosa only.

Erosions(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 593

A breach in the vascular wall leading to an extravascular hematoma that freely communicates with the intravascular space.

False aneurysm(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 357

True or false?Dysplasia always progress to cancer.

False(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.178

True or false:Injury to tissues composed of permanent cells does not result to scarring.

False. Injury to tissues composed of permanent cells, inevitably results to scarring.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.77

True or false:Dependent edema is a prominent feature of left-sided heart failure.

False.Dependent edema is a feature of right-sided HF, while pulmonary congestion is a feature of left-sided HF.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.84

True or false:A patient who has had one pulmonary embolus has a decreased risk of developing another embolus.

False.The patient is at risk of developing more pulmonary emboli.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.99

True or false:Systemic bacteremia must be present to induce septic shock.

FalseHost inflammatory response to local extravascular infections may be sufficient to induce septic shock.(TOPNOTCHRobbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.102

True or false:Activation of the coagultion cascade and subsequent thrombin formation is reversible.

FalseIrreversible(TOPNOTCH)

True or false:The primary aggregation of platelets is irreversible.

FalseReversible(TOPNOTCH)

True or false?Lack of capsule in a neoplastic growth indicates malignancy.

FalseSome benign tumors are not encapsulated.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.179

A peculiar feature of this type of thyroid carcinoma is the presence of multicentric C cell hyperplasia

Familial Medullary Cancers of the thyroid (TOPNOTCH)

Uncommon autosomal dominant disorder with propensity for malignant transformation. Patients with this disease typically develop 500 to 2500 colonic adenomas that carpet the mucosal surface.

Familial adenomatous polyposis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 619

This autosomal dominant disorder is caused by a mutation in the gene that specifies the receptor for LDL, impairing the intracellular transport and catabolism of LDL.

Familial hypercholesterolemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.232

Symptoms of pulmonary insufficiency, neurologic symptoms, anemia, and thrombocytopenia characterize what syndrome?

Fat embolism syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.99

Microscopic fat globules found in the circulation after fractures of long bones or after soft-tissue trauma.

Fat embolism(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.99

Refers to focal areas of fat destruction, typically resulting from release of activated pancreatic lipases into the substance of the pancreas and the peritoneal cavity. The foci of necrosis contain shadowy outlines of necrotic fat cells with basophilic calcium deposits, surrounded by an inflammatory reaction.

Fat necrosis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.11

Appearance of lipid vacuoles in the cytoplasm.

Fatty Change(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.23

Refers to any abnormal accumulation of triglycerides within parenchymal cells. Most often seen in the liver but can also occur in the heart, sk m., and kidneys.

Fatty Change(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.23

Clear vacuoles within parenchymal cells, displacing the nucleus to the cell periphery.

Fatty change (TOPNOTCHRobbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.24

Focal, intracellular fat deposits creating alternating bands of yellowed myocardium with alternating bands of darker red-brown uninvolved heart or "tigered effect".

Fatty change of the heart(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.24

Composed of lipid-filled foam cells but are not significantly raised and thus do not cause any disturbance in blood flow. Can appear as early as 1 year, and present in virtually all children older than 10 years old.

Fatty streaks(TOPNOTCH)

Composed of lipid-filled foam cells but are not significantly raised and thus do not cause any disturbance in blood flow. Can appear as early as 1 year, and present in virtually all children older than 10 years old.

Fatty streaks(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 349

Diffuse, foamy, swollen appearance to the hepatocyte caused by retained biliary material.

Feathery degeneration(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p633

Most consistent sign of infective endocarditis.

Fever(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 407

Minor components Jones criteria for RF

FeverArthralgiaElevated acute phase reactants (e.g. CRP)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 406

Integral component of elastic fibers defective in Marfan Syndrome.

Fibrillin 1(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.230

Lysosomal storage disease characterized by accumulation of glucosylceramide in mononuclear phagocytic cells, which enlarge, forming "wrinkled tissue paper" cytoplasmic appearance.

Gaucher disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.238

Gross morphology: gyri are flattened, intervening sulci are narrowed, and the ventricular cavities are compressed

Generalized cerebral edema(TOPNOTCH)

A phenomenon wherein a single phenotype or genetic disorder may be caused by mutations of several genetic loci or allele.

Genetic heterogeneity Note: compare with pleiotropy(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.228

An epigenetic process wherein certain genes are differentially "inactivated" during paternal and maternal gametogenesis.

Genomic imprinting(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.252

Ghon focus + nodal involvement = ________

Ghon complex(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 518

Implantation of the inhaled M. tuberculosis bacilli in the distal airspaces of the lungs, causes the formation of this 1 - 1.5 cm area of gray-white inflammatory consolidation.

Ghon focus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 518

An oral lesion seen in patients with HIV. White confluen patches with "hairy" or corrugated surface with marked epithelial thickening.

Hairy leukoplakia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 581

This refers to an excessive but focal overgrowth of cells and tissues native to the organ in which it occurs.

Hamartoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.267

A circulating protein that binds and clears free hemoglobin.

Haptoglobin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 424

Morphology: the thyroid parenchyma contains a dense lymphocytic infiltrate with germinal centers and deeply eosinophilic Hurthle cells line the residual thyroid follicles

Hashimoto Thyroiditis (TOPNOTCH)

Morphology: extensive infiltration of the parenchyma by a mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate containing small lymphocytes, plasma cells, and well developed germinal centers

Hashimoto thyroiditis (TOPNOTCH)

The most common cause of hypothyroidism in areas of the world where iodine levels are sufficient. Presents as painless enlargement of the gland, associated with hypothyroidism.

Hashimoto thyroiditis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 757

60% of cancers of the pancreas arise in what area?

Head > Body > Tail(TOPNOTCH)

Most common location of pancreatic cancer.

Head of pancreas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., pg. 684

Healing of a clean, uninfected surgical incision approximated by surgical sutures

Healing by first intention / Primary Union(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.74

Type of healing wherein tissue is allowed to heal by itself before suturing. Used in large wounds, in the presence of abscess, or ulceration.

Healing by secondary intention / secondary union(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.76

Hemosiderin laden macrophages are also called _______

Heart failure cells(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 381

Hemosiderin- laden macrophages

Heart- failure cells(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.85

Five cardinal signs of inflammation?

Heat (calor)redness (rubor)swelling (tumor)pain (dolor)loss of function (functio laesa)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.32

Cramping of voluntary muscles in association with vigorous exercise as a result of electrolyte loss via sweating.

Heat cramps(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 299

Most common hyperthermic syndrome. A sudden onset of prostration and collapse, resulting from failure of the cardiovascular system to compensate for hypovolemia, secondary to water depletion.

Heat exhaustion(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 299

Associated with high ambient temperatures and high humidity. Thermoregulatory mechanisms fail, sweating ceases and core body temperature rises. Due to marked generalized peripheral vasodilation with peripheral pooling of blood and decreased effective circulating volume.

Heat stroke(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 299

Precipitates of denatured globin seen in RBC's.

Heinz bodies(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 432

Most important etiologic association with chronic gastritis. A non-invasive, non-spore forming S-shaped gram negative rod.

Helicobacter pylori(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 592

This is the first bacterium to be classified as a carcinogen.

Helicobacter pylori(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.213

Most common tumors of infancy.

Hemangioma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.267

What are the most common benign neoplasm in the liver?

Hemangiomas(TOPNOTCH)

Most cases of osteomyelitis reach the bone via what route?

Hematogenous (TOPNOTCH)

This is the mode of dissemination more typical of sarcomas.

Hematogenous spread(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.180

Accumulation of blood within a tissue.

Hematoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.86

Among the 3 classic diagnostic features of RCC, which feature is the most reliable?

Hematuria (TOPNOTCH)

Disease caused by deletion of 3 alpha globin genes.

Hemoglobin H disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 431

One of the main causes of acute renal failure in children.

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 568

Anemia characterized by an increased rate of cell destruction, a compensatory increase in erythropoeisis that results in reticulocytosis, and retention of products of cell destruction, including iron.

Hemolytic anemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 424

Associated with childhood onset microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure. No neurologic symptoms.

Hemolytic uremic syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 472

Caused by shiga-like toxin in EHEC (E. coli O157:H7) from improperly cooked burgers.

Hemolytic uremic syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 472

Most common hereditary disease associated with life threatening bleeding,

Hemophilia A(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 474

An X-linked disorder caused by deficiency of Factor IX, or Christmas factor. Bleeding time is normal, PTT is prolonged.

Hemophilia B/ Christmas Disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 474

Fate of an atheromatous plaque due to rupture of the overlying fibrous cap or the thin-walled vessels in the areas of neovascularization.

Hemorrhage(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 351

Extravasation of blood from vessels into the extravasclar space.

Hemorrhage(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.86

Gross morphology: extensive parenchymal necrosis accompanied by diffuse hemorrhage within the substance of the gland

Hemorrhagic pancreatitis(TOPNOTCH)

Extensive pancreatic parenchymal necrosis accompanied by diffuse hemorrhage.

Hemorrhagic pancreatitis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., pg. 678

Small, dark nuclear remnants seen within red cells in PBS of hereditary spherocytosis.

Howell-Jolly bodies(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 425

This is the only retrovirus that has been demonstrated to cause cancer in humans.

Human T-cell Leukemia Virus -1 (HTLV-1)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.211

Mediated by antibodies and is effective against extracellular microbes.

Humoral immunity(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.109

Type of adaptive immunity mediated by soluble antibody proteins that are produced by B lymphocytes.

Humoral immunity(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.109

An X-linked mucopolysaccharidosis which is due to a deficiency of L-iduronate sulfatase. Symptoms are similar to Hurler sundrome, but without corneal clouding.

Hunter syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.239

It is an inherited autosomal dominant disease characterized clinically by progressive movement disorders and dementia, with degeneration of the striatum (caudate and putamen).

Huntington Disease (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 894

This is a neurodegenerative genetic disorder that affects muscle coordination and leads to cognitive decline and psychiatric problems.

Huntington's disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.229

Renal failure is defined as GFR less than how many percent of normal?

20%-25%(TOPNOTCH)

In renal insufficiency is defined as GFR less than how many percent of normal?

20%-50%(TOPNOTCH)

Myocardial cells undergo irreversile damage after ______ minutes of ischemia.

20-30 minutes(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.102

Deletion of genes from this chromosome gives rise to DiGeorge and velocardiofacial syndromes.

22q11.2Remember mnemonic CATCH22(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.245

Coagulation necrosis ensues how many hours after MI?

4-12 hrs after an irreversible injury(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 394

Appear typically with an abundant fibrous stroma (desmoplasia) explaining their firm, gritty consistency Most exhibit clearly defined glandular and tubular structures lined by somewhat anaplastic cuboidal to low columnar epithelial cells. Bile pigment and hyaline inclusions are not found within the cells.

Cholangiocarcinomas (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p672

What is the most common cause of cholangitis?

Choledocholithiasis(TOPNOTCH)

Morphology: feathery degeneration and focal detergent dissolution of hepatocytes, giving rise to bile lakes filled with cellular debris and pigment

Cholestasis(TOPNOTCH)

Gallbladder stones that are mostly radiolucent, ovoid and firm; can occur singly but most often there are several, with faceted surfaces resulting from apposition to one another. They are pale yellow but w/ increasing proportions of CaCO3, phosphates and bilirubin, they turn gray-white to black and radiopaque.

Cholesterol stones (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p668

AKA Strawberry Gallbladder

Cholesterolosis(TOPNOTCH)

Morphology: chicken wire pattern of mineralizaton

Chondroblastoma (TOPNOTCH)

O ring sign is seen in what cartilage forming tumor?

Chondroma (TOPNOTCH)

A benign cartilagenous tumor is called?

Chondroma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.175

Appear as very hemorrhagic, necrotic masses within the uterus. The tumor is purely epithelial, composed of anaplastic cuboidal cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast, chorionic villi are not formed. High propensity for metastasis.

Choriocarcinoma (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 737

Unilateral ovarian tumor which occur during the 1st 3 decades of life. Characterized by small, hemorrhagic focus with syncitiothrophoblast and cytotrophoblast. Metastasize early.

Choriocarcinoma(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 732

Cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast without villus formation

Choriocarcinomas (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 692

A reduction in the oxygen-transporting capacity of blood.

Anemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 422

This is a malformation of the anterior end of the neural tube, with absence of the brain and top of skull.

Anencephaly(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 872

Fate of an atherosclerotic plaque due to increased pressure or ischemic atrophy of the underlying media, with loss of elastic tissue, leading to weakness of the vessel wall.

Aneurysm formation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 351

It is a localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel or heart.

Aneurysm(TOPNOTCH)

It is a localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel or heart.

Aneurysm(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 357

Syndrome manifested as mental retardation, ataxic gait, seizures and inappropriate laughter. Also called the "happy puppet syndrome". Maternal imprinting.

Angelman syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.251

A condition wherein ischemia causes pain but is insufficient to lead to death of myocardium.

Angina pectoris(TOPNOTCH)

A condition wherein ischemia causes pain but is insufficient to lead to death of myocardium.

Angina pectoris(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 388

Morphology: these are tortuous dilations of submucosal and mucosal blood vessels

Angiodysplasia(TOPNOTCH)

These are malignant endothelial neoplasms, with varying histology from plump, anaplastic but recognizable endothelial cells producing vascular channels to widely undifferentiated tumors having solid, spindle cell appearance and producing nondefinite blood vessels.

Angiosarcoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 376

These cells have abundant cytoplasm and central nuclei with chromatin arrayed in a slender, wavy ribbon (caterpillar cells) which can be found in all three layers of the heart in rheumatic fever. A component of Aschoff bodies.

Anitschkow cells(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 403

This congenital abnormality develops embryologically when one portion of the ventral pancreatic primordium becomes fixed, while the other portion of this primordium is drawn around the duodenum

Annular Pancreas(TOPNOTCH)

Self-induced starvation, resulting in marked weight loss.

Anorexia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 306

Most common location for berry aneurysms.

Anterior communicating artery in the Circle of WIllis (40%)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 867

Most common location for berry/saccular aneurysms.

Anterior communicating artery in the Circle of WIllis (40%)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 867

What is the most common location of vaginal adenocarcinoma?

Anterior wall of the upper third of Vagina (TOPNOTCH)

CrGN characterized by linear deposits of IgG and C3 on the GBM. anti-GBM Ab also bind to pulmonary alveolar capillary basement membranes to produce pulmonary hemorrhages associated with renal failure.

Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrance Antibody (Type I) CrGN(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 557

Enzyme deficient in central Diabetes insipidus.

Anti-diuretic hormone(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 757

Bone marrow is markedly hypocellular, with >90% of the intertrabecular space being occupied by fat.

Aplastic anemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 439

Represents a sudden but usually temporary cessation of erythropoeisis, usually trigerred by parvovirus B19 infections in patients with sickle cell disease.

Aplastic crises(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 428

Isolated hepatocytes become shrunken, pyknotic, and intensely eosinophilic.

Apoptosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p633

Type of cell death which is energy-dependent, tightly regulated, and associated with normal cellular functions.

Apoptosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.7

Type of cell death characterized by nuclear dissolution, without complete loss of membrane integrity.

Apoptosis(TOPNOTCHRobbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.7

Composed of membrane-bound vesicles of cytosol and organelles seen in programmed-cell death.

Apoptotic Bodies(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.19

Membrane bound vesicles of cytosol and organelles quickly extruded and phagocytosed without eliciting inflammatory response.

Apoptotic bodies(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.20

Appears as round or oval masses with intensely eosinophilic cytoplasm, nuclei with various stages of chromatin condensation and aggregation, karyorrhexis.

Apoptotic cell(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.20

What is the most common site of gut carcinoid tumors?

Appendix(TOPNOTCH)

Most common site of carcinoid tumors.

Appendix(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 627

Consists of a small posterior fossa and a misshapen midline cerebellum with downward extension of vermis through the foramen magnum; hydrocephalus and a lumbar myelomeningocele are typically also present.

Arnold-Chiari malformation Type II(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 872

Consists of low-lying cerebellar tonsils which extend through the foramen magnum at the base of the skull. This can lead to obstruction of CSF flow and compression of the medulla, resulting in symptoms of headache or cranial nerve deficits.

Arnold-Chiari malformation type I(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 872

This substance is a byproduct of metal smelting, a component of alloys, electrical and semiconductor devices which could cause cancer of the lungs and skin and hemangiosarcomas.

Arsenic and its compounds(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.183

Chronic exposure with this heavy metal results in hyperpigmentation and hyperkeratosis which may develop into basal or squamous cell carcinomas.

Arsenic(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 285

Pathognomonic sign for rheumatic fever,consisting of of a cental zone of degenerating, hypereosinophilic ECM infiltrated by lymphocytes, ocassional plasma cells and plump, activated macrophages.

Aschoff bodies(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 402

What are the 4 major consequences of portal hypertension?

Ascites, formation of portosystemic venous shunts, congestive splenomegaly, and hepatic encephalopathy(TOPNOTCH)

A pattern of nonrhythmic, rapid extension-flexion movements of the head and extremities, best seen when the arms are held in extension with dorsiflexed wrists, seen in patients with hepatic encephalopathy.

Asterixis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p635

Triad of 1.intermittent and reversible airway obstruction2.chronic bronchial inflammation with eosinophils3.bronchial smooth muscle cell hypertrophy and hyperreactivity

Asthma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 489

Curshmann spirals and Charcot-Leyden crystals are found histologically in this disease.

Asthma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 492

These are responsible for the secretion of CSF. It has a specialized epithelial covering with a fibrovascular stroma that may contain meningothelial cells.

Choroid plexus (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 861

Grossly seen as fine white granules or clumps, often felt as gritty deposits. Histologically, intra/extracellular basophilic deposits.

Calcium salts(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.27

Substance that activates the coagulation proteins.

Calcium(TOPNOTCH)

What do you call the glandlike structures filled with an acidophilic material similar to immature follicles that are seen in Granulosa Theca Cell tumors?

Call Exner bodies (TOPNOTCH)

Acute poisoning of carbon monoxide produces this characteristic color of the skin and mucous membranes.

Cherry red color(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 283

Morphology: glomeruli show thickening and sometimes splitting of capillary walls, due largely to endothelial and subendothelial swelling, and deposits of fibrin-related materials in the capillary lumens, subendothelially, and in the mesangium.

Childhood Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome(TOPNOTCH)

Autosomal recessive. There are numerous small cysts in the cortex and medulla, giving the kidney a "sponge-like" appearance. Cysts have uniform cuboidal epithelium. Associated with multiple cysts in the liver.

Childhood Polycystic Kidney Disease (CPKD)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 570

A gram-negative intracellular bacterium that causes a disease that is clinically indistinguishable from gonorrhea in both men and in women.

Chlamydia trachomatis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 707

Gas bubbles in the lung vasculture causing edema, hemorrhages, focal atelectasis and emphysema.

Chokes(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.100

RCC morphology: pale eosinophilic cells, often with a perinuclear halo, arranged in solid sheets with a concentration of the largest cells around the blood vessels

Chromophobe RCC (TOPNOTCH)

Renal cell carcinoma which tends to be tan-brown, cells have clear, flocculent cytoplasm with very prominent, distinct cell membranes. Nuclei surrounded by halos of cleared cytoplasm.

Chromophobe-type renal cell carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 574

Occasional noncaseating granulomas in intestinal walls, with dense chronic inflammatory infiltrate

Chron disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.56

Characterized by transmural inflammation of the bowel, associated with noncaseating granulomas and fistula formation. Intestinal walls are rubbery and thick. (+) skip lesions, creeping fat mesentery

Chron's disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 613

Morphology: Prominence of Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses

Chronic Cholecystitis(TOPNOTCH)

Light Microscopy: Hyalinized glomeruli

Chronic Glomerulonephritis (TOPNOTCH)

NADPH deficiency or defect resulting in decreased oxidative burst.

Chronic Granulomatous Disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.42

What is the outcome of 85% of Acute Hepatitis infection?

Chronic Hepatitis(TOPNOTCH)

Inflammation characterized by infiltration with mononuclear cells, tissue destruction and repair involving angiogenesis and fibrosis.

Chronic Inflammation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.53

This refers to progressive cardiac decompensation (heart failure) following myocardial infarction.

Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 388

Atelectasis which occurs when either local or generalized fibrotic changes in the lung or pleura hamper expansion and increase elastic recoil during expiration.

Contraction or cicatricial atelectasis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 481

Injury which may occur from collision of the brain with the skull opposite the site of impact.

Contrecoup injury(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 868

A wound usually produced by a blunt object, characterized by damage to blood vessels and extravasation of blood into tissues.

Contusion (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 298

These are wedge shaped lesions of the brain parenchyma which occur secondary to trauma. The broad base of the wedge spans the surface and centered on the point of impact.

Contusions(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 868

These lesions arise within the medullary cavity of the bone to form an expansile glistening mass that often erodes the cortex. They exhibit malignant hyaline and myxoid cartilage.

Conventional chondrosarcomas (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p814

Isolated right sided HF occuring in patients with intrinsic lung disease that result in chronic pulmonary hypertension.

Cor Pulmonale(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 381

Right Ventricular failure secondary to pulmonary hypertension.

Cor pulmonale(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.99

These are round, faintly basophilic, PAS-positive, concentrically lamellated aggregates of polyglucosans that range between 5 and 50 μm, and are located wherever there are astrocytic end processes, especially in the subpial and perivascular zones, seen more frequently with advancing age.

Corpora amylacea (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 861

Adrenal changes in shock.

Cortical cell lipid depletion(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.106

Viruses which account for most cases of myocarditis.

Coxsackie A and B(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 414

This condition presents with impaired developments of the skeletal system and central nervous system, manifested by severe mental retardation, short stature, coarse facial features, a protruding tongue, and umbilical hernia

Cretinism (TOPNOTCH)

The pathognomonic finding of this disease is a spongiform transformation of the cerebral cortex and deep gray matter structures (caudate, putamen); consists of a multifocal process that results in the uneven formation of small, empty, microscopic vacuoles of varying sizes within the neuropil and sometimes in the perikaryon of neurons.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 880

Gross morphology: intestinal wall is rubbery and thick, as a consequence of edema, inflammation, fibrosis and hypertrophy of the muscularis propria

Crohn disease(TOPNOTCH)

Gross morphology: narrowing of lumen, bowel wall thickening, serosal extension of mesenteric fat, and linear ulceration of the mucosal surface

Crohn disease(TOPNOTCH)

In this condition, the normal granular, basophilic cytoplasm of the ACTH-producing cells in the anterior pituitary is replaced by homogeneous, lightly basophilic material. This results from high levels of endogenous or exogenous glucocorticoids.

Crooke hyaline change(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 790

The fungus is a 5-10 um yeast, has a thick, gelatinous capsule and reproduces by budding. Most likely acquired through bird droppings. Visualized by India ink or Giemsa stain.

Cryptococcus neoformans(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 527

Represents failure of testicular descent into the scrotum which involves the right testis more commonly than the left. Causes increased risk of sterility and development of testicular cancer.

Cryptorchidism(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 690

Acute gastric ulceration which occurs in the presence of extensive burns.

Curling ulcer(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 596

Whorls of shed epithelium found in mucus plugs.

Curschmann spirals(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 492

Primary hypothalamic-pituitary disease associated with oversecretion of ACTH. The adrenal glands characterized by variable degrees of bilateral nodular cortical hyperplasia.

Cushing disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 789

Crook hyaline change is seen in?

Cushing syndrome (TOPNOTCH)

Paraneoplastic syndromes associated with oat cell carcinoma.

Cushing syndromeSIADH Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 532

Acute gastric ulceration which occurs in the presence of injury to the CNS.

Cushing ulcer(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 596

Present in the dermis and subcutaneous fat, these well-delineated but unencapsulated masses are composed of spindle cells. The stroma of these tumors is highly collagenized and contains little myxoid material.

Cutaneous neurofibroma.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 899

These enzymes promote DNA replication and various aspects of mitosis. They are required for cell cycle progression. Forms complexes with cyclin.

Cyclin-deoendent kinases (CDK)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.61

Enzyme blocked by NSAIDS.

Cyclooxygenase 1 and 2(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.47

Chemotherapeutic agent associated with development of hemorrhagic cystitis and increased risk of bladder carcinoma.

Cyclophosphamide(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 576

Lungs with extensive mucous plugging and dilated tracheobronchial tree. Pancreatic ducts dilated and plugged with eosinophilic mucin, atrophic parenchymal glands replaced by fibrous tissue. Hepatic steatosis, Azoospermia and infertility are some of the features of this disease.

Cystic fibrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.262

Isolated postnuchal fluid accumulation in fetuses with hydrops.

Cystic hygroma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.261

Most frequent pre-existing histologically detectable lesion in aortic dissection, characterized by elastic tissue fragmentation and separation of the elastic and smooth muscle cell elements of the media by cystic spaces filled with amorphous proteoglycan-rich extracellular matrix.

Cystic medial degeneration(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 361

Urolithiasis: caused by genetic defects in the renal absorption of amino acids

Cystine stones (TOPNOTCH)

Kidney stones associated with a defect in the renal transportation of certain amino acids. Forms in acidic urine.

Cystine stones(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 572

These disorders may result from alterations in the number or structure of chromosomes and may affect autosomes or sex chromosomes.

Cytogenetic disorders(TOPNOTCH)

These disorders may result from alterations in the number or structure of chromosomes and may affect autosomes or sex chromosomes.

Cytogenetic disorders(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.241

Polypeptide products of many cell types that function as mediators of inflammation and immune response.

Cytokines(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.48

Cells infected by this virus exhibit gigantism of the cell and nucleus. An enlarged inclusion surrounded by a clear halo "owl's eye" is seen. It is the most common opportunistic viral pathogen in AIDS.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 524

This virus tends to localize in the paraventricular subependymal regions of the brain, which results in a severe hemorrhagic necrotizing ventriculoencephalitis and choroid plexitis.

Cytomegalovirus (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 877

This is due to an increase in intracellular fluid secondary to neuronal, glial, or endothelial cell membrane injury, as might be encountered in an individual with a generalized hypoxic/ischemic insult or with exposure to some toxins.

Cytotoxic edema(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 861

Major hormonal stimulus for proliferation in nodular hyperplasia of the prostate.

DHT (Dihydrotestosterone)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 698

Morphology: In later stages of this disease, all muscles eventually become almost totally replaced by fat and connective tissue

DMD (TOPNOTCH)

Tear drop cells are also called __________.

Dacrocytes(TOPNOTCH)

Tear drop cells are also called __________.

Dacrocytes(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 440

Cerebral malformation characterized by an enlarged posterior fossa. The cerebellar vermis is absent, and replaced by a large, midline cyst that is lined by ependyma and is contiguous with leptomeninges on its outer surface.

Dandy-Walker malformation (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 872

Pathway of apoptosis responsible for elimination of self-reactive lymphocytes and damage by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Initiated by TNF receptors.

Death Receptor / Extrinsic Pathway(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.22

This occurs when individuals are exposed to sudden changes in atmospheric pressure (e.g. Deep sea divers, scuba divers).

Decompression sickness(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.100

What is the pathology behind APKD?

Defective gene PKD1,which codes for polycystin-1.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 569

A peptide Leukocyte granule constituent which kills microbes by creating holes in their membranes.

Defensins(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.40

What is the main defect in Osteopetrosis?

Deficient Osteoblastic Activity (TOPNOTCH)

These are due to generalized compression of the growing fetus by abnormal biomechanical forces, for example uterine constraint.

Deformations(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.254

This mechanism involves loss of a portion of a chromosome.

Deletion(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.243

Psychoactive substance found in marijuana.

Delta 9- Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)(TOPNOTCHRobbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 297

Principal neurologic lesion in pernicious anemia.

Demyelination of posterior and lateral columns of the spinal cord.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 439

Examples of antigen presenting cells.

Dendritic cellsMacrophagesB-cells(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 334

Morphology: lamina densa of the GBM is transformed into an irregular, ribbon like, extremely electron dense structure

Dense Deposti Disease or Type II MPGN (TOPNOTCH)

Diffuse edema usually more prominent in certain body areas as a result of the effects of gravity.

Dependent edema(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.84

What is the histological hallmark of irreversible liver damage?

Deposition of fibrous tissue(TOPNOTCH)

What are the 3 clinical features of Hemochromatosis?

Deposition of hemosiderin, cirrhosis, and pancreatic fibrosis(TOPNOTCH)

What is the morphologic feature of gastric carcinoma that has the greatest impact on clinical outcome?

Depth of invasion(TOPNOTCH)

What is the morphologic feature of gastric carcinoma that has the greatest impact on the clinical outcome?

Depth of invasion(TOPNOTCH)

Morphologic feature of gastric carcinomas with greatest impact on prognosis.

Depth of invasion(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 599

Morphology: Characteristically, fibrin and neutrophils accumulate selectively at the tips of the dermal papillae forming small microabscesses

Dermatitis Herpetiformis (Seen in Celiac Disease) (TOPNOTCH)

A rare disorder characterized by urticaria and grouped vesicles. Fibrin and neutrophils accumulate selectively at the tips of dermal papillae, forming small microabscesses, which coalesce to form a subepidermal blister. On immunofluorescence, granular deposits of IgA are localized at the tips of dermal papillae.

Dermatitis herpetiformis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 846

Grotton lesions (scaling erythematous eruption or dusky red patches over the knuckles, elbows, and knees) are seen in what disease entity?

Dermatomyositis (TOPNOTCH)

Morphology: Perifascicular Atrophy

Dermatomyositis (TOPNOTCH)

These are small spherical dilatations, typically in the circle of Willis.

Developmental/berry aneurysms(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 341

Syndrome characterized by thymic hypoplasia with diminished T-cell immunity and parathyroid hypoplasia with hypocalcemia.

DiGeorge syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.245

A condition characterized by excessive urination (polyuria) caused by an inability of the kidney to properly resorb water from the urine.

Diabetes insipidus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 757

Morphology: diffuse increase in mesangial matrix and characteristic PAS positive nodules

Diabetic glomerulosclerosis (TOPNOTCH)

Morphology: "fibrin caps" and "capsular drops"

Diabetic kidney (TOPNOTCH)

Mechanism of heart failure in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Diastolic dysfunction (impaired compliance)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 412

Mechanism of heart failure in restrictive cardiomyopathy.

Diastolic dysfunction or impaired compliance(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 413

These are lesions larger than 1 mm in diameter that appear in cirrhotic livers. Considered to be precursors of hepatocelluar cancers, are often monoclonal, and may contain chromosome aberrations similar to those present in liver cancers.

Dysplastic nodules (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p664

This is usually the earliest and most significant compaint of patients in Left sided HF.

Dyspnea(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 381

Abnormal calcium deposition occuring in the absence of calcium metabolic derangements.

Dystrophic calcification.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.26

What is the usual organism that cause spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with nephrotic syndrome?

E. coli(TOPNOTCH)

EBV has been implicated in the pathogenesis of the following cancers except:A. Burkitt lymphomaB. Lymphoma in HIV patientsC. Nasopharyngeal carcinomaD. Hodgkin lymphomaE. None of the above

E. none of the above(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.212

A detached, intravascular solid, liquid or gaseous mass that is carried by the blood distal to its point of origin.

Embolus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.95

These are large nevi and may occur as hundreds of lesions on the body surface. They are flat macules to slightly raised plaques, with a "pebbly" surface. Considered as a marker of melanoma risk.

Dysplastic nevi(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 854

Hairy leukoplakia is caused by what infectious agent?

Epstein-Barr virus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 581

A malignancy in the ovary that metastasized from a gastric adenocarcinoma.

Krukenberg tumor(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 599

Phase of ATN where urine output falls markedly, between 50-400mL/day. Dominated by signs and symptoms of uremia and fluid overload.

Maintenance phase(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 566

Morphology: large macrophages with granular PAS positive cytoplasm and several dense, round Michaelis Gutmann bodies.

Malacoplakia (TOPNOTCH)

This refers to the presence of several defects that cannot be explained on the basis of a single localizing initiating error in morphogenesis.

Malformation syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.253

These represent primary errors of morphogenesis due to an intrinsically abnormal developmental process.

Malformations(TOPNOTCH)

These represent primary errors of morphogenesis due to an intrinsically abnormal developmental process.

Malformations(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.254

The most common cause of clinically apparent hypercalcemia

Malignancy (TOPNOTCH)

Gross morphology: flea bitten appearance of the kidneys

Malignant Hypertension (TOPNOTCH)

A variety of soft tissue sarcomas Characterized by considerable cytologic pleomorphism, the presence of bizarre multinucleate cells, and "storiform" architecture .

Malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p834

Gross morphology: flea bitten appearance of the kidney

Malignant hypertension(TOPNOTCH)

A rare cancer seen in patients who work in shipyards, miners and insulators. Lesion is preceeded by extensive pleural fibrosis and plaque formation. May be epithelial, sarcomatoid or biphasic in morphology.

Malignant mesothelioma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 536

Acute renal injury assiciated with malignant hypertension. The kidneys show small, pinpoint petechial hemorrhages, "flea-bitten" appearance. Concentric arrangement of cells, described as "onion-skin" lesions cause marked narrowing of arterioles and small arteries.

Malignant nephrosclerosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 567

Benign or malignant?Invades and destroys adjacent tissues.

Malignant(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174

Benign or malignant?Metastasis

Malignant(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174

Benign or malignant?Hepatoma

Malignant(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176

Benign or malignant?Lymphoma

Malignant(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176

Benign or malignant?Seminoma

Malignant(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176

Probability of being benign or malignant.A solitary nodule seen in a 20-yr old male.

Malignant(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 766

Probability of being benign or malignant.A solitary, cold nodule.

Malignant(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 766

These inclusions are a characteristic but not specific feature of alcoholic liver disease.

Mallory bodies(TOPNOTCH)

Eosinophilic, cytoplasmic inclusions characteristic of alcoholic hepatitis.

Mallory bodies(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p650

Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cells composed of aggregated intermediate filaments which resist degradation. Seen in patients woth alcoholic liver disease.

Mallory body / "alcoholic hyalin"(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.25

Longitudinal tears along the gastroesophageal junction seen in chronic alcoholics after a bout of retching or vomiting.

Mallory-Weiss tears(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 586

Condition that prevents the intestines from assuming their normal intra-abdominal positions.

Malrotation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 600

Morphology: characterized chiefly by dilations of ducts, inspissation of breast secretions, and marked periductal and interstitial chronic granulomatous reaction

Mammary Duct Ectasia (TOPNOTCH)

A nonbacterial chronic inflammation of the breast associated with inspissation of breast secretions in the main excretory ducts.

Mammary duct ectasia (periductal or plasma cell mastitis) (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 742

Small to intermediate-sized irregular lymphocytes growing in a diffuse pattern, no centroblasts and proliferation centers. Occurs mainly in older males, GI tract commonly affected. Associated with t(11;14).

Mantle cell lymphoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 452

Protein energy malnutrition caused by a decrease in both protein and calorie intake, and weight falls below 60% of normal for sex, height and age. Serum albumin is normal or slightly reduced.

Marasmus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 305

Mucopolysaccharidosis characterized by corneal clouding, coronary arterial and valvular depositions, which occurs due to deficiency of a-L-iduronidase, leading to accumulation of dermatan and heparan sulfate.

Hurler syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.239

These are epithelial cells with abudant eosinophilic, granular ctyoplasm seen in Hashimoto thyroiditis

Hurthle cells (TOPNOTCH)

Characteristic eosinophilic membranes line the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and random alveoli, which contain necrotic epithelial cells admixed with extravasated plasma proteins.

Hyaline Membrane Disease / Neonatal RDS(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.257

This vascular lesion consists of a homogenous pink hyaline thickening of the walls of arterioles with loss of underlying structural detail and with narrowing of the lumen. A major morphologic characteristic in benign nephrosclerosis.

Hyaline arteriolosclerosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 356

Vascular lesion associated with hypertension, which is more prevalent in diabetics.

Hyaline arteriolosclerosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 781

A voluminous mass of swollen, sometimes cystically dilated, chorionic villi, appearing grossly as grapelike structures.

Hydatidiform Mole (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 735

Most common cause of scrotal enlargement, which is an accumulation of serous fluid within the tunica vaginalis usually secondary to infection or malignancy.

Hydrocele(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 689

This refers to dilation of the ventricular system with a compensatory increase in CSF volume secondary to a loss of brain parenchyma, as may occur after infarcts or with a degenerative disease.

Hydrocephalus ex vacuo (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 862

Spinal cord abnormality characterized by a discontinuous or confluent expansion of the ependyma-lined central canal of the cord.

Hydromyelia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 873

Dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces, accompanied by atrophy of the renal parenchyma, caused by obstruction to urine outflow.

Hydronephrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 572

Small clear vacuoles within the cytoplasm, representing pinched-off segments of the endoplasmic reticulum.

Hydropic change or Vacuolar degeneration (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.23

A lethal condition characterized by generalized edema of the fetus.

Hydrops fetalis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.261

Condition caused by deletion of all four alpha globin genes.

Hydrops fetalis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 429

Dilation of the ureters secondary to obstruction.

Hydroureter(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 573

Treatment for sickle cell disease by increasing levels of HbF.

Hydroxyurea(TOPNOTCH)

Treatment for sickle cell disease by increasing levels of HbF.

Hydroxyurea(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 428

A special form of graft rejection occuring in the setting where preformed antidonor antibodies are present in the circulation of the host before transplant. Occurs within minutes to a few hours after transplantation.

Hyperacute rejection(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.133

Treatment of choice for decompression sickness.

Hyperbaric compression chamber(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.100

Any alteration of the coagulation pathway that predisposes to thrombosis.

Hypercoagulability(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.95

It is an active process resulting from augmented blood flow due to arteriolar dilation.

Hyperemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.84

The affected tissue is redder than normal, because of engorgement with oxygenated blood.

Hyperemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.84

The combined picture of increased bone cell activity, peritrabecular fibrosis, and cystic brown tumors is the hallmark of what disease of abnormal mineral homeostasis?

Hyperparathyroidism (Generalized osteitis fibrosa cystica or von Recklinghausen disease of the bone) (TOPNOTCH)

The hallmark of this disease is increased osteoclastic activity, with bone resorption. This leads to characteristic radiographic changes best seen along the radial aspect of the middle phalanges of the second and third fingers.

Hyperparathyroidism (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p808

Increase in number of cells.

Hyperplasia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.3

Hypertrophy or hyperplasia?Wound healing

Hyperplasia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.4

Characteristic of malignant hypertension, associated with "onion-skin" concentric, laminated, thickening of the walls of arterioles with luminal narrowing. These laminations consist of smooth muscle cells and thickened duplicated basement membrane.

Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 356

What is the most common type of gastric polyp?

Hyperplastic polyp(TOPNOTCH)

Small, nipple-like, hemispherical, smooth protrusions of the intestinal mucosa. May occur singly or multiple.contains abundant crypts luned by well-differentiated goblet or epithelial cells separated by scant lamina propria.

Hyperplastic polyps(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 617

PBS finding in neutrophils and red cells of patients with megaloblastic anemia.

Hypersegmented neutrophils, large, egg-shaped macro-ovalocytes(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 437

Myocarditis that has interstitial and perivascular infiltrates composed of lymphocytes, macrophages and a high proportion of eosinophils.

Hypersensitivity myocarditis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 414

A state associated with excessive removal of formed elements of blood, resulting in anemia, leukopenia or thrombocytopenia.

Hypersplenism(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 476Loss of lung volume cause by inadequate expansion of airspaces, resulting in shunting of inadequately oxygenated blood from pulmonary arteries into veins. Atelectasis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 480

A common cause of sudden death in young athlethes.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 412

Characterized by myocardial hypertrophy, abnormal diastolic filling and ventricular outflow obstruction. The heart is thick-walled, heavy and hypercontracting. There is an assymetrical septal hypertrophy described as "banana-like". Histologically, there is severe myocyte hypertrophy and disarray with interstitial fibrosis.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 412

Hypertrophy or hyperplasia?Cardiomegaly due to hypertension

Hypertrophy Due to increased workload(TOPNOTCH)

Increase in size of cells resulting in increased size of organ.

Hypertrophy(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.3

An abnormal opening of the urethra along the ventral aspect of the penis.

Hypospadias(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 687

End results of shock (3)

HypotensionImpaired tissue perfusionHypoxia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.102

This type of shock results from loss blood or plasma volume.

Hypovolemic shock(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.102

State the endothelial adhesion molecule responsible for this stage of vascular inflammatory response:Intercellular adhesion

ICAM -1(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.37

Most common cause of hypertension.

Idiopathic (essential hypertension)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 355

What is the dominant histopathologic finding in Immune mediated neuropathies like Guillain- Barre Syndrome?

Inflammation of peripheral nerve, manifested as perivenular and endoneurial infiltration by lymphocytes, macrophages, and a few plasma cells(TOPNOTCH)

A neoplastic papillary growth within a duct, usually solitary and less than 1 cm in diameter, consisting of delicate, branching growths within a dilated duct or cyst.

Intraductal Papilloma (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 743

Similar to mucinous cystic neoplasms but appear more frequently in men.

Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) of the pancreas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., pg. 682

Morphology: central fibrovascular core extends from the wall of a duct. The papillae arborize within the lumen and are lined by myoepithelial and luminal cells

Intraductal papilloma(TOPNOTCH)

Hemolysis that can result from mechanical trauma, or biochemical or physical agents that damage the red cell membrane.

Intravascular hemolysis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 424

Telescoping of a proximal segment of a bowel into the immediately distal segment

Intussusception(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 604

These are complete moles that are more invasive locally but do not metastasize. Microscopically, the epithelium of the villi is marked by hyperplastic and atypical changes, with proliferation of both cuboidal and syncytial components.

Invasive Mole (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 736

Most commonly develops in the transformation zone of the cervix. Produces a "barrel cervix" if the tumor encircles the cervix and invades the underlying stroma.

Invasive carcinoma of the cervix(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 719

This type of cancer produces a desmoplastic response, replacing normal breast fat and forms a hard, palpable mass. Advanced cancers may cause dimpling of the skin, retraction of the nipple, or fixation to the chest wall.

Invasive ductal carcinoma (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 747

The histologic hallmark of this tumor is the pattern of single infiltrating tumor cells, often only one cell in width, or in loose clusters or sheets

Invasive lobular carcinoma (TOPNOTCH)

Breast cancer which consists of cells morphologically identical to the cells of LCIS. Occasionally they surround cancerous or normal-appearing acini or ducts, creating a so-called "bull's-eye pattern."

Invasive lobular carcinoma (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 747

Reactive woven or lamellar bone may be deposited and when it forms a sleeve of living tissue around a segment of devitalized bone, it is known as?

Involucrum (TOPNOTCH)

What do you call the shell of living tissue around a segment of devitalized bone?

Involucrum (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p809

This may injure cells directly or indirectly by generating free radicals from water or molecular oxygen, damages DNA and rapidly dividing cells. Exposure may predispose to neoplastic transformation, vascular damage, sclerosis and tissue fibrosis.

Ionizing radiation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 300

The major risk factor predisposing to thyroid cancer

Ionizing radiation, particularly in the first two decades of life (TOPNOTCH)

Cell injury with loss of nuclei, cellular fragmentation and leakage of cellular contents.

Irreversible/ Necrotic cellular injury(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.18

Mechanism of action of aspirin.

Irreversibly blocks the enzyme cyclooxygenase.(TOPNOTCHRobbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 297

Hamartomatous proliferations mainly of lamina propria, enclosing widely spaced, dilated cystic glands. Occur most frequently in children younger than 5 years old.

Juvenile polyps(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 618

Chondromas seen on the bone surface.

Juxtacortical chondromas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p814

What is the most frequently altered oncogene in pancreatic cancer?

K-RAS (TOPNOTCH)

Common in patients with AIDS, caused by HHV 8, causing skin lesions ranging from patches, plaques to nodules.

Kaposi sarcoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 375

Most common neoplasm in AIDS patients, caused by HHV8. Characterized by cutaneous lesions with or without internal involvement.

Kaposi sarcoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.164

An autosomal recessive disorder frequently associated with bronchiectasis and sterility in males.

Kartagener syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 493

It is the complete dissolution of the chromatin of a dying cell.

Karyolysis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.10

It is the destructive fragmentation of the nucleus of a dying cell.

Karyorrhexis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.10

Arteritis associated with mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, which usually occurs in children. Coronary arteries can be involved with aneurysm formation or thrombosis. Fibrinoid necrosis usually less prominent.

Kawasaki disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 366

Green to brown deposits of copper in Descemet membrane in the limbus of the cornea.

Kayser-Fleischer rings (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p656

Appears clinically as flesh-colored, dome shaped nodules with central, keratin filled plug, imparting a crater like topography

Keratoacanthoma (TOPNOTCH)

A triangular area in the pharyngeal wall where a Zenker's diverticulum may develop.

Killian's triangle(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 586

The ball-like deposit seen in nodular glomerulosclerosis.

Kimmelstiel-Wilson lesion(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 783

These are tumors arising from the part of the common bile duct between the cystic duct junction and the confluence of the right and left hepatic ducts at the liver hilus

Klatskin tumors(TOPNOTCH)

Syndrome manifested by a eunochoid body habitus, reduced facial, body and pubic hair, gynecomastia, testicular atrophy, decreased serum testorerone and incresed urinary gonadotropin levels. It is the most common cause of hypogonadism in males.

Klinefelter syndrome (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.246

Syndrome defined as male hypogonadism that develops when there are at least two X chromosomes and one or more Y chromosomes.

Klinefelter syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.246

Profound memory disturbances as a result of thiamine deficiency.

Korsakoff syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 890

Metastasis of mucinous tumor of the gastrointestinal tract to the ovaries is called?

Krukenberg tumor(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 731

What is the mechanism of action of UV rays in the formation of neoplastic cells?

UV rays induce formation of pyrimidine dimers within DNA leading to mutations.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.210

It is an excavation of the surface of an organ or tissue that is produced by necrosis of cells and sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.

Ulcer(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.44

Morphology: diffuse active inflammation with crypt abscess and glandular architectural distortion

Ulcerative Colitis(TOPNOTCH)

An ulceroinflammatory disease of the colon which is limited to the mucosa and submucosa. No granulomas, no skip lesions. High risk of carcinoma development.

Ulcerative colitis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 614

A breach in the mucosa that extends through the muscularis mucosae into the submucosa or deeper.

Ulcers(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 593

Increasing frequency of pain, precipitated by progressively less exertion, episodes tend to be more intense and longer lasting.

Unstable angina(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 390

What is the most common cause of hydronephrosis in infants and children?

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (TOPNOTCH)

Urolithiasis: common in patients with leukemia

Uric Acid Stones (TOPNOTCH)

Urolithiasis: radiolucent

Uric Acid Stones (TOPNOTCH)

Kidney stones seen in patients with gout and leukemias. Urine pH is decreased.

Uric acid stones(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 572

Characterized by bacteriuria and pyuria, which may be asymptomatic.

Urinary tract infection(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 542

This is used in the screening of patients with neuroblastoma.

Urinary vanillylmandelic acid and homovanillic acid (VMA/HVA)(TOPNOTCH)

Calculus formation at any level of the urinary collecting system.

Urolithiasis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 571

Watery Diarrhea, hypokalemia, achlorhydria or WDHA syndrome is seen in?

VIPoma (TOPNOTCH)

This is a condition in which glandular columnar epithelium of mullerian type either appears beneath the squamous epithelium or replaces it

Vaginal Adenosis (TOPNOTCH)

What is the probable precursor of vaginal adenocarcinoma?

Vaginal adenosis (TOPNOTCH)

Angina occuring at rest due to coronary artery spasm.

Variant or Prinzmetal angina(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 390

The most important clinical sign of malignant melanoma

change in color, size, or shape in a pigmented lesion (TOPNOTCH)

Most junctional nevi grow into the underlying dermis as nests or cords of cells and are calle

compound nevi (TOPNOTCH)

CSF findings in tuberculous meningitis.

moderate pleiocytosis - predominantly monocytesprotein - elevatedglucose - medorately reduced/normal(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 874

These kinds of cyst account for 75% of cysts seen in the pancreas

pseudocyts(TOPNOTCH)

Disease caused by excessive levels of ADH, leading to resorption of excess water, with resultant hyponatremia.

syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 757

An autosomal dominant disorder of connective tissues characterized by abnormally long legs, arms and fingers, joint hyperextensibility, pectus excavatum, lens subluxation and increased risk of aortic dissection.

Marfan Syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.230

The process of luekocyte accumulation at the periphery of blood vessels is called ______.

Margination(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.36

Drug made from the leaves of Cannabis sativa plant which can cause distortion of sensory perception and impairs motor coordination.

Marijuana(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 297

The liver may shrink to 500 to 700 gm and become transformed into a limp, red organ covered by a wrinkled, overly large capsule. Necrotic areas have a muddy red, mushy appearance with blotchy bile staining. Complete destruction of hepatocytes in contiguous lobules leaves only a collapsed reticulin framework and preserved portal tracts.

Massive hepatic necrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p653

This refers to transcriptional silencing of the maternal allele.

Maternal imprinting(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.251

Inheritance associated with mitochondrial DNA.

Maternal inheritance(TOPNOTCH)

Inheritance associated with mitochondrial DNA.

Maternal inheritance(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.247

Teratoma which contain fully differentiated tissues from one or more germ cell layers (e.g., neural tissue, cartilage, adipose tissue, bone, epithelium) in a haphazard array.

Mature teratomas (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 692

Glycogen storage disease characterized by accumulation of glycogen in skeletal muscles leading to painful cramps during strenuous exercise and myoglobinuria.

McArdle syndrome (type V)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.240

The average content of hemoglobin per red cell, expressed in picograms.

Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 423

The average concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of packed red cells, expressed in g/dL.

Mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 423

Most common intestinal anomaly which results from the failure of involution of the omphalomesenteric duct, leaving a persistent blind-ended tubular protrusion as long as 5-6cm.

Meckel diverticulum(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 600

What is the most common type of Fibromuscular Dysplasia; intimal, medial, or adventitial?

Medial (TOPNOTCH)

Chylous pericardial fluid can be caused by _______

Mediastinal lymphatic obstruction(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 417

In these arteries, tunica media is composed primarily of smooth muscle cells, with elastin limited to the internal and external elastic lamina. Examples are the coronaries and renal arteries.

Medium-sized or muscular arteries(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 340

Acellular amyloid deposits are seen in what type of thyroid cancer?

Medullary Carcinoma (TOPNOTCH)

All individuals carrying germ-line RET mutations are advised to undergo prophylactic thyroidectomy to prevent the development of what type of carcinoma?

Medullary Carcinoma (TOPNOTCH)

A rare subtype of carcinoma consisting of sheets of large anaplastic cells with pushing, well-circumscribed borders, with a pronounced lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate.

Medullary carcinoma (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 747

Morphology: characterized by solid syncytium like sheets occupying 75% of the tumor , prominent lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate and a non inflitrative border

Medullary carcinoma of the breast (TOPNOTCH)

Neuroendocrine neoplasms derived from the parafollicular cells, or C cells, of the thyroid, which secrete calcitonin. Associated with MEN 2A and 2B. May be solitary or multicentric, composed of polygonal to spindle-shaped cells, which may form nests, trabeculae, and follicles, contains amyloid.

Medullary carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 770

An under-recognized vause of chronic kidney disease in children and young adults, associated with mutations in several genes that encode neohrocystins that may be involved in ciliary function. Kidneys are contracted and contain multiple cysts.

Medullary cystic disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 571

Bone marrow is markedly hypercellular as a sult of increased number of megaloblasts, which are large cells that have delicate, finely reticulated nuclear chromatin and abundant basophilic cytoplasm.

Megaloblastic anemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 437

Deficiency in folate causes this type of anemia.

Megaloblastic anemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 438

The combination of ovarian tumor, hydrothorax, and ascites is designated as

Meigs Syndrome (TOPNOTCH)

Pigment produced by tyrosinase-catalyzed oxidation of tyrosine to dihydroxyphenylalanine.

Melanin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.26

This refers to any benign congenital or acquired neoplasm of melanocytes.

Melanocytic nevus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 853

This cancer of the skin may develop from a dysplastic nevus, and results from excessive sun exposure. Malignant cells have large nuclei with irregular contours having chromatin characteristically clumped at the periphery of the nuclear membrane and prominent eosinophilic nucleoli often described as "cherry red". Has both radial and vertical growth phases.

Melanoma (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 855

It is the cytolytic endproduct of the complement cascade, which forms a transmembrane channel causing osmotic lysis of target cells.

Membrane attack complex (C5b,C6-9)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.46

Morphology: "tram track" "double contour" glomerular capillary walls

Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (TOPNOTCH)

Tumor-associated procoagulant release largey responsible for the increased risk of thromboembolic phenomena seen in disseminated cancers.

Migrating thrombophlebitis or Trousseau's syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.98

Salivary and lacrimal gland inflammatory enlargement presenting as painless lesions, and dry mouth. Can be caused by sarcoidosis, leukemia, and lymphoma.

Mikulicz syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 583

Toxic metabolite of paracetamol or acetaminophen.

NAPQI (N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 294

State the molecule in the endothelium responsible for this stage of vascular inflammatory response:Transmigration

PECAM-1/CD 31(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.37

Morphology: composed of multiple branching fibrovascular cores, each having a connective tissue axis lined by luminal and myoepithelial cells

Papillomas (TOPNOTCH)

These are benign epithelial neoplasms, growing on any surface that produce microscopic or macroscopic finger-like fronds.

Papillomas(TOPNOTCH)

These are benign epithelial neoplasms, growing on any surface that produce microscopic or macroscopic finger-like fronds.

Papillomas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174

Characterized by reactive changes within T-cell regions of the lymph node, usually encountered during viral infections, following certain vaccinations, and immune reactions induced by certain drugs.

Paracortical hyperplasia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 444

Pattern of extracellular signaling wherein the target cell is adjacent to the secretory cell.

Paracrine(TOPNOTCH)

A venous embolus which entered the systemic circulation through an interarterial or interventricular defect.

Paradoxical embolus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.99

Hernia wherein a portion of the stomach, usually along the greater curvature, enters the thorax through the widened space between the muscular crura.

Paraesophgeal (rolling) hernia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 586

A solitary lesion of the parathyroid gland which are composed predominantly of chief cells almost invariably confined to a single gland. A rim of compressed, non-neoplastic parathyroid tissue, generally separated by a fibrous capsule, is often visible at the edge of the adenoma.

Parathyroid adenoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 773

Refers to the transcriptional silencing of the paternal allele.

Paternal imprinting(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.251

CrGN defined by the lack of anti-GBM Ab and immune complex deposition. Glomeruli show segmental necrosis, negative immunofluorescence.

Pauci-immune (Type III) CrGN(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 558

In breast cancer, infiltration and obstruction of superficial lymphatics can cause edema of the overlying skin, called _______ appearance.

Peau d' orange(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.83

This is a hallmark of right sided HF.

Pedal and pretibial edema(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 382

A rare condition wherein there is primary dilation of sinusoids, impeding hepatic blood efflux. Associated with exposure to anabolic steroids, OCP's and danazol.

Peliosis hepatis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p661

A rare autoimmune blistering disorder resulting from loss of integrity of normal intercellular attachments within the epidermis and mucosal epithelium. Caused by a type II hypersensitivity reaction

Pemphigus (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 845

Morphology: Suprabasal acantholytic blister

Pemphigus Vulgaris (TOPNOTCH)

What is the most common type of all autoimmune blistering disordering of the skin (pemphigus)?

Pemphigus Vulgaris(TOPNOTCH)

In this variant of pemphigus, acantholysis selectively involves the superficial epidermis at the level of the stratum granulosum.

Pemphigus foliaceus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 845

In this variant of pemphigus, acantholysis selectively involves the layer of cells immediately above the basal cell layer, giving rise to a suprabasal acantholytic blister. There is uniform deposition of immunoglobulin and complement along the cell membranes of keratinocytes, producing a characteristic "fishnet" appearance.

Pemphigus vulgaris(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 845

Chronic, solitary lesions that occur in any portion of the GIT exposed to the aggressive action of acidic peptic juices.

Peptic ulcers(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 594

This occurs within 2-3 days of a transmural infarct and typically resolves within time. It is the epicardial manifestation of the underlying myocardial inflammation.

Pericarditis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 397

Morphology: the main histologic feature is keratinizing squamous epithelium extending to an abnormal depth into the orifices of the nipple ducts

Periductal mastitis (TOPNOTCH)

Edema due to renal dysfunction which manifests disproportionately in tissues with loose connective tissue matrix, e.g. Eyelids.

Periorbital edema(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.84

Morphology: endoneurial arterioles show thickening, hyalinization, and intense PAS positivity in their walls and extensive reduplicaton of the basement membrane.

Peripheral Neuropathy in DM Type 2 (TOPNOTCH)

Approximately 70% of prostate carcinoma will arise in what zone of the gland?

Peripheral zone ( posterior location) (TOPNOTCH)

What zone of the liver is particularly affected in eclampsia?

Periportal zone(TOPNOTCH)

Cells of these tissues are considered to be terminally differentiated and nonproliferatvie in postnatal life.

Permanent tissues(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.62

Labile, stable or permanent tissues:Cardiac muscle

Permanent(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.62

Labile, stable or permanent tissues:Neurons

Permanent(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.62

Deficiency in Vitamin B12 causes this type of anemia.

Pernicious anemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 438

How is cystic fibrosis diagnosed?

Persistently elevated sweat chloride concentration(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.267

1-2mm hemorrhages into skin, mucous membranes, or serosal surfaces.

Petechiae(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.86

Uncommon hamartomatous polyps associated with melanotic mucosal and cutaneous pigmentation. Caused by germ-line mutations in LKB1 gene.

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 619

A lymphocyte with ingested microorganism fused with lysosome is called _______.

Phagolysosome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.39

Enzyme deficient in classic PKU.

Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.234

This autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism is characterized by inability to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine, strong mousy or musty odor of urine and sweat, decreased pigmentation of hair and skin, eczema, seizures and mental retardation.

Phenylketonuria (PKU)(TOPNOTCH)

Morphology: nuclei are usually round to ovoid, with stippled "salt ang pepper" chromatin

Pheochromocytoma (TOPNOTCH)Known as "brittle bone disease". Osteogenesis Imperfecta (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p802

Morphology: demonstrates characteristic nests of cells (zellballen) with abundant cytoplasm

Pheochromocytomas (TOPNOTCH)

Neoplasms composed of chromaffin cells which synthesize and release catecholamines and other peptide hormones. Composed of polygonal to spindle-shaped chromaffin cells compartmentalized intonests, or "Zellballen," by a rich vascular network.

Pheochromocytomas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 797

t(9;22) is also called ______.

Philadelphia chromosome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 465

A condition in which the prepuce cannot be retracted easily over the glans penis

Phimosis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 688

Treatment for polycythemia vera.

Phlebotomy(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 466

Enzyme inhibited by glucocorticoids

Phospholipase A2(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.47

Morphology: "leaflike" architecture

Phyllodes Tumor (TOPNOTCH)

Small lobulated and cystic lesion of the breast that may grow rapidly. Exhibit "leaflike" clefts and slits on gross section.

Phyllodes Tumor (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 743

May arise anywhere in the biliary tree and are trivially classified as black and as brown. Contain calcium salts of unconjugated bilirubin and lesser amounts of other calcium salts, mucin glycoproteins, and cholesterol.

Pigment stones(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p668

Finger pressure over significantly edematous subcutaneous tissue displacing the interstitial fluid, leaving a finger-shaped depression on the skin.

Pitting edema(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.84

A benign, well-circumscribed, soft lesion of the pituitary gland that may compress the optic chiasm and adjacent structures. Composed of relatively uniform, polygonal cells arrayed in sheets, cords, or papillae. Most common cause of hyperpituitarism.

Pituitary adenoma (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 754

Plasma cells in sheets, with prominent nucleoli or inclusion containing Ig. Presents as disseminated bone disease, with destructive lytic lesions.

Plasmacytoma / plasma cell myeloma(TOPNOTCH)

This occurs when one gene influences or leads to multiple phenotypic traits.

Pleiotropy(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.228

Presence of fluid in the pleural space.

Pleural effusion(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 535

These tumors may arise anywhere along a nerve, may be multiple, and is not easily separated from the nerve.

Plexiform neurofibroma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 899

A form of pneumonia in HIV patients caused by a yeast-like fungus.

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)(TOPNOTCH)

Opportunistic infection of the lungs having a characteristic intra-alveolar foamy, pink-staining exudate "cotton candy exudate", with thickened septa and mononuclear infiltrate.

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 526

Air or other gas in the pleural sac.

Pneumothorax(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 535

Missense, nonsense and silent mutations are examples of ________ mutations, wherein only one base pair is replaced.

Point mutations(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.227

A systemic vasculitis causing transmural necrotizing inflammation of small to medium sized vessels, with mixed infiltvrate of neutrophils, eosinophils, and mononuclear cells, frequently accompanied by fibrinoid necrosis.Typically involves renal arteries but spares pulmonary vessels.

Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 365

Components of cigarette smoke that are potent carcinogens in animals and are most likely involved in the causation of lung carcinomas in humans.

Polycyclic hydrocarbons and nitrosamines(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 288

May be released from combustion of fossil fuels, burning of coal and gas, and also present in tar and soot. Among the most potent carcinogens, implicated in lung and bladder cancer.

Polycyclic hydrocarbons(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 287

Triad of oligomenorrhea, infertility and obesity in young women secondary to excessive production of estrogens and androgens.

Polycystic ovaries(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 728

Increase in blood concentration of red cells, with an increase in Hgb concentration.

Polycythemia or erythrocytosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 441

Characterized by an increased number of irregularly formed gyri that result in an irregular bumpy or cobblestone-like surface.

Polymicrogyria(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 872

The presence of many allelic forms of a single gene is called _______.

Polymorphism(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.228

Morphology: enlarged tubular epithelial cells with nuclear inclusions

Polyoma kidney (TOPNOTCH)

What is the emerging viral pathogen that causes pyelonephritis in kidney allografts?

Polyoma virus(TOPNOTCH)

A mass that projects above a mucosal surface to form a macroscopically visible structure.

Polyps(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.175

Glycogen storage disease characterized by mild hepatomegaly, cardiomegaly, muscle hypotonia, and may lead to cardiorespiratory failure.

Pompe disease (type II)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.240

Large, flat to elevated, irregular, red-blue masses in the skin.

Port wine stains(Large hemangiomas)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.267

What does unrelieved cholestasis lead to?

Portal tract fibrosis(TOPNOTCH)

Aorta is sharply constricted by a ridge of tissue at or just distal to the ligamentum arteriosum. Constricted segment is made of smooth muscle and elastic fibers that are continuous with the aortic media, and lined by thickened intima. Ductus arteriosus is closed. Proximally, the aortic arch and its vessels are dilated, LV is hypertrophic.

Postductal "adult" coarctation of the aorta(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 387

There is upper extremity hypertension, due to poor perfusion of the kidneys, but weak pulses and low blood pressure in the lower extremities. Claudication and coldness of the lower extremities also present. Enlarged intercostal and internal mammary arteries due to collateral circulation, seen as rib "notching" on xray.

Postductal coarctation of the aorta (without a PDA)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 388

Gelatinous thrombi with a dark red dependent portion where red cells have settled by gravity with a yellow "chicken fat" supernatant. Usually unattached to underlying wall.

Postmortem thrombi(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.96

Also known as "silent" or "painless" thyroiditis n a subset of patients the onset of disease follows pregnancy. Unlike Hashimoto thyroiditis, follicular atrophy or Hürthle cell metaplasia are not commonly seen.

Postpartum thyroiditis/ Subacute Lymphocytic Thyroiditis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 762

Syndrome characterized by mental retardation, short stature, hypotonia, obesity, small hands and feet, and hypogonadism. Paternal imprinting.

Prader-Willi syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.251

Morphology: periportal sinusoids contain fibrin deposits with hemorrhage into the space of Disse, leading to periportal hepatocellular coagulative necrosis

Pre-Eclampsia/Eclampsia(TOPNOTCH)

Characterized by tubular narrowing of the aortic segment between the left subclavian artery and the ductus arteriosus. DA is usually patent and is the main source of blood to the distal aorta. RV is hypertrophied and dilated, pulmonary trunk is also dilated.

Preductal "infantile" coarctation of the aorta(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 387

Second most common cause of neonatal mortality.

Prematurity(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.257

A vascular disorder characterized by reversible vasospasm of the arteries. Typically the hands turn white due to vasospasm, then blue due to cyanosis, then red due to reactive hyperemia.

Raynaud phenomenon(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.151

Phase of ATN characterized by a steady increase in urine volume, electrolyte imbalance and increased vulnerability to infection.

Recovery(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 566

Abnormally dilated, tortous veins produced by prolonged increase in intraluminal pressure and loss of vessel wall support. Veins show wall thinning at the points of maximal dilation with smooth muscle hypertrophy and intimal fibrosis. Focal thrombosis and venous valve deformities are common.

Varicose veins(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 370

Hemostasis characterized by activation of thrombin through the coagulation cascade.

Secondary hemostasis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.86

Sex cord tumor seen as small, gray to yellow-brown, and solid lesions. May resemble development of testis with tubules, or cords and plump pink Sertoli cells. May be masculinizing or defeminizing.

Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 732

A constellation of genetically distinct syndromes with common feature of defects in both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, making affected infants susceptible to severe recurrent infections by bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, and opportunistic infections.

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.154

Reactive pattern characterized by distention and prominence of the lymphatic sinusoids, due to marked hypertrophy of lining endothelial cells and an infiltrate of histiocytes. Encountered in lymph nodes draining cancers.

Sinus histiocytosis(TOPNOTCH)

Caused by toxic injury to sinusoidal endothelium. Damaged endothelial cells slough off and create emboli that block blood flow. Accompanied by passage of red blood cell into the space of Disse, proliferation of stellate cells, and fibrosis of terminal branches of the hepatic vein.

Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p662

A clinicopathologic entity with a triad of dry eyes, dry mouth and arthritis.

Sjogren syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.148

Protrusion of the stomach above the diaphragm, creating a bell-shaped dilation, bounded below by the diaphragmatic narrowing.

Sliding hernia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 586

Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome is a paraneoplastic process which commonly develops in what type of carcinoma?

Small cell carcinoma of the lungs (TOPNOTCH)

Lung carcinoma which appear as pale gray, centrally located masses. Nests and cords of polygonal cells with scant cytoplasm, granular chromatin and inconspicuous nuclei. FNAB shows nuclear molding of adjacent cells. Associated with several paraneoplastic syndromes.

Small cell lung carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 532

Which type of lung cancer is treated by chemotherapy only? Why?

Small cell lung carcinomaIt is an aggressive tumor which usually have metastasized at the time of diagnosis.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 529

Sheets of small, round lymphocytes and scattered ill-defined foci of larger, actively dividing cells diffusely efface involved LN. A foci of mitotically active cells called proliferation centers are pathognomonic.

Small lymphocytic leukemia (SLL) / Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 450

Lung cancer associated with a paraneoplastic syndrome leading to excessive production of ACTH.

Small-cell lung cancer(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 792

What is the strongest environmental risk factor for developing Pancreatic Cancer?

Smoking(TOPNOTCH)

It is the most preventable cause of human death.

Smoking(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 287

These warts occur on the soles and palms. Described as rough, scaly lesions that may reach 1 to 2 cm in diameter, coalesce, and be confused with ordinary calluses.

Verruca plantaris and verruca palmaris(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 844

Branching structures which create a cast of the renal pelvis and calyceal system.

Stagnorn calculi(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 572

These microorganisms grow in contaminated food and releases powerful enterotoxins that cause food poisoning symptoms without any bacterial multiplication in the gut.

Staphylococcal strains(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 327

Main causative agent of suppurative arthritis in older children and adults.

Staphylococcus aureus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p824

It is a major contributor to the development of VENOUS thrombi.

Stasis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.94

Morphology: liver biopsy shows steatosis, multifocal parenchymal inflammation, Mallory hyaline, hepatocyte death, and sinusoidal fibrosis

Steatohepatitis or Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis(TOPNOTCH)

Other name for polycystic ovary syndrome?

Stein-Leventhal syndrome(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 728

Adult with progressive dysphagia to solids and eventually to all foods, caused by a narrowing of the lower esophagus, usually as a result of chronic inflammatory disease.

Stenosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 585

Narrowing of the intestinal lumen with incomplete obstruction.

Stenosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 600

It is the failure of a valve to open completely, obstructing forward flow.

Stenosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 401

Gross morphology: the mucosal surface of the gallbladder is studded with minute yellow flecks

Strawberry Gallbladder(TOPNOTCH)

Fiery red appearance of the cervix is associated with what type of infection?

Strawberry cervix is associated with T. vaginalis infection (TOPNOTCH)

This component of tumors is crucial to the growth of neoplasms since it carries the blood supply and provides support to the growth of cells.

Stroma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174

What are the two key pathogenic abnormalities seen in Idiopathic Inflammatory Bowel disease?

Strong immune response against normal flora and defects in epithelial barrier function(TOPNOTCH)

What syndrome is described by the association of pancreatic islet cell lesions with hypersecretion of gastric acid and severe peptic ulceration?

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 788

The most frequent form of extrapulmonary TB.

TB Lymphadenitis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 521

Major cytokines in acute inflmmation.

TNF and IL-1(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.48

Cytokine which plays a central role in the pathogenesis of RA.

TNF(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.146

Cytokines which stimulate prostaglandins in the hypothalamus, producing fever.

TNF, IL-1(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.57

Elements of the TORCH complex.

TOxoplasmaTreponema pallidumRubellaCytomeglovirusHerpesvirus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.256

Substance that increases platelet activation and causes vasoconstriction. Synthesized by activated platelets.

TXA2(TOPNOTCH)

What is the most common cause of clinical pyelonephritis?

Ascending infection (TOPNOTCH)

Carbon monoxide in the blood is called _______.

Carboxyhemoglobin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 282

Blood vessel involved in epidural hematoma.

Middle meningeal artery(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 870

Amount of air in the circulation which produces clinical effects of air embolism.

>100 mL(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.99

Most important cause of kidney stone formation.

Supersaturation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 572

Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Rheumatoid arthritis

Type IV(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120

Inherited gene : Cancer syndrome_________ : Breast Cancer only

BRCA 2 gene(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.184

Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Transplant rejection

Type IV(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120

Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Tuberculin reaction

Type IV(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120

" This disease is characterized by the following morphological changes: (1) microvascular leakage causing edema, (2) necrosis of fat by lipases, (3) an acute inflammatory reaction, (4) proteolytic destruction of parenchyma, (5) destruction of blood vessels with hemorrhage "

" Acute pancreatitis (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., pg. 677 "

"Marked cell enlargement with irregularly clumped cytoplasm showing large, clear spaces. "

" Ballooning degeneration (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p633 "

Disseminated neuroblastoma with multiple cuteaneous metastases with deep blue discoloration to the skin.

"Blueberry muffin baby"(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.270

The q from 22q11.2 refers to ________.

"Long arm" of chromosome 22.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.246

Acronym for remembering the histologic features of actinic keratoses.

"Sunny" SPAINS - solar elastoses (dermal sun damage)P - parakeratosisA - atypia (keratinocytic)I - inflammationN - not full thickness atypia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 850

Within how many hours should the testes be explored surgically and untwisted manually so the testes will be viable after a testicular torsion?

(TOPNOTCH) Within 6 hours

Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Tuberculosis

Type IV(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120

Mutation of this gene is associated with the development of breast cancer only,

BRCA 2(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 729

How long does it take for the clot to lyse in subdural hematomas?

1 week(TOPNOTCH)

Pathways of metastasis to the bone.

1) direct extension, (2) lymphatic or hematogenous dissemination, (3) intraspinal seeding(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p818

In gonococcal infection of the female reproductive system, inflammatory changes will appear about how many days after the inoculation of the organism?

2-7 days (TOPNOTCH)

Three principal components of an atheromatous plaque.

1. Cells (SM cells, macrophages, T cells)2. Extracellular matrix (collagen, elastic fibers, proteoglycans)3. Intracellular and extracellular lipidFibrous cap, central lipid core, neovascularization(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 344

What are the 3 classic diagnostic features of RCC?

1. Costovertebral Pain (TOPNOTCH)2. Palpable Mass3. Hematuria

What are the 3 principal patterns of morphologic changes seen in Fibrocystic Changes of the breast?

1. Cyst formation with apocrine metaplasia2. Fibrosis3. Adenosis (TOPNOTCH)

What are the 5 basic morphological alterations seen in Acute Pancreatitis?

1. Edema caused by microvascular leakage2. Necrosis of fat caused by lipolytic enzymes3. Acute inflammatory reaction4. Destruction of pancreatic parenchyma by proteolytiz enzymes5. Destruction of blood vessels with subsequent interstitial hemorrage(TOPNOTCH)

What are the two histological alterations in the blood vessels of patients with malignant hypertension?

1. Fibrinoid Necrosis of arterioles2. Onion-skinning (TOPNOTCH)

What are the 3 conditions associated with the development of osteosarcoma?

1. Paget disease2. Bone infarcts3. Prior irradiation (TOPNOTCH)

What are the 3 complications of acute pyelonephritis?

1. Papillary Necrosis2. Pyonephrosis3. Perinephric Abscess (TOPNOTCH)

What is the tetralogy of cholesterol stone formation?

1. Supersaturation of bile with cholesterol2. Gallbladder hypomotility3. Cholesterol nucleation4. Hypersecretion of GB mucus(TOPNOTCH)

In Malignant Melanoma, what are the determinants of a more favorable prognosis?

1. Tumor depth of less than 1.7 mm2. Absence or low numbers of mitoses3. Presence of a brisk TIL response (Tumor Infiltrating Leukocytes)4. Absence of regression 5. Female gender6. Location on extremity skin (TOPNOTCH)This pattern of neuronal cell injury leads to shrunken individual cell bodies and nuclei. They are prominently stained by eosin, leading to the term "red neurons." Acute hypoxic/ischemic injury(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 860

What are the 5 histopathologic abnormalities common to Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and Becker Muscular Dystrophy?

1. Variation in fiber diameter2. Increased numbers of internalized nuclei3. Degeneration, necrosis, and phagocytosis of muscle fibers4. Regeneration of muscle fibers5. Proliferation of endomysial connective tissue (TOPNOTCH)

What are the 5 clinical warning signs of melanoma?

1. enlargement of a pre-existing mle2. itching or pain in pre-existing mole3. development of a new pigment lesion during adult life4. irregularity of the borders of a pigment lesion5. variegation of color within a pigmented lesion (TOPNOTCH)

Etiology of pernicious anemia.

1.Vitamin B12 malabsorption secondary to autoantibodies against parietal cells and intrinsic factor which is needed in its absorption.2. Gastrectomy or ileal resection(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 438

Adult toxic dose of aspirin.

10-30 grams(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 294

An infarct can be readily identified by a reddish blue discoloration after how many hours after MI?

12-24 hours(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 393

Life span of a normal red cell.

120 days(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 424

Approximately 60%-80% of patients with DM will develop some form of diabetic retinopathy after how many years from the time of diagnosis?

15-20 years (TOPNOTCH)

Toxic dose for acetaminophen.

15-25 grams/day(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 294

In bacterial peritonitis, approximately how many hours from the time of initiation before there is loss of the gray, glistening quality of the peritoneal surface and it becomes dull and lusterless?

2-4 hours(TOPNOTCH)

How long does it take for fibroblasts to grow from the dural surfaces into the hematoma after subdural hematoma/

2 weeks(TOPNOTCH)

Most congenital heart disease arise from faulty embryogenesis during what AOG?

3 - 8 weeks AOG(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 382

Wound strength reaches 70 - 80 % of normal in ______ months.

3 months(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.77

Neurons undergo irreversible damage when deprived of their blood supply for _______.

3-4 minutes(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.102

Myocardial rupture may occur how many days after MI?

3-7 days after infarction(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 397

Normal amount of pericardial fluid in pericardial sac.

30 - 50 mL of thin, straw-colored fluid(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 417

Osteoporosis cannot be reliably detected in plain radiographs until how much of the bone mass is lost?

30-40% (TOPNOTCH)

How many symptoms must be present in a patient for her/him to be diagnosed as having SLE?

4 out of 11 symptoms(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.140

Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Type I DM

Type IV(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120

Most common chromosomal derangement in Klinefelter syndrome.

47XXY(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.246

Subdural hematomas most often become manifest approximately how many hours after the injury?

48 hours(TOPNOTCH)

Size of microorganisms for them to be inhaled directly into the alveoli.

5 um(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 327

ESRD is defined as GFR less than how many percent of normal?

5%(TOPNOTCH)

Diminished renal reserve is define as GFR less than how many percent of normal?

50%(TOPNOTCH)Small, painful, rounded superficial erosions of the mouth, covered with a gray-white exudate and having an erythematous rim. Aphthous ulcers (canker sores)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 580

Ascites becomes clinically detectable at what amount?

500 ml(TOPNOTCH)

Diameter of an RBC.

7-8 um(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 341

How many percent should the lumen of a blood vessel be obstructed for it to be symptomatic, in the setting of increased demand?

70-75% (critical stenosis)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 389

Hypofunction of the anterior pituitary occurs when approximately how much of the parenchyma is lost?

75% (TOPNOTCH)

How many percent should the lumen of a blood vessel be obstructed for it to be symptomatic at rest?

90%(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 389

Test used to identify HSV infection.

Tzanck test(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 580

Focal collections of pus that may be caused by seeding pyogenic organisms into a tissue or by secondary infections of necrotic foci.

Abscess(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.44

Most common composition of kidney stones. Precipitates in the presence of alkaline urine.

Calcium oxalate and/or calcium phosphate(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 571

Histologically, what is the most common denominator in all forms of pemphigus?

Acantholysis (TOPNOTCH)

Common histologic denominator in all forms of pemphigus, described as the lysis of the intercellular adhesion sites.

Acantholysis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 845

What is the hallmark of diabetic macrovascular disease?

Accelerated atherosclerosis (TOPNOTCH)

Incomplete relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter in response to swallowing.

Achalasia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 585

Characterized by , disproportionate shortening of the proximal extremities, bowing of the legs, and a lordotic (sway-backed) posture.

Achrondroplasia (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p802

What is the most constant morphological feature of Chronic Pancreatitis?

Acinar Loss(TOPNOTCH)

This variant of Pancreatic cancer is characterized by formation of zymogen granules and the production of exocrine enzymes including trypsin and lipase`

Acinar cell carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)

Most common exogenous pigment?

Carbon(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.26

Type of pancreatic carcinoma showing prominent acinar cell differentiation with zymogen granules and exocrine enzyme production.

Acinar cell carcinomas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., pg. 684

This disease can more commonly affects men >50 years old. Lesion usually positioned below the renal arteries and above the aortic bifurcation. Can be saccular or fusiform.

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 358

Cardinal manifestation of acute pancreatitis.

Abdominal pain(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., pg. 679

Cutaneous horns are seen in what condition?

Actinic Keratosis (TOPNOTCH)

Primary gene defect in cystic fibrosis.

Abnormal CFTR (CF transmembrane conductance regulator) Chromosome 7q31.2(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.262

What is the most common congenital anomaly seen in the Gallbladder?

A folded fundus or so called phrygian cap(TOPNOTCH)

A wound produced by scraping or rubbing resulting in removal of superficial layer of the skin.

Abrasion(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 298

Collection of neutrophils which gives rise to localized liquefactive necrosis.

Abscess(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 334

Most common sequalae of septic infarcts.

Abscess(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.101

Morphology: characterized by the presence of round to oval cytoplasmic globular inclusions in hepatocytes, which in routine H and E stains are acidophilic and indistinctly demarcated from the surrounding cytoplasm

A1 antitrypsin deficiency(TOPNOTCH)

Two substances essential for the formation of a primary hemostatic plug.

ADP and TXA2(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.87

Substance that medites further platelet aggregation and degranulation.

ADP(TOPNOTCH)

Inherited gene : Cancer syndrome__________ : Familial Adenomatous Polyposis / Colon CA

APC Gene(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.184

What is the cardinal manifestation of acute pancreatitis?

Abdominal Pain(TOPNOTCH)

Arrange in descending order, based on which blood vessel is most extensively involved in development of atherosclerosis.Popliteal arteries, internal carotid arteries, circle of Willis, coronaries, abdominal aorta

Abdominal aorta > coronaries > popliteal arteries > internal carotid arteries > circle of Willis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 350

Generalized, massive edema is called ______.

Anasarca(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 382

These lesion is usually the result of chronic exposure to sunlight and is associated with hyperkeratosis. The dermis contains thickened, blue-gray elastic fibers or "solar elastosis" which is the result of chronic sun damage.

Actinic keratoses(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 850

This component of the coagulation cascade initiates four systems involved in the inflammatory response, namely the kinin, clotting, fibrinolytic and complement systems.

Activated Hageman Factor / Factor XIIa(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.52

What is the most important triggering event in acute pancreatitis?

Activation of trypsinogen and subsequent autodigestion of the pancreatic substances(TOPNOTCH)

Nephritis with prominent eosinophilic and mononuclear inflitrate, with pronounced edema.

Acute Drug-Induced Interstitial Nephritis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 563

Morphology: focal crypt cell necrosis or apoptosis with minimal to absent inflammatory cell response in the lamina propria

Acute GVHD(TOPNOTCH)

Leukemia of children most responsive to chemotherapy.

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 461

Bone marrow aspirate shows hypercellular martow packed with myeloblasts and azurophilic needle-like material called Auer rods.

Acute Myelogenous Leukemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 462

Collection of aggressive tumors that are comprised of immature myeloblasts which replace the marrow and suppress normal hematopoiesis.

Acute Myelogenous Leukemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 467

A condition wherein the severity or duration of ischemia is enough to cause cardiac muscle death.

Acute Myocardial Infarction(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 388

Lungs are dark red, firm, airless and heavy. There is capillary congestion, necrosis of alveolar epithelial cells, interstitial and intra-alveolar edema and hemorrhage and neutrophils in capillaries. Hyaline membrane is also characteristic, lining the alveolar ducts.

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 482

Endocarditis of previously normal valves, the most common causative agent is S. aureus.

Acute bacterial endocarditis(TOPNOTCH)

Acute rejection most commonly seen within the first months after transplantation, typically accompanied by signs of renal failure. Extensive CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell infiltration with edema and mild interstitial hemorrhage.

Acute cellular rejection(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.133

Type of liver transplant rejection: infiltration of a mixed population of inflammatory cells into portal tracts, bile ducts, and hepatocyte injury and endothelitis

Acute cellular rejections(TOPNOTCH)

Feared complication of sickle cell disease which can be trigerred by pulmonary infections or fat emboli from necrotic marrow that secondarily involve the lung.

Acute chest syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 428

Gallbladder is usually enlarged (twofold to threefold) and tense, and it assumes a bright red or blotchy, violaceous to green-black discoloration, imparted by subserosal hemorrhages. The gallbladder lumen is filled with a cloudy or turbid bile that may contain fibrin, blood, and frank pus.

Acute cholecystitis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p669

A acute mucosal inflammatory process of the stomach, marked by mucosal edema and inflammatory infiltrate of neutrophils and chronic inflammatory cells. Regenerative replication of cells in the gastric pit is prominent.

Acute gastritis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 593

One of the major causes of hematemesis, especially in alcoholics.

Acute gastritis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 593

Increases risk of developing gastric adenocarcinoma:Acute gastritis vs. peptic ulcer disease?

Acute gastritisPUD is NOT a premalignant lesion(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 596

Characterized by a dense neutrophilic infiltrate permeating the synovium and synovial fluid. Long, slender, needle-shaped monosodium urate crystals are frequently found in the cytoplasm of the neutrophils as well as in small clusters in the synovium.

Acute gouty arthritis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p821

The central vein and sinusoids of the liver are distended with blood, with central hepatocyte degeneration. The periportal hepatocytes are better oxygenated.

Acute hepatic congestion(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.85

Acute rejection caused by antidonor antibodies. May take the form of necrotizing vasculitis with endothelial cell necrosis, neutrophilic infiltration, deposition of antibody, complement, and fibrin, and thrombosis.

Acute humoral rejection(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.133

Inflammation which is characterized by plasma protein exudation and a predominantly neutrophilic leukocyte accumulation.

Acute inflammation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.32

Lymphoblasts with irregular nuclear contours, condensed chromatin , small nucleoli and scant agranular cytoplasm. Blasts compose >25% of marrow cellularity. Most common childhood leukemia.

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 447

In acute cases of this condition, an exudate is evident within the leptomeninges over the surface of the brain. On microscopic examination, neutrophils fill the entire subarachnoid space in severely affected areas or may be found predominantly around the leptomeningeal blood vessels.

Acute meningitis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 874

Necrosis of pancreatic tissue affecting acinar and ductal tissues as well as the islets of Langerhans; vascular damage causes hemorrhage into the parenchyma.Macroscopically, the pancreas exhibits red-black hemorrhage interspersed with foci of yellow-white, chalky fat necrosis.

Acute necrotizing pancreatitis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., pg. 678

Inflamed nodes are swollen, gray-red and engorged. There are large germinal centers containing numerous mitotic figures. Affected nodes are tender and fluctuant if with extensive abscess formation.

Acute nonspecific lymphadenitis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 444

Most common cause of transmural infarction of the intestines.

Acute occlusion of a major mesenteri artery(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 602

Morphology: Pancreas shows region of fat necrosis and focal pancreatic parenchymal necrosis

Acute pancreatitis(TOPNOTCH)

Caused by glomerular deposition of immune complexes resulting in diffuse proliferation and swelling of resident glomerular cells. There is uniformly increased cellularity of glomerular tufts. Electron microscopy show subepithelial "humps" against the GBM, with granular deposits of IgG and complement.

Acute postinfectious (poststreptococcal) Glomerulonephritis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 555

Morphology: appear as minute, disseminated abscesses or diffuse edema, congestion, and boggy suppuration of the entire prostate

Acute prostatitis (TOPNOTCH)

Characterized by the presence of an acute, neutrophilic inflammatory infiltrate, congestion, and stromal edema of the prostate.

Acute prostatitis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 695

Characterized by alveolar capillaries engorged with blood, with associated alveolar septal edema or focal minute intra-alveolar hemorrhage.

Acute pulmonary congestion(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.85

Morphology: acute neutrophilic exudate within tubules and the renal substance

Acute pyelonephritis (TOPNOTCH)

Morphology: patchy interstitial suppurative inflammation, intratubular aggregates of neutrophils, and tubular necrosis

Acute pyelonephritis (TOPNOTCH)

Rejection which occurs within days to weeks of transplantation in a nonimmunosuppressed host. Caused by both cellular and humoral immune mechanisms.

Acute rejection(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.133

Kidney changes in shock.

Acute tubular necrosis resulting in oliguria, anuria, and electrolyte disturbances.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.106

A clinicopatholigic entity characterized by damaged tubular epithelial cells and clinically by acute suppression of renal function.Most common cause of acute renal failure.

Acute tubular necrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 564

Lamellar keratin formation or "wet keratin" is a diagnostic feature of what tumor?

Adamantinomatous craniopharyngoma (TOPNOTCH)

What variant of craniopharyngoma frequently contains radiologicaly demonstrable calcifications?

Adamantinomatous craniopharyngoma (TOPNOTCH)

Type of immunity mediated by lymphocytes and their products, and is normally silent and responds to the presence of microbes by becoming active, expanding and generating potent mechanisms for neutralizing and eliminating microbes.

Adaptive immunity (acquired/specific)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.108

An uncommon disorder resulting from progressive destruction of the adrenal cortex. May be due to autoimmune adrenalitis, tuberculosis, AIDS, or metastatic cancers.

Addison disease/ chronic adrenocortical insufficiency(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 794

Mucin-producing glandular tumors of the distal esophagus showing intestinal-type features.

Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 591

Lung cancer which are peripherally located, most common type of lung cancer in women and nonsmokers. Grows slowly and metastasize early. Assumes a variety of forms, incliding acinar, papillary and solid types.

Adenocarcinoma(TOPNOTCH)

Lung cancer which are peripherally located, most common type of lung cancer in women and nonsmokers. Grows slowly and metastasize early. Assumes a variety of forms, incliding acinar, papillary and solid types.

Adenocarcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 531

What is the most common cause of hyperpituitarism?

Adenoma (TOPNOTCH)

This is a benign epithelial neoplasm which produces glandular patterns or neoplasms derived from glands but not necessarily exhibit glandular patterns

Adenoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.175

Refers to the growth of the basal layer of the endometrium down to the myometrium. Nests of endometrial stroma, glands or both are found in the myometrium, in between muscle bundles.

Adenomyosis(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 721

Autosomal recessive form of SCID is due to deficiency of what enzyme?

Adenosine deaminase (ADA)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.154

Type of pancreatic carcinoma with focal squamous differentiation in addition to glandular differentiation.

Adenosquamous carcinomas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., pg. 684

Bacterial surface molecules that bind to host cells.

Adhesins(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 332

Component of ECM that connect the elements to one another and to the cells.

Adhesive glycoproteins(TOPNOTCH)Extravasation of fluid into interstitial spaces due to increases in vascular volume or pressure, decreases in plasma protein content or alterations in endothelial function. Edema(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.81

It is a severe and generalized edema with profound subcutaneous tissue swelling.

Anasarca(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.81

Most common cause of Cushing syndrome.

Administration of exogenous glucocorticoids(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 789

Autosomal dominant. Kidneys are enlarged, composed solely of cysts without intervening parenchyma. Cysts are filled with clear or turbid fluid. Cysts may arise at any level of the nephron, with variable, often atrophic lining.

Adult polycystic kidney disease (APKD)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 569

Gastric carcinoma which has extended below the submucosa into the muscular wall.

Advanced gastric carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 599

These refer to untoward effects of drugs that are given in conventional therapeutic settings.

Adverse drug reactions(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 291

It is a naturally occurring carcinogenic agent produced by some strains of Aspergillus, a mold that grows on improperly stored grains and nuts.

Aflatoxin B(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.209

Used to distinguish between giant cell arteritis and takayasu arteritis of the aorta.

Age of patient40 Giant cell arteritis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 364

The most important factors in the development of Osteoarthritis

Aging and mechanical effects (TOPNOTCH)

Gas bubbles within the circulation obstructing vascular flow and causes distal ischemic injury.

Air embolism(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.99

Morphology: characterized by loss of melanocytes

Albinism (TOPNOTCH)

The serum protein most responsible for maintaining intravascular colloid osmotic pressure.

Albumin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.83

Liver is yellow-tan, fatty, and enlarged, usually weighing over 2 kg. Over the span of years it is transformed into a brown, shrunken, nonfatty organ, sometimes weighing less than 1 kg.

Alcoholic Cirrhosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p650

Almost always accompanied by a brisk sinusoidal and perivenular fibrosis; occasionally periportal fibrosis may predominate.

Alcoholic hepatitis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p650

Morphology: macrovesicular steatosis, involving most regions of the hepatic lobule. The intracytoplasmic fat is seen as clear vacuoles.

Alcoholic liver disease(TOPNOTCH)

Spirinolactone bodies are seen in what tumor?

Aldosterone producing adenomas (TOPNOTCH)

Condition caused by deletion of 2 alpha globin genes.

Alpha thalassemia trait(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 431

Clostridium perfringens produces this toxin that disrupts plasma membranes resulting in digestion of host tissues and collagen.

Alpha toxin (lecithinase)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 334

Hepatocytes with round to oval cytoplasmic globular inclusions which are strongly positive in a periodic acid-Schiff stain. By electron microscopy they lie within smooth, and sometimes rough, endoplasmic reticulum.

Alpha-1 antitrypsin Deficiency(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p657

Electron microscopy: irregular thickening of the BM of the glomerulus, lamination of the lamina densa, and foci of rarefaction

Alport Syndrome (TOPNOTCH)

Nephritis accompanied by nerve deafness, lens dislocation, posterior cataracts and corneal dystrophy.

Alport syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 556

Macrophages in the lungs

Alveolar Macrophages(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.54

Characteristic abnormality in bronchopulmonary dysplasia?

Alveolar hypoplasia or a decrease in the number of mature alveoli.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.258

It is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, characterized by presence of plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, composed of tau proteins.

Alzheimer's disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 893

Presence of marked pulmonary edema, diffuse alveolar damage, and presence of squamous cells in the pulmonary circulation shed from fetal skin, lanugo hair, fat and mucin.

Amniotic fluid embolism(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.100

Most adenomas are seen in what part of the GIT?

Ampulla of Vater(TOPNOTCH)

What morphological change seen in pancreas is more commonly associated with DM Type 2 than DM Type 1?

Amyloid replacement of islets (TOPNOTCH)

A disorder of protein misfolding, causing extracellular deposition of pink or red colored deposits stained with Congo red, with apple-green birefringence in polarized light.

Amyloidosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.166This term literally means "new growth". Neoplasia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174

This is the most common form of neurodegeneration affecting the motor system. It is characterized by muscle atrophy and hyper-reflexia due to loss of both upper and lower motor neurons.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Motor Neuron Disease; Lou Gehrig's Disease) (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 895

Mixtures of aspirin and phenacetin, or its active metabolite acetaminophen, when taken over several years can cause tubulointerstitial nephritis and renal papillary necrosis called _______.

Analgesic nephropathy(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 294

Chronic interstitial nephritis associated with renal papillary necrosis. The necrotic papillae appear yellowish-brown, showing coagulative necrosis associated with loss of cellular detail with preservation of tubular outlines.

Analgesic nephropathy(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 564

This type of shock represents systemic vasodilation and increased vascular permeability caused by IgE hypersensitivity reaction.

Anaphylactic shock(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.102

This is considered a hallmark of malignancy, which literally means "to form backward".

Anaplasia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.177

Carcinoma of the thyroid usually seen in the elderly. Associated with high mortality rate. These present as bulky masses that typically grow rapidly beyond the thyroid capsule into adjacent neck structures.

Anaplastic carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 771

These cells display marked pleomorphism, nuclei are variable and bizzare in size and shape. Chromatin is course and clumped. Mitoses are often numerous and distinctly atypical.

Anaplastic cells(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.177

Arises when blood enters the wall of an artery, as a hematoma dissecting between its layers. Often, but not always aneurysmal in origin.

Arterial dissection(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 357

It occurs after an initial injury, as a result of reflex neurogenic mechanisms.

Arteriolar vasoconstriction(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.86

These are the principal control points for regulation of physiologic resistance to blood flow.

Arterioles(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 340

Literally means hardening of the arteries, term reflecting arterial wall thickening and loss of elasticity, affecting small arteries and arterioles.

Arteriolosclerosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 343

These are abnormal, typically small, direct connections between arteries and veins that bypass the intervening capillaries.

Arteriovenous fistulas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 341

The involved vessels in this condition resemble a tangled network of wormlike vascular channels. Microscopically, they are enlarged blood vessels separated by gliotic tissue, often with evidence of prior hemorrhage.

Arteriovenous malformations (AVM)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 868

This substance was formerly used for fire-resistant textiles and construction materials which could cause lung cancer and more prominently malignant mesothelioma

Asbestos(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.183

Intestinal helminth that cause disease when present in large numbers or cause obstruction of the gut.

Ascaris lumbricoides(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 326

Most common point of origin of an aortic dissection.

Ascending aorta, 10 cms from the aortic valve(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 360

Fate of an atheromatous plaque causing discharge of debris into the bloodstream, producing microemboli composed of plaque contents.

Atheroembolism(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 351

Characterized by intimal lesions called atheromas that protrude into vascular lumina.

Atherosclerosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 343

Hardening or thickening of the arteries as a result of the accumulation of fatty materials, macrophages, platelets and other inflammatory mediators.

Atherosclerosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.98

Two most important causes of aortic aneurysms.

AtherosclerosisCystic medial degeneration of the arterial media(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 357

Complete failure of development of the intestinal lumen.

Atresia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 600

What are the 4 cardinal histologic features of Lichen Sclerosus of the Vulva or Chronic atrophic vulvitis?

Atrophy of the epidermis with disappearance, of the rete pegs, hydrophic degeneration of the basal cells, replacement of the underlying dermis by dense collagenous fibrous tissue, and monoclonal band like lymphocytic infiltrate (TOPNOTCH)

Refers to a proliferation of cells identical to those of LCIS but the cells do not fill or distend more than 50% of the acini within a lobule.

Atypical Lobular hyperplasia(TOPNOTCH)

Cellular proliferation resembling ductal carcinoma in situ or lobular carcinoma in situ but lacking sufficient qualitative or quantitative features for a diagnosis of carcinoma in situ

Atypical hyperplasia(TOPNOTCH)

Recognized by its histologic resemblance to ductal carcinoma in situ, including a monomorphic cell population, regular cell placement, and round lumina. However, the lesions are characteristically limited in extend, and the cells are not completely monomorphic in type or they fail to completely fill ductal spaces

Atypical hyperplasia(TOPNOTCH)

Term used to describe hyperplasia that cytologically resemble lobular carcinoma in situ, but the cells do not fill or distend more than 50% of the acini within a lobule.

Atypical lobular hyperplasia (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 739

Cells with abundant cytoplasm 12-16um in diameter that contains azurophilic granules, and an oval, indented or folded nucleus.

Atypical lymphocytes (Infectious mononucleosis)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 442

Affected areas are red-blue, congested and subcrepitant. Inflammatory reaction is largely confined within the walls of the alveoli. Septa widened and edematous, with mononuclear infiltrates of lymphocytes, histiocytes and plasma cells. Alveolar spaces are free of cellular exudate.

Atypical pneumonia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 513

This sign is described as bleeding upon removal of scales from the lesions of psoriasis.

Auspitz sign(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 841

Pattern of extracellular signaling wherein the target cell is itself.

Autocrine(TOPNOTCH)

Gastritis resulting from production of autoantibodies to the gastric gland parietal cells, leading to gland destruction and mucosal atrophy with loss of acid and intrinsic factor.

Autoimmmune gastritis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 592

What is the most common cause of primary adrenal insufficiency in developed countries?

Autoimmune adrenalitis (TOPNOTCH)

Reaction of immune system against one's own cells.

Autoimmunity(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.119

An opportunistic infection in immunocompromised persons that manifest as vascular proliferations involving skin, bone, brain and other organs. Characterized grossly by red papules and nodules, or rounded subcutaneous masses. Histologically, there is capillary proliferation with prominent epitheloid EC's showing nuclear atypia and mitoses. Lesions contain stromal neutrophils, nuclear dust nd purplish granular material.

Bacillary angiomatosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 374

A transmission pattern of inheritance which is manifested in the heterozygous state, wherein at least one parent of an index case is usually affected, both males and females are affected and both can transmit the condition.

Autosomal dominant (AD)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.229

This pattern of inheritance occur when BOTH of the alleles at a given gene locus are mutants, wherein the parents are not affected, but offspring have 1 in 4 chance (25%) of being affected.

Autosomal recessive(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.229

80% of cases, what bone is involved in Paget DIsease?

Axial skeleton and proximal femur (TOPNOTCH)

This is general reaction of the motor unit which is a result of primary destruction of the axon, with secondary disintegration of its myelin sheath.

Axonal degereration (TOPNOTCH)

In patients with peripheral neuropathy, what is the predominant histologic findings?

Axonal neuropathy (TOPNOTCH)

Individuals with B-thalassemia who inherit two abnormal alleles, with severe anemia requiring regular blood tranfusions.

B- Thalassemia major(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 429

In beta thalassemia, an individual who inherits one abnormal allele (out of 2) has this asymptomatic to mildly symptomatic condition.

B- Thalassemia minor/trait(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 429

In the PBS of this condition, nucleated red cells (normoblasts) are seen, which reflect underlying erythropoeisis.

B-thalassemia major(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 430

Target cells are often seen in this condition.

B-thalassemia minor(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 430

Morphology: hallmark is nodularity due to glandular proliferation or dilation and to fibrous or muscular proliferation of the stroma

BPH (TOPNOTCH)

Inherited gene : Cancer syndrome_________ : Breast on Ovarian Tumors

BRCA 1 gene(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.184

Mutation of this gene is associated in the development of both ovarian and breast cancers.

BRCA 1(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 729

Esophageal lesion at risk of developing adenocarcinoma:Reflux esophagitis or Barrett esophagus?

Barrett esophagus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 589

Defined as the replacement of the normal distal stratified squamous mucosa by metaplastic columnar epithelium containing goblet cells. A complication of long-standing GERD.

Barrett esophagus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 591

Causative agent for cat scratch disease(TOPNOTCH)

Bartonella henselae(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 444

Pearly papules often containing prominent, dilated subepidermal blood vessels (telangiectasias)

Basal Cell Carcinoma (TOPNOTCH)

These tumors present as pearly, smooth-surfaced papules, often containing prominent, dilated subepidermal blood vessels (telangiectasia). The cells have scant cytoplasm, small hyperchromatic nuclei, and a peripheral palisade with clefting from the stroma.

Basal cell carcinoma (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 852

This is the most common human cancer, which is a slow-growing tumor that rarely metastasizes. tends to occur at sites subject to chronic sun exposure and in lightly pigmented people. h

Basal cell carcinoma (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 852

On histological examination of the endometrium, what is the earliest morphological evidence of ovulation?

Basal vacuolation (TOPNOTCH)

What are the three most important glomerular lesions seen in DM?

Basement membrane thickening, diffuse mesangial sclerosis, and nodular glomerulosclerosis (TOPNOTCH)

What is the main cause of renal dysfunction in Multiple Myeloma?

Bence Jones protein (TOPNOTCH)

Excess lightvor heavy chains along with complete Igs synthesized by neoplastic plasma cells.

Bence-Jones proteins(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 454

The rapid formation of gas bubbles within skeletal muscles and supporting tissues in and around joints causing pain.

Bends(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.100

On transection, filled with sebaceous secretion and matted hair, bonw and cartilage, nests of bronchial or gastrointestinal epithelium, and other recognizable lines of development are also present.

Benign (Mature) Cystic Teratomas / Dermoid Cyst(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 733

More chronic form of decompression sickness where persistence of gas emboli in the bones leads to multiple foci of ischemic necrosis.

Caisson disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.100

These are relatively common benign lesions in adults presenting as circumscribed, small (<1 cm) mobile nodules in the dermis or subcutaneous tissue. Consists of bland, interlacing spindle cells admixed with foamy, lipid-rich histiocyte-like cells. Cured by excision.

Benign Fibrous Histiocytoma (Dermatofibroma) (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p834

Morphology: narrowing of the lumens of arterioles and small arteries, caused by thickening and hyalinization of the walls (hyaline arteriolosclerosis)

Benign nephrosclerosis (TOPNOTCH)

Renal changes in benign hypertension, associated with hyaline arteriolosclerosis, appearing as homogenous, pink hyaline thickening of arterial walls. Larger blood vessels show fibroelastc hyperplasia.

Benign nephrosclerosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 566

Tumor of the urinary bladder, characterized as small, frond-like structures having delicate fibrovascular core covered by multilayered, well-differentiated transitional epithelium.

Benign papilloma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 575

Benign or malignant?Amenable to surgical removal

Benign(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174

Benign or malignant?Localized

Benign(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174

Benign or malignant?Adenoma

Benign(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176

Benign or malignant?Chondroma

Benign(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176

Benign or malignant?Fibroma

Benign(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176

Benign or malignant?Papilloma

Benign(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176

Probability of being benign or malignant.Multiple, hot nodules.

Benign(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 766

This substance is commonly used as a solvent in paint, rubber, dry cleaning, adhesives and detergents which could cause leukemias and Hodgkin lymphoma.

Benzene(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.183

Decreased gp Ib leads to defective platelet adhesion, associated with decreased platelet count.

Bernard-Soulier Syndrome(TOPNOTCH)

Deficiency of GpIb receptors.

Bernard-Soulier syndrome(TOPNOTCH)

Deficiency of GpIb receptors.

Bernard-Soulier syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.88

This substance is used as hardener for metal alloys used in aerospace applications and nuclear reactors which is commonly associated with cancer of the lung.

Beryllium and its compounds(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.183

Defined as a complete obstruction of bile flow caused by destruction or absence of all or part of the extrahepatic bile ducts.

Biliary atresia (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p670

Pentalaminar tubules, often with a dilated terminal end (tennis racket-like appearance).

Birbeck granules(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 467

Multiple nuclei, prominent nucleoli, and cytoplasmic droplets containing Ig.

Bizarre, multinucleated cells(TOPNOTCH)

A type of pigment stone found in sterile gallbladder bile, usually small and present in large quantities and crumble easily. 50% to 75% are radiopaque.

Black pigment stones (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p668

A congenital malformation of the bladder associated with epispadias.

Bladder extrophy(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 688

Round to oval and larger fungi, which reproduce by broad-based budding.

Blastomycosis dermatitidis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 523

Chief complication of peptic ulcer.

Bleeding(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 596

Serosanguinous pericardial effusion can be caused by ________

Blunt chest trauma, malignancy, ruptured MI, aortic dissection(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 418Average volume per cell, expressed in femtoliters. Mean cell volume (MCV)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 423

These are wedge-shaped areas of infarction that occur in those regions of the brain and spinal cord that lie at the most distal fields of arterial perfusion.

Border zone ("watershed") infarcts(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 863

Hypertrophy of hyperplasia?Uterus during pregnancy

Both Estrogen stimulated SM hyperthrophy and hyperplasia (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.3

Appears grossly as a solitary, plaquelike lesion on the shaft of the penis. Histologic examination reveals morphologically malignant cells throughout the epidermis with no invasion of the underlying stroma. Has potential for malignant transformation.

Bowen disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 688

Occurs in young, sexually active males, histologically identical to Bowen disease. Presents with multiple reddish brown papules on the glans and is most often transient, with rare progression to carcinoma in immunocompetent patients.

Bowenoid papulosis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 688

These are discrete lesions with central liquefactive necrosis and a surrounding fibrous capsule. On microscopic examination, there is exuberant neovascularization around the necrosis that is responsible for the marked edema and formation of granulation tissue. Outside the fibrous capsule is a zone of reactive gliosis.

Brain Abscesses (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 876

Condition wherein the brain is grossly swollen, with narrowed sulci and distended gyri showing signs of flattening against the underlying skull.

Brain edema(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.84

Morphology: epithelial component consists of nests of transitional cells resembling the lining of the urinary bladder

Brenner Tumor (TOPNOTCH)

A rare, solid, unilateral ovarian tumor consisting of an abundant stroma containing nests of transitional-like epithelium resembling that of the urinary tract.

Brenner Tumor (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 732

Blood vessels involved in subdural hemorrhage.

Bridging veins(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 870

What do you call a small intraosseous abscess that frequently involves the cortex and is walled off by reactive bone?

Brodie abscess (TOPNOTCH)

Form of lung cancer that is thought to arise from neuroendocrine cells, called Kulchitsky cells, that line the bronchial mucosa and resemble intestinal carcinoids. Nests of small, rounded, uniform cells with "salt and pepper" chromatin.

Bronchial carcinoids(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 534

Permanent dilation of bronchi and bronchioles caused by destruction of theuscle and elastic supporting tissue, resulting from chronic necrotizing infections.

Bronchiectasis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 493

Pneumonia with a patchy distribution of inflammation involving more than one lobe.

Bronchopneumonia(TOPNOTCH)

Pneumonia with a patchy distribution of inflammation involving more than one lobe.

Bronchopneumonia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 509

What type of pigment stones are generally seen in infected intrahepatic or extra hepatic ducts?

Brown pigment stones(TOPNOTCH)

A type of pigment stone found in infected intrahepatic or extrahepatic ducts. Tends to be single or few in number and are soft with a greasy, soaplike consistency that results from the presence of retained fatty acid salts released by the action of bacterial phospholipases on biliary lecithins. Contains calcium soaps, and are radiolucent.

Brown pigment stones(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p668

What is the mineral that gives bone strength and hardness and is the storehouse for 99% of the body's calcium, 85% of the body's phosphorous, and 65% of the body's sodium and magnesium?

Calcium Hydroxyapatite (TOPNOTCH)

Results from the thrombosis of two or more major hepatic veins and is characterized by hepatomegaly, weight gain, ascites, and abdominal pain. The liver is swollen, is red-purple, and has a tense capsule. The affected hepatic parenchyma reveals severe centrilobular congestion and necrosis.

Budd-Chiari syndrome (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p662

A condition wherein a patient binges on food and then induces vomiting.

Bulimia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 306

Morphology: Subepidermal nonacantholytic blisters

Bullous Pemphigoid (TOPNOTCH)

An autoimmune disease in which the characteristic finding is linear deposition of IgG antibodies and complement in the basement membrane zone. Characterized by a subepidermal, nonacantholytic full-thickness epidermal fluid-filled blister.

Bullous pemphigoid (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 846

Intermediate-sized round lymphoid cells with 2-5 prominent nucleoli. Nuclear remnants phagocytosed by interspersed macrophages with abundant clear cytoplasm, "starry sky pattern"

Burkitt lymphoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 453

Two types of injuries caused by electricity.

BurnsVFib or cardiac and respiratory center failure(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 299

Arrange the steps in cutaneous wound healing:A. Formation of granulation tissueB. ECM remodelingC. Inflammation

C, A, B(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.72

Arrange the following steps in the inflammatory response:A. Recruitment of leukocytesB. Regulation of responseC. Recognition of injurious agentD. Removal of agentE. Resolution

C, A, D, B, E(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.35

Arrage the steps in leukocyte recruitment:A. TransmigrationB. Rolling C. MarginationD. Firm adhesion

C, B, D, A(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.35

The hallmark of this disease is heaped-up calcified masses on the outflow side of the cusps, which protrude intonthe sinuses of Valsalva and mechanically impede valve opening. Cusps may become secondarily fibrosed and thickened.

Calcific aortic stenosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 401

Complement fragments which are anaphylotoxins.

C3a, C5a (A for anaphylotoxin)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.46

Complement fragment which aids in opsonization.

C3b (b for binding)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.46

Membrane attack complex

C5b, C6-9(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.46

Genetic mutation in Huntington's disease?

CAG trinucleotide repeats(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.229

Mutation in Huntington disease.

CAG trinucleotide repeats(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 895

State the lymphocytic adhesion molecule counterpart of the following endothelial receptors:CD-31

CD-31(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.37

Main cellular target of HIV.

CD4+ helper T cells(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.158

Tumor antigens are presented on the cell surface by MHC Class I molecules to which type of T lymphocytes?

CD8+ T lymphocytes(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.215These disorders are derived from one's parents, transmitted through gametes through the generations, and are therefore familial. Hereditary disorders(TOPNOTCH)

Serous pericardial effusion can be caused by _________

CHF, hypoalbuminemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 417

Koilocytic atypia is considered what type of CIN lesion?

CIN I (TOPNOTCH)

This cardiac enzyme is detectable in the blood within 2-4 hrs of MI, peaks at 24-48 hrs and returns to normal within approximately 72 hrs.

CKMB(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 395

Smudge cells are seen in this type of leukemia.

CLL(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 450

What type of esophagitis presents with linear ulcerations of the esophageal mucosa with histologic findings of intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions?

CMV esophagitis(TOPNOTCH)

Infected cells show distinct nuclear and ill-defined cytoplasmic inclusions.

CMV infection(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 322

Major complication of sickle cell disease which occurs in the setting of acute chest syndrome, causing ischemic injury to the CNS.

CNS stroke(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 428

History of recurrent infections with purulent sputum, less prominent dyspnea and respiratory drive, becomes hypoxic and are pften cyanotic and obese. "Blue bloaters".

COPD predominantly chronic bronchitis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 489

Barrel-chested, dyspneic, prolonged expiration, sits forward in a hunched-over position, adequate oxygenation of oxygen. "Pink puffers".

COPD predominantly emphysema(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 489

Presence of centrilobular necrosis with hepatocyte drop-out, hemorrhage and hemosirin-laden macrophages

CPC of the liver(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.85

Genetic mutation found in myotonic dystrophy?

CTG Trinucleotide repeats(TOPNOTCH)

Skeletal metastases are typically multifocal, however, what carcinomas that metastasize to the bone are notorious for producing solitary lesions?

Ca of Kidney and Thyroid (TOPNOTCH)

This substance is used in solders, batteries and metal alloys commonly associated with cancers of the prostate.

Cadmium and its compounds(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.183

This heavy metal is used mainly in batteries and fertilizers, which can contaminate soil. Can cause obstructive lung disease and kidney damage.

Cadmium(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 285

Urolithiasis: most common type

Calcium Oxalate stones (TOPNOTCH)

Most frequent disease-causing fungus.

Candida albicans(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 526

These vessels are approximately the diameter of an RBC, have an endothelial cell lining but no media.

Capillaries(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 341

These are bright red to blue lesions, that vary from a few millimeters tomseveral centimeters in diameter. Unencapsulated aggregates of closely packed, thin-walled capillaries, usually blood-filled and lined by flattened endothelium. Vessels are separated by scant connective tissue stroma.

Capillary hemangiomas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 372

A type of vascular malformation which are characterized by microscopic foci of dilated, thin-walled vascular channels separated by relatively normal brain parenchyma and occurring most frequently in the pons.

Capillary telangiectasias(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 868

ATN morphology: accumulation of neutral lipids in injured cells

Carbon Tetrachloride poisoning (TOPNOTCH)

A nonirritating , colorless, tasteless, odorless gas produced bu the imperfect oxidation of carbonaceous materials. Binds to hemoglobin with high affinity causing systemic asphyxiation and CNS depression.

Carbon monoxide(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 282

The lesions of this disease are distinctive, glistening white intimal plaquelike thickenings on the endocardial surfaces of the cardiac chambers and valve leaflets seen in patients with carcinoid tumors. The lesions are composed of muscle cells and sparse collagen fibers embedded in an acid mucopolysaccharide-rich matrix.

Carcinoid heart disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 408

Tumors arising from endocrine cells along the GIT. Solid, yellow-tan appearance on transection. Neoplastic cells have a scant, pink granular cytoplasm and a round-to-oval stippled nucleus.

Carcinoid tumors(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 627

Defined as dysplactic changes which involve the entire thickness of the epithelium.

Carcinoma -in - situ(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.178

Malignant neoplasms of epithelial cell origin.

Carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.175

Long standing severe right-sided HF leads to fibrosis of centrilobular areas, creating this condition.

Cardiac cirrhosis(TOPNOTCH)

What is the earliest and most consistent feature of hyperthyroidism?

Cardiac manifestations (TOPNOTCH)

Rapidly developing collections of fluid within the pericardial sac can restrict diastolic cardiac filling producing this fatal sequelae.

Cardiac tamponade(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 417

This type of shock results from failure of the cardic pump which maybe caused by MI, ventricular arrythmias, cardiac tamponade or outflow obstruction.

Cardiogenic shock(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.102

Major components Jones Criteria for RF.

CarditisMigratory polyarthritisSubcutaneous nodulesErythema marginatumSyndenham chorea(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 406

Central amorphous granular debris, loss of all cellular detail, acid-fast bacilli

Caseating tuberculosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.56

Necrotic material which appears amorphous, structureless, granular debris, with complete loss of cellular details.

Caseous necrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.56

Formation of sarcoid-like ganulomas that undergo central necrosis associated with neutrophil accumulation. This irregular stellate necrotizing granuloma is seen in patients presenting with a raised inflammatory node, vesicle or eschar at site of injury. History of exposure to cats.

Cat scratch disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 444

Rounded or stellate granuloma containing central granular debris and recognizable neutrophils, giant cells uncommon.

Cat-scratch Disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.56

High risk agents of bioterrorism which are easily disseminated and has high potential for mortality. An example is smallpox.

Category A(TOPNOTCH)

Agents that are relatively easy to disseminate and produces moderate morbidity and low mortality. An example is E.coli O157:H7 which can cause HUS.

Category B(TOPNOTCH)

Includes emerging pathogens that have the potential for mass dissemination with high morbidity and mortality. Examples are Nipah virus and Hanta virus.

Category C(TOPNOTCH)In these arteries, elastic fibers alternate in layers with smooth muscle cells. Examples are the common carotid artery, iliac arteries and pulmonary arteries. Large or elastic arteries(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 340

Appears as red-blue, soft, spongy masses 1-2 cm in diameter, which can affect large subcutaneous areas of the face, extremities, and othe body regions. Mass is sharply defined but not encapsulated, composed of large, cavernous, blood-filled spaces.

Cavernous hemangioma(TOPNOTCHRobbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 372

What is the most common site of angiodysplasia?

Cecum(TOPNOTCH)

Morphology: diffuse severe atrophy and blunting of villi, with a chronic inflammatory infiltrate in the lamina propria

Celiac disease(TOPNOTCH)

It consists of a series of steps at which the cell checks for the accuracy of replication and mitosis and instructs itself to proceed to the next step.

Cell cycle(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.61

Reaction of T-lymphocytes, designed to combat cell-associated microbes (e.g. Phagocytosed microbes and microbes in the cytoplasm of infected cells).

Cell-mediated immunity(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.109

Type of adaptive immunity mediated by T lymphocytes.

Cell-mediated or cellular immunity(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.109

A result of a progressive decline in the proliferative capacity and lifespan of cells.

Cellular aging(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.29

This is the first manifestation of almost all forms of injury to cells.

Cellular swelling(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.8

A nonimmune process characterized by loss of myelin involving the center of the pons, most often after rapid correction of hyponatremia.

Central pontine myelinolysis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 889

Type of emphysema involving the central or proximal parts of the acini, formed by respiratory bronchioles, while distal parts are spared. Lungs deep pink and less voluminous, affecting the upper 2/3 of the lungs. Occurs in smokers.

Centriacinar (centrilobular) Emphysema(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 485

Hepatocyte necrosis is distributed immediately around the central vein, extending into the midzonal area in the setting of ischemia and several drug and toxic reactions.

Centrilobular necrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p633

What zone of the liver if particularly vulnerable of ischemic injury and number of drug and toxic reactions?

Centrilobular zone(TOPNOTCH)

The combination of hypoperfusion and retrograde congestion acts synergistically to generate what type of necrosis in the liver?

Centrolobular hemorrhagic necrosis(TOPNOTCH)

IT is the accumulation of excess fluid within the brain parenchyma. The brain is softer than normal and often appears to "overfill" the cranial vault. In generalized edema the gyri are flattened, the intervening sulci are narrowed, and the ventricular cavities are compressed.

Cerebral Edema (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 861

This is a disease in which amyloidogenic peptides are deposit in the walls of medium- and small-caliber meningeal and cortical vessels, which results in the weakening of the vessel wall and increases the risk of hemorrhage.

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 863

Oral contraceptives may increase the risk of developing this type of cancer in women.

Cervical CA(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 294

Destruction of the myenteric plexus of the esophagus, duodenum, colon and ureter caused by a flagellate protozoa.

Chagas disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 585

Myocarditis distinctive by virtue of parasitization of scattered myofibers by trypanosomes accompanied by an inflammatory infiltrate of neutrophils, lymphocytes, macrophages and occasional eosinophils.

Chagas myocarditis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 414

This STD is an acute, ulcerative infection caused by Haemophilus ducreyi, a small, gram-negative coccobacillus. The lesion is an irregular ulcer, whose base is covered by a shaggy, yellow-gray exudate. Regional lymph nodes are enlarged and tender.

Chancroid (Soft Chancre) (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 707

Minute aneurysms in vessels that are less than 300 μm in diameter, associated with chronic hypertension.

Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysms (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 868

Collections of crystalloids made up of eosinophil proteins.

Charcot-Leyden crystals(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 492

These steps in the cell cycle prevents DNA replication or mitosis of damaged cells and either transiently stop the cell cycle to allow repair, or eliminate irreversibly damaged cells by apoptosis.

Checkpoint control(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.61

Results from a defect in the protein involved in membrane docking and fusion.

Chediak-Higashi syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.41

They are a family of small structurally related proteins that act primarily as chemoattractants for different subsets of leukocytes.

Chemokines(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.48

Process of leukocyte migration toward sites of infection or injury along a chemical gradient.

Chemotaxis(TOPNOTCH)

The thyroid is diffusely and symmetrically enlarged, with intact capsule. Microscopically, reveals a mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate and the presence of Hürthle or oxyphil cells, which are cells with eosinophilic, granular cytoplasm.

Chronic Lymphocytic (Hashimoto) Thyroiditis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 761

Myeloid tumor arising from a pluripotent stem cell associated with mutatios of the BCR-ABL gene. If untreated, may progress to a blast crisis.

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 467

This condition is characterized by parenchymal fibrosis, reduced number and size of acini with relative sparing of the islets of Langerhans, and variable dilation of the pancreatic ducts.

Chronic Pancreatitis(TOPNOTCH)

Type of liver transplant rejection : severe obliterative arteritis of small and larger arterial vessels results in ischemic changes in the liver parenchyma

Chronic Rejection(TOPNOTCH)

Characterized by organization and subsequent scarring, as a sequelae of rheumatic fever. The mitral (or tricuspid) valve is involved, with leaflet thickening, commisural fission and shortening, thickening and fusiong of the chordae tendinae. Fibrous bridging across valvular commisures create "fishmouth" or " buttonhole" deformity.

Chronic Rheumatic Heart Disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 403

Morphology: portal tract expansion with inflammatory cells and fibrous tissue and interface hepatitis with spillover of inflammation into the adjacent parenchyma. Lymphoid aggregates can also be seen.

Chronic Viral Hepatitis C(TOPNOTCH)

Characterized by goblet cell metaplasia, mucus plugging, inflammation and fibrosis, and sometimes complete obliteration of the lumen due to fibrosis.

Chronic bronchiolitis (small airway disease)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 489

Defined as persistent productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months in at least 2 consecutive years.

Chronic bronchitis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 489

Mucosal lining of the larger airways is usually hyperemic and swollen with edema fluid, often covered by a layer of mucinous or mucopurulent secretions. Trachea and bronchi have enlarged mucus-secreting glands.

Chronic bronchitis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 489

The gallbladder may be contracted, of normal size, or enlarged. Presence of stones in the absence of inflammation is diagnostic.

Chronic cholecystitis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p669

Presence of chronic inflammatory changes in the mucosa of the stomach eventually leading to mucosal atrophy and epithelial metaplasia.

Chronic gastritis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 592

Gross morphology: kidneys are diffusely and symmetrically scarred

Chronic glomerulonephritis (TOPNOTCH)

An important cause of end-stage renal disease presenting as chronic renal failure. Kidneys are symmetrically contracted, surfaces are red-brown and diffusely granular. Glomeruli are obliterated with marked interstitial fibrosis.

Chronic glomerulonephritis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 559

Inflammation typified by influx of lymphocytes and macrophages associated with vascular proliferation and fibrosis.

Chronic inflammation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.32

What is the hallmark of inflammatory bowel disease, both CD and UC?

Chronic mucosal damage(TOPNOTCH)

Characterized by parenchymal fibrosis, reduced number and size of acini, and variable dilation of the pancreatic ducts. With relative sparing of Islets of Langerhans. Ductal concretions are present.

Chronic pancreatitis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., pg. 680

The central regions of the hepatic lobules are grossly red-brown and slightly depressed and are accentuated against the surrounding zones of uncongested tan, sometimes fatty liver (nutmeg liver).

Chronic passive congestion of the liver(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.85

Morphology: aggregation of numerous lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages as well as neutrophils within the prostatic substance

Chronic prostatitis (TOPNOTCH)

Characterized by variable amount of lymphoid infiltrate, evidence of glandular injury, and, frequently, concomitant acute inflammatory changes of the prostate.

Chronic prostatitis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 695

Pulmonary septa are thickened and fibrotic, with hemosiderin-laden macrophages in alveolar spaces.

Chronic pulmonary congestion(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.85

Gross morphology: irregularly scarred; if bilateral, the involvement is asymmetric

Chronic pyelonephritis (TOPNOTCH)

Morphology: hallmark is the coarse, discrete, corticomedullary scar overlying a dilated, blunted, or deformed calyx

Chronic pyelonephritis (TOPNOTCH)

Hallmark of this disease is scarring involving the pelvis or calyces, or both, leading to papillary blunting and marked calyceal deformities.

Chronic pyelonephritis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 562

Rejection which present clinically months to years after transplantation with a progressive rise in serum creatinine levels. Dominated by arteriosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis and loss of renal parenchyma.

Chronic rejection(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.133

Caused by HPV types 6 and 11. Lesions vary from small, sessile lesions to large, papillary proliferations measuring several centimeters in diameter.

Condylomata acuminata (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 709

Results from repetitive precipitation of urate crystals during acute attacks. The synovium becomes hyperplastic, fibrotic, and thickened by inflammatory cells, forming a pannus that destroys the underlying cartilage.

Chronic tophaceous arthritis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p821

Eosinophil-rich and granulomatous inflammation involving the respiratory tract and necrotizing vasculitis affecting small vessels. Associated with asthma and blood eosinophilia. Associated with p-ANCA.

Churg-Strauss syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 368

A pleural collection of a milky lymphatic fluid containing microglobules of lipid.

Chylothorax(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 535

Most important underlying risk factor for chronic bronchitis.

Cigarette smoking(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 489

An X-linked recessive disorder caused by reduction in factor VII activity.

Classic Hemophilia/ Hemophilia A(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 474

RCC morphology: rounder or polygonal shape and have abundant clear or granular cytoplasm with stains with glycogen and lipid

Clear Cell RCC (TOPNOTCH)

What is the most common type of Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC)?

Clear cell RCC (TOPNOTCH)

Most common form of renal cell carcinoma.

Clear cell carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 574

Renal carcinoma, usually solitary and large, spherical masses reaching up to 15cms in diameter. Cut surface show yellow orange to gray-white, with prominent areas of cystic softening and hemorrhage. Cells appear vacuolated or may be solid.

Clear cell carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 574

Cells found in adult T-cell lymphoma which appear to have multilobulated nuclei.

Cloverleaf or flower cell(TOPNOTCH)

Histologic change in the skin during burns.

Coagulative necrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 298

Poorly stained mummified hepatocytes.

Coagulative necrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p633

A form of tissue necrosis in which the component cells are dead but the basic tissue architecture is preserved. The affected tissues take on a firm texture.

Coagulative necrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.10

This drug of abuse can precipitate lethal arrythmias, hyperpyrexia, seizures, amd respiratory arrest during acute overdose. Causes nasal septal perforation, decrease in lung diffusing capacity in those who inhale smoke and dilated cardiomyopathy during chronic use.

Cocaine or "crack" (cocaine derivative)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 295

Thick walled non-budding spherules 20-60 um diameter, often filled with small endospores.

Coccidiodomycosis immitis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 523

A condition wherein both dominant and recessive alleles of a gene pair may be fully expressed in the heterozygote.

Codominance(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.228

Anemia caused by low-affinity IgM which bind to red cell membranes only at temp <30degC, commonly experienced by distal parts of the body.

Cold antibody immunohemolytic anemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 433

Morphology: clear vacuolization of the prickle cells

Condylomata acuminatum (koilocytosis) (TOPNOTCH)

Morphology: characterized by the absence of ganglion cells and ganglia in the muscle wall and submucosa of the affected segment

Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon(TOPNOTCH)

RCC morphology: irregular channels lined by highly atypical epithelium with a hobnail pattern.

Collecting Duct Carcinoma (TOPNOTCH)

A rare subtype of carcinoma which appear grossly as a soft and gelatinous mass which abundant quantities of extracellular mucin that dissects into the surrounding stroma.

Colloid (mucinous) carcinoma (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 747

Anucleate, necrotic basal cells seen in the inflamed papillary dermis of patients with lichen planus are called?

Colloid bodies or Civatte bodies(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 841

Goiter characterized by enlarged, colloid-rich gland. On cut surface, the thyroid is usually brown, glassy and translucent.

Colloid goiter(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 765

Most tubular adenomas are found in what part of the GIT?

Colon(TOPNOTCH)

Gross morphology: small, flask like or spherical outpouchings, usually 0.5 to 1 cm and located in the sigmoid colon

Colonic diverticula(TOPNOTCH)

Morphology: thin wall composed of flattened or atrophic mucosa, compressed submucosa, and attenuated or totally absent muscularis propria.

Colonic diverticula(TOPNOTCH)

What is the first step in the pathogenesis of ascending infection that leads to pyelonephritis?

Colonization of the distal urethra and introits by coliform bacteria (TOPNOTCH)

Morphology: characterized by solid sheets of pleomorphic cells with high-grade nuclei and central necrosis detected mamographically as clusters or linear and branching microcalcifications

Comedocarcinoma (TOPNOTCH)

Refers to the accumulation of CSF leading to dilation of the ventricular system due to reduced resorption of CSF. All of the ventricular system is enlarged.

Communicating hydrocephalus (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 862

Morphology: hydrophic swelling of most chorionic villi and virtual absence or inadequate development of vascularization of villi

Complete mole (TOPNOTCH)

This type of H. mole shows hydropic swelling of chorionic villi and virtual absence of vascularization of villi. No fetal parts seen.

Complete mole (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 736

These are stellate lesions characterized by a central nidus of entrapped glands in a hyalinized stroma

Complex Sclerosing Lesion or Radial Scar (TOPNOTCH)

Morphology: Edematous granulation tissue containing numerous plasma cells and necrotic bone

Congenital Syphilitic Bone infection and Acquired syphillis (TOPNOTCH)

Fate of a thrombus wherein it may dislodge or fragment and transported elsewhere in the vasculature.

Embolization(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.97

Atelectasis usually associated with accumulation of fluid, blood, or air within the pleural cavity, which mechanically collapse the adjacent lung.

Compression atelectasis (aka passive or relaxation atelectasis)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 481

This type of hypertrophy develops in pressure-overloaded ventricles, with an increase in wall thickness, and reduced cavity diameter.

Concentric hypertrophy(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 399

This describes reversible altered consciousness from head injury in the absence of contusion. The characteristic transient neurologic dysfunction includes loss of consciousness, temporary respiratory arrest, and loss of reflexes.

Concussion(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 869

Lesions of the anogenital area which may be papillary and distinctly elevated or may be somewhat flat and rugose. Characteristic cellular morphology is the presence of cytoplasmic vacuolization with nuclear angular polymorphism and koilocytosis. Hallmark of HPV infection.

Condyloma acuminata(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 713

These warts occurs on the penis, female genitalia, urethra, and perianal areas.

Condyloma acuminatum (venereal wart) (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 844

These are flat, moist, minimally elevated lesions that occur in secondary syphilis.

Condyloma lata(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 713

Cells with pink, granular cytoplasm with indistinct boundaries.

Epitheloid cells(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.56

The adrenals are hyperplastic bilaterally, sometimes expanding to 10 to 15 times their normal weights,due to sustained elevation in ACTH. The adrenal cortex is thickened and nodular, and on cut section, the widened cortex appears brown as a result of depletion of all lipid

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 793

Stercoral ulcers are seen in what disease entity?

Congenital aganglionic megacolon(TOPNOTCH)

Most common cause of neonatal mortality.

Congenital anomalies(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.253

This term literally means "present at birth".

Congenital(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.227

It is a passive process resulting from impaired venous rturn out of a tissue.

Congestion(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.84

Tissue has a blue-red color due to accumulation of hemoglobin in the affected tissue.

Congestion(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.84

Four stages of pneumococcal pneumonia.

Congestion, red hepatization, gray hepatization, resolution(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 510

Right-sided HF produces a tense, enlarged spleen, achieving weights of 300-500 grams. Sinusoidal dilation present.

Congestive splenomegaly(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 381

Heart is completely encased by dense fibrosis that it cannot expand normally during diastole.

Constrictive pericarditis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 416

The extent to which neoplastic cells resemble their normal forebears morphologically and functionally.

Differentiation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176

Lung changes in shock.

Diffuse alveolar damage if due to bacterial sepsi and trauma.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.106

Morphology: wide asymmetric distribution of axonal swellings that appear within hours of the injury and are best demonstrated with silver impregnation techniques or with immunoperoxidase stains for AB protein

Diffuse axonal injury(TOPNOTCH)

Diffuse, symmetric enlargement of the gland due to TSH-induced hypertrophy and hyperplasia of thyroid follicular cells.

Diffuse goiter(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 765

Tumor cells have large nuclei with open chromatin and prominent nucleoli. Most important type of lymphoma in adults, accounting to ~50% of adult NHL.

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 452

A diffuse increase in mesangial matrix along with mesangial cell proliferation and is always associated with basement membrane thickening of the glomerulus. Seen in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Diffuse mesangial sclerosis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 783

Morphology: in its hyperplastic phase, they thyroid gland is diffusely and symmetrically enlarged and the follicles are lined by crowded columnar cells, which may pile up and form projections similar to those seen in Grave's disease

Diffuse nontoxic (simple) goiter (TOPNOTCH)

Most serious and most common form of renal lesion in SLE. "Wire-loop" appearance of glomerular capillary walls.

Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis (Class IV)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.142

This is a variant of gastric carcinoma which is composed of gastric type mucous cells, which generally do not form glands, but rather permeate the mcosa and wall as scattered individual cells or small clusters in an infiltrative growth pattern

Diffuse type(TOPNOTCH)

Histologic classification of gastric carcinoma composed of gastric-type mucous cells that do not form glands but permeate the mucosa and wall as "signet-ring" cells in an infiltrative growth pattern.

Diffuse variant(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 599

Deficiency of this enzyme can also cause symptoms of phenylketonuria due to decreased synthesis of a cofactor in the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine.

Dihydrobiopteridine reductase (DHPR)Enzyme responsible for the reduction of Dihydrobiopterin (BH2) to Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4).(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.234

Alcohol intake and infection with coxsackie B virus are some of the causes of this cardiomyopathy.

Dilated cardiomyopathy(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 411

Cardiomyopathy which is characterized by progressive cardiac dilation and contractile dysfunction. The heart is characteristically enlarged and flabby, with dilation of all chambers,the ventricular thickness may be less than, equal to or greater than normal.

Dilated cardiomyopathy(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 411

These can cause skin disorders such as folliculitis and chloracne, consisting of acne, cyst formation, hyperpigmentation, and hyperkeratosis, around the face and behind the ears.

Dioxins and Polychlorinatedbiphenyls (PCB)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 287

Main component of pulmonary surfactant.

Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) ~40%

Helminth that depletes vitamin B12 giving rise to an illness resembling pernicious anemia.

Diphyllobotrium latum(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 327

These result from secondary destruction of an organ or body region that was previously normal in development, due to an extrinsic disturbance in morphogenesis.

Disruptions(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.254

Caused by a systemic activation of coagulation pathways, leading to formation of thrombi throughout the microcirculation.

Disseminated intravascular coagulation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 469

Fate of a thrombus as a result of of fibrinolytic activity leading to rapid shrinkage and even total lysis of recent thrombi.

Dissolution(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.97

Type of emphysema wherein only the distal part is primarily involved. Lesion is adjacent to the pleura along the lobular connective tissue septa and at the lobe margins. More severe at the upper half of the lungs, forming bullae.

Distal acinar (paraseptal) emphysema(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 486

A blind pouch that communicates with the lumen of the gut. Histologically describes as small, flask-like or spherical outpouchings, usually 0.5 to 1 cm diameter.

Diverticula(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 602

Patients with this syndrome have severe mental retardation, flat facial profile, epicanthic folds, cardiac malformations, increased risk of leukemia, and premature development of Alzheimer's disease.

Down syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.244

T-cell mediated immune reaction of the kidneys to an offending agent, characterized by interstitial inflammation, with abundant eosinophils and edema.

Drug-induced interstitial nephritis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 564

The most severe and the most common form of muscular dystrophy. Characterized by marked variation in muscle fiber size, caused by concomitant myofiber hypertrophy and atrophy. The definitive diagnosis is based on the demonstration of abnormal staining for "dystrophin" in immunohistochemical preparations.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p825

A type of noninvasive carcinoma of the breast that tends to fill, distort, and unfold involved lobules and thus appears to involve ductlike spaces.

Ductal Carcinoma in Situ(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 745

What do you call the small tubular channels that are sometimes burried within the gallbladder wall adjacent to the liver?

Ducts of Luschka(TOPNOTCH)

This arises from the left pulmonary artery and joins the aorta just distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery.

Ductus arteriosus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 385

What is the most common site of gastrinomas in individuals with MEN-1?

Duodenum (TOPNOTCH)

These linear or flame-shaped lesions usually occur in the midline and paramedian regions, which are hemorrhagic lesions that accompany transtentorial herniation. Presence of these lesion implies poor prognosis.

Duret hemorrhages(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 862

Cells with blue globular nuclear inclusions.

Dutcher bodies(TOPNOTCH)

What type of ovarian cancer is best considered as the counterpart of the seminoma of the testes?

Dysgerminoma (TOPNOTCH)

Unilateral ovarian tumor composed of sheets or cords of large cleared cells separated by scant fibrous strands. Stroma may contain lymphocytes and occasional granuloma. Usually occur on the 2nd-3rd decade of life.

Dysgerminoma(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 732

Most common symptoms of esophageal cancer.

Dysphagia and odynophagia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 591

This term is defined by disorderly but non-neoplastic proliferation of cells, described as a loss in uniformity of individual cells and in their architectural orientation.

Dysplasia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.178

Predominant manifestation of TGA?

Early cyanosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 387

Gastric carcinoma confined to the mucosa and submucosa, regardless of the presence or absence of perigastric LN metastasis.

Early gastric carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 599

Type of hypertrophybthat develops in patients with volume overload such as aortic valve insufficiency. Characterized by hypertrophy associated with ventricular dilation.

Eccentric hypertrophy(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 399

1-2cm subcutaneous hematomas/bruises.

Ecchymoses (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.86

What is the most common ectopic tissue rests seen in the esophagus?

Ectopic Gastric Mucosa seen in the upper third of the esophagus (TOPNOTCH)

Fluid accumulation in extravascular space.

Edema(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.34

Microscopically, it is reflected primarily as a clearing and separation of the extracellular matrix elements with subtle cell swelling.

Edema(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.84

Syndrome characterized by a prominent occiput, low set ears, micrognathia, rocker-bottom feet, renal malformation, mental retardation and heart defects.

Edwards syndrome / trisomy 18(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.245

Trisomy 18 is also called ________ syndrome.

Edwards syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.245

Fluid in a serous cavity is called ______.

Effusion(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.43

A collection of disorders caused by defects in collagen synthesis or structure, characterized by hyperextensible skin and joint hypermobility, rupture of internal organs and poor wound healing.

Ehlers-Danlos SyndromesThere are 6 variants to Ehlers-Danlos (nice to know)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.231

Reversal of blood flow through a prolonged (left-to-right shunt) due to pulmonary hypertension, yielding right-sided pressures that exceed those on the left side. This causes unoxygenated blood to go into circulation, causing cyanosis.

Eisenmenger syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 383

The most important lysosomal enzyme involved in bacterial killing.

Elastase(TOPNOTCH)

Clustering of tumor cells in a so called "Cambium Layer" is seen in what type of rhabdomyosarcoma?

Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma (TOPNOTCH)

Morphology: tumor cells resemble tennis racket with small protrusions of cytoplasms from one end

Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma (TOPNOTCH)

Ill-defined, invasive masses containing foci of hemorrhage and necrosis. Poorly differentiated, pleomorphic cells in cords, sheets, or papillary formation; most contain some yolk sac and choriocarcinoma cells

Embryonal carcinoma of the testis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 692

Characterized by abnormal permanent enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles accompanied by destruction of their walls without obvious fibrosis. There is thinning oof the alveolar walls and loss of elastic tissue.

Emphysema(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 485

Condition wherein the exudate contained in the gallbladder is composed virtually of pure pus.

Empyema of the gallbladder(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p669

Patients with sickle cell disease are predisposed to infections caused by these type of bacteria.

Encapsulated bacteria(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 428

This is a diverticulum of malformed CNS tissue extending through a defect in the cranium. It most often involves the occipital region or the posterior fossa.

Encephalocele(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 872

These are benign tumors of hyaline cartilage, described as gray-blue, translucent well-circumscribed nodules. May be seen in metaphyseal regions of tubular bones of the hands and feet. On x-ray, the unmineralized nodules of cartilage produce well-circumscribed oval lucencies surrounded by thin rims of radiodense bone (O-ring sign).

Enchondromas (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p814

Goiter which occurs in areas where the soil, water and food supply contain little iodine.

Endemic goiter(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 765

Morphology: these are composed of dense fibrous stroma covered with endocervical columnar epithelium

Endocervical polyp (TOPNOTCH)

Protruding polypoid masses which are inflammatory in origin, soft, yields to palpation, and have a smooth, glistening surface with underlying cystically dilated spaces filled with mucinous secretion.

Endocervical polyp(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 721

An abnormal opening of the urethra along the dorsal aspect of the penis.

Epispadias(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 687

The lumen of the ducts, ductules, or lobules of the breast is filled with a heterogeneous population of cells of different morphologies. Irregular slit-like fenestrations are prominent at the periphery.

Epithelial Hyperplasia (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 739

Pattern of extracellular signaling wherein the target cell is distant to the secretory cell.

Endocrine(TOPNOTCH)

Oral contraceptives have a protective effect against these cancers.

Endometrial and ovarian CA(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 294

These tumors are distinguished from serous and mucinous tumors of the ovaries by the presence of tubular glands that resemble the endometrium

Endometriod tumor (TOPNOTCH)

Morphology: ectopic endometrial glands and stroma with numerous macrophages containing hemosiderin

Endometriosis (TOPNOTCH)

Characterized by the presence of endometrial glands and stroma in a location outside the endomyometrium. Undergoes cyclic bleeding. Also called "chocolate cysts".

Endometriosis(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 722

Type of endometrial carcinoma associated with estrogen excess and endometrial hyperplasia.

Endometroid carcinoma(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 727

Components of Virchow's triad?

Endothelial injuryStasisHypercoagulability(TOPNOTCH)

A potent endothelium-derived vasocontrictor.

Endothelin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.86

Septic shock caused by gram negative bacilli.

Endotoxic shock(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.103

What is the histologic pathology that is usually seen in DMD and is rare in BMD?

Enlarged, rounded, hyaline fibers that have lost their normal cross striation, believed to be hypercontracted fibers (TOPNOTCH)

Underlying cause of amniotic fluid embolism.

Entry of amniotic fluid into the maternal circulation through a tear in the placetal membranes and rupture of uterine veins.(TOPNOTCH)

Underlying cause of amniotic fluid embolism.

Entry of amniotic fluid into the maternal circulation through a tear in the placetal membranes and rupture of uterine veins.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.100

Cells which line the ventricles, and are located in the region of the obliterated central canal of the spinal cord.

Ependymal cells (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 861

This cytokine is released from activated macrophages, and is mitogenic for keratinocytes and fibroblasts. It also stimulates keratinocyte migration and granulation tissue formation.

Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)(TOPNOTCH)

Clinically, patients may experience a lucid interval between the moment of trauma and development of neurologic symptoms.

Epidural Hematoma (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 870

This leads to accumulation of arterial blood between the dura and the skull. The expanding hematoma has a smooth inner contour that compresses the brain surface. Clinically, patients may experience a lucid interval between the moment of trauma and development of neurologic symptoms.

Epidural Hematoma (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 870

An uncommon, usually self-limited disorder that seems to be a hypersensitivity response to certain infections and drugs. Patients present with an array of "multiform" lesions, including macules, papules, vesicles, and bullae, as well as the characteristic targetoid lesion consisting of a red macule or papule with a pale vesicular or eroded center.

Erythema Multiforme (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 840

Increased hematopoietic activity leading to the presence of large number of immature red cells, including reticulocytes, normoblasts and erythroblasts. Characteristic finding in fetal anemia-associted hydrops.

Erythroblastosis fetalis(TOPNOTCH)

Red, velvety, granular, circumscribed lesions of the mouth with poorly defined, irregular boundaries. High malignant transformation rate.

Erythroplakia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 582

Bowen disease which presents as an erythematous patch on the glans penis.

Erythroplasia of Queyrat(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 688

Most common type of esophageal atresia.

Esophageal atresia with distal tracheoesophageal fistula(Type C)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 585

A congenital defect which causes the esophagus to end in a blind-ended pouch.

Esophageal atresia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 585

Tortuous dilated veins lying within the submucosa of the distal esophagus and proximal stomach due to increased portal pressure, usually due to cirrhosis. May cause massive hemorrhage if ruptured.

Esophageal varices(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 587

Thin membranes of normal esophageal tissue consisting of mucosa and submucosa that can partially obstruct the esophagus.

Esophageal web(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 585

What is the most common location of Mallory Weiss Tears?

Esophagogastric junction or in the proximal gastric (TOPNOTCH)

This can occur with binge drinking, where there is an acute toxic rhabdomyolysis with accompanying myoglobinuria that can cause renal failure. On histology, there is myocyte swelling and necrosis, myophagocytosis, and regeneration.

Ethanol myopathy (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p830

ATN morphology: marked ballooning and hydrophic or vacuolar degeneration of proximal convulated tubules and often times calcium oxalate crystals are seen in the lumen

Ethylene Glycol ATN (TOPNOTCH)

Morphology: Presence of Homer Write rosettes ( tumor cells are arranged in a circle about a central fibrillary space)

Ewing Sarcoma (TOPNOTCH)

Morphology: sheets of uniform small, round cells that are slightly larger than lymphocytes with small amounts of clear cytoplasm.

Ewing Sarcoma (TOPNOTCH)

Primary malignant small round-cell tumor of bone and soft tissue, characterized by Sheets of small round cells with scant, cleared cytoplasm, circled about a central fibrillary space or "Homer-Wright rosettes".

Ewing sarcoma (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p817

The most common cause of acute pancreatitis is?

Excessive alcohol intake(TOPNOTCH)

Three macroscopic growth patterns of gastric carcinoma.

Exophytic - protrusion of mass into lumenFlat or depressed - no obvious tumor mass within the mucosaExcavated - a shallow or deeply eroded crater(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 599

This pattern of GB carcinoma grows into the lumen as an irregular, cauliflower mass, but at the same time it invades the underlying wall.

Exophytic pattern of gallbladder carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p671

What is the most commonly accepted exogenous cause of squamous cel carcinoma of the skin?

Exposure to UV light (TOPNOTCH)

Morphology: presence of large tumor cells lying singly or in small lusters within the epidermis and its appendages

Extra mammary Paget Disease (TOPNOTCH)

Hemolysis which takes place largely within phagocytic cells of the spleen and liver.

Extravascular hemolysis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 424

Results from increased vascular permeability, leading to leakage of protein into tissues.

Exudate(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.34

Edema secondary to increased vascular permeability and inflammation.

Exudate(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.82

Fibrillin 1 is encoded by what gene?

FBN1 gene (chromosome 15q21)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.230

Lung volumes in obstructive lung disease:FEV1FVCFEV1:FVC ratio

FEV1 - decreasedFVC - normal / increasedFEV1:FVC ratio - decreased(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 483

Lung volumes in restrictive lung diseaseFEV1FVCFEV1:FVC ratio

FEV1 - normal/decreasedFVC - decreasedFEV1:FVC ratio - near normal(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 483

Lysosomal storage disease due to deficiency of a-Galactosidase A.

Fabry disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.236

A special form of necrosis usually seen in immune reactions involving blood vessels. Deposits of immune complexes, together with fibrin that has leaked out of vessels, result in a bright pink and amorphous appearance in H&E stains, called "fibrinoid" (fibrin-like) by pathologists.

Fibrinoid necrosis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.11

Bacterial pericarditis manifests with this type of exudate.

Fibrinopurulent (suppurative)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 416

Histologically, appears as an eosinophilic meshwork of threads or sometimes an amorphous coagulum.

Fibrinous inflammation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.44

This type of inflmmation results from greater vascular permeability that allows larger molecules to pass the endothelial barrier.

Fibrinous inflammation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.44

Type of pericarditis found in patients with uremia or viral infection. The exudate imparts an irregular apperance to the pericardial surface (bread and butter pericarditis).

Fibrinous pericarditis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 416

Mammographic appearance: Large lobulated "popcorn" calcifications

Fibroadenoma (TOPNOTCH)

Morphology: proliferation of intralobular stroma surrounding and often pushing and distorting the associated epithelium. The border is sharply delimited from the surrounding tissue

Fibroadenoma (TOPNOTCH)

A discrete, usually solitary, freely movable nodule, 1 to 10 cm in diameter, easily "shelled out" lesion of the breast. Histologically there is a loose fibroblastic stroma containing ductlike, spaces lined by a layer of epithelium that are regular and have a well-defined, intact basement membrane.

Fibroadenoma (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 742

The most common benign neoplasm of the female breast.

Fibroadenoma(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 742

A distinctive variant of hepatocellular carcinoma that occurs in young adults and has no association with HBV or cirrhosis risk factors.

Fibrolamellar Carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)

A distinctive variant of HCC, which occurs in young male and female adults (20-40 years of age) of equal incidence, no association with cirrhosis or other risk factors. usually consists of a single large, hard &quot;scirrhous&quot; tumor with fibrous bands coursing through it. Composed of well-differentiated polygonal cells growing in nests or cords and separated by parallel lamellae of dense collagen bundles.

Fibrolamellar carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p665

Benign tumor arising in fibrous tissue is called?

Fibroma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.175

Focal, irregular thickening of the walls of medium and large muscular arteries. Segments of the vessel wall are focally thickened by combination of irregular medial and intimal hyperplasia and fibrosis, causing luminal stenosis.

Fibromuscular dysplasia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 341

Gross morphology: unencapsulated, infiltrative, soft, fish flesh masses, often having areas of hemorrhage and necrosis

Fibrosarcoma (TOPNOTCH)

Malignant neoplasms composed of fibroblasts. These are soft unencapsulated, infiltrative masses frequently with areas of hemorrhage and necrosis. Malignant spindle cells are arranged in a "herringbone pattern".

Fibrosarcoma (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p834

A cancer of fibrous tissue origin.

Fibrosarcoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.175

The hallmark of serious liver damage.

Fibrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p647

Presents as sharply demarcated radiolucencies surrounded by a thin zone of sclerosis. They are gray to yellow-brown, and microscopically are cellular lesions composed of cytologically benign fibroblasts and macrophages. The fibroblasts classically exhibit a "storiform (pinwheel) pattern".

Fibrous Cortical Defect and Nonossifying Fibroma (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p815

Morphology: trabeculae mimic chinese characters

Fibrous Dysplasia (TOPNOTCH)

A benign tumor of the bone wherein all components of normal bone are present, but they fail to differentiate into mature structures. Curved trabeculae of woven bone mimick "Chinese characters" histologically.

Fibrous Dysplasia (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p816

Morphology: Storiform pattern or pinwheel pattern created by benign spindle cells with scattered osteoclast

Fibrous cortical defect and nonossifying fibroma (TOPNOTCH)

Component of ECM which confers tensile strength and recoil.

Fibrous proteins s.a. Collagen and elastin(TOPNOTCH)

Filamentous proteins on gram negative bacteria which allow exchange of genes between bacteria, and also involved in adherence.

Fimbriae/pili(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 332

Partial thickness burn that involves the epidermis only.

First degree burn(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 298

98% of Peptic Ulcers are located in what part of the GIT?

First portion of the anterior part of the duodenum(TOPNOTCH)

Cells with fiery red cytoplasm.

Flame cells(TOPNOTCH)

Rosettes in retinoblastoma are called _______.

Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.271

Other name for macrophages in contact with lipid debris of necrotic cells or abnormal forms of lipoproteins. Filled with minute, membrane-bound vacuoles of lipid, imparting a foamy appearance to their cytoplasm.

Foam cells(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.24

Gastrointestinal changes in shock.

Focal mucosal hemorrhage and necrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.106

What is the earliest lesion seen in Crohn Disease?

Focal neutrophilic infiltration into the epithelial layer, particularly overlying mucosal lymphoid aggregates(TOPNOTCH)

Well-demarcated but poorly encapsulated lesion, consisting of hyperplastic hepatocyte nodules with a central fibrous scar. Appears in noncirrhotic livers and may reach up to many centimeters in diameter. It occurs in response to local vascular injury.

Focal nodular hyperplasia (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p664

A lesion characterized histologically by sclerosis affecting some but not all glomeruli and involving only segments of each affected glomerulus.

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 550

What are the two most important factors in the genesis of colonic diverticula?

Focal weakness in the colonic wall and increased intraluminal pressure(TOPNOTCH)

Principal causes of megaloblastic anemia.

Folate deficiencyVitamin B12 deficiency(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 437

Small, fluid-filled cysts which originate from the unruptured graafian follicles or in follicles that have ruptured and immediately sealed.

Follicle and luteal cysts(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 728

The second most common form of thyroid cancer. Usually present at an older age a peak incidence in the middle adult years. Microscopically, these are composed of fairly uniform cells forming small follicles, reminiscent of normal thyroid.

Follicular Carcinoma (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 769

Morphology: fairly uniform cells forming small follicles containing colloid, quite reminiscent of normal thyroid

Follicular Carcinoma of the thyroid (TOPNOTCH)

This pattern is associated with infections or inflammatory processes that activate B cells which create a follicular or germinal center reaction. Lymph node architecture is preserved, lymphoid nodules vary in shape and size, mixed lymphocytic infiltrates with prominent phagocytic and mitotic activity within germinal centers.

Follicular hyperplasia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 444

Frequent small "cleaved" cells mixed with large cells, growth pattern nodular, centroblasts present. Occurs in older adults, usually involves nodes, marrow, spleen. Associated with t(14;18).

Follicular lymphoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 451

Tumor of the small intestines, showing spindle cells with elongated nuclei with fine chromatin and eosinophilic fibrillar cytoplasm. (+) c-KIT gene mutation

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 628

Disease characterized by CGG trinucleotide repeats.

Fragile X Syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.227

This type of mutation occur when the insertion or deletion of one or two bse pairs alters the reading frame of the DNA strand.

Frameshift mutations(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.227

These are chemical species with a single unpaired electron in the outer orbital.

Free radicals(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.18

It is an autosomal recessive progressive illness, generally beginning in the first decade of life with gait ataxia, followed by hand clumsiness and dysarthria.

Friedreich ataxia (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 895

Histologic layers in a chronic, nonperforated, open ulcer.

From luminal surface:NecrosisInflammationGranulation tissueScar(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 596

Burn classification which involves total destruction of the epidermis and dermis, with loss of thermal appendages.

Full thickness burn (3rd and 4th degree)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 298

Grossly, these burns are white or charred and anesthetic due to nerve ending destruction.

Full thickness burns(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 298

What is the most common pattern seen in invasive cervical carcinoma?

Fungating (TOPNOTCH)

Aneurysms which involve diffuse, circumferential dilation of a long vascular segment, varies in diameter and length, and can involve extensive portions of the aortic arch, abdominal aorta,and iliacs.

Fusiform aneurysms(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 357

Extrusion of the intestines caused by lack of formation of a portion of the abdominal wall.

Gastroschisis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 600

What do you call the pathognomonic cell characterized by "wrinkled tissue paper" cytoplasmic appearance.

Gaucher cell(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.238

In the cell cycle, this is called the presynthetic growth phase.

G1(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.61

In the cell cycle, this is also called the premitotic growth phase.

G2(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.61

Bite cells are seen in ________.

G6PD Deficiency(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 432

Heinz bodies are seen in the blood smear of this condition.

G6PD Deficiency(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 432

X-linked disorder in which red cells are unusually susceptible to damage cause by oxidants.

G6PD Deficiency(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 432

Mutation in Friedreich ataxia.

GAA trinucleotide repeat (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 895

Three sites of varices produced in the presence of portal hypertension.

GEJ (Esophageal varices)Rectum (Hemorrhoids)Periumbillical veins (Caput medusae)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 370

A cystic dilation of an obstructed duct that arises during lactation.

Galactocele (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 739

Enzyme deficient in galactosemia.

Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.235

An autosomal recessive disorder of galactose metabolism characterized by jaundice, liver damage, cataracts, neural damage, vomiting and diarrhea.

Galactosemia(TOPNOTCH)

Rokitansky- Aschoff sinuses are structures seen in what organ?

Gallbladder(TOPNOTCH)

A small (<1.5 cm) cyst located near a joint capsule or tendon sheath, most commonly the wrist, which manifest as a firm to fluctuant pea-sized nodule.

Ganglion cyst(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p825

Differentiated lesions containing more large cells with vesicular nuclei and abundant eoinophilic cytoplasm, in the absence of neuroblasts, usually accompanied by mature spindle shaped Schwann cells.

Ganglioneuroma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.270

Severe cholecystitis wherein the GB is transformed into a green-black necrotic organ.

Gangrenous cholecystitis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p669

This term is usually applied to a limb, generally the lower leg, that has lost its blood supply and has undergone coagulative necrosis involving multiple tissue layers.

Gangrenous necrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.10

What type of cancer can be caused by H.pylori?

Gastric adenocarcinoma Gastric MALT lymphomas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.214

Composed of hyperplastic gastric mucosal epithelium and an inflamed edematous stroma. A mass lesion arising from the mucosa.

Gastric polyp(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 597

The majority of these tumors are positive for c-KIT (CD 117)

Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor(TOPNOTCH)

Lysosomal storage disease due to deficiency of glucosylceramidase.

Gaucher disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.236

In this disease, affected blood vessels develop nodular intimal thickening, granulomatous inflammation within the inner media centered on the internal elastic membrane, and fragmentation of the internal elastic lamina. Typically involves temporal and ophthalmic arteries.

Giant - cell/Temporal arteritis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 364

Granulomatous inflammation frequently involving the temporal artery, occuring in patients >50 years old, associated with polymyalgia rheumatica.

Giant cell (Temporal) arteritis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 363

morphology: uniform oval mononuclear cells that have indistinct cell membranes and appear to grow in syncitium with scattered numerous osteoclast type giants cells having 100 or more nuclei that have identical features to those of the mononuclear cells

Giant cell Tumor (TOPNOTCH)

40-50 um in size, consisting of a large mass of cytoplasm and many nuclei.

Giant cells(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.56

Myocarditis characterized by widespread inflammatory infoltrates containing multinucleated giant cells interspresed with lymphocytes, eosinophils and plasma cells. Poor prognosis.

Giant-cell myocarditis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 414

A relatively uncommon benign tumor usually arising in individuals in their 20s to 40s. These are large and red-brown lesions with frequent cystic degeneration, composed of uniform oval mononuclear cells with frequent mitoses, with scattered osteoclast-type giant cells containing 100 or more nuclei.

Giant-cell tumors (GCTs)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p817

Morphology: marked blunting of the small intestinal villi with a mixed inflammatory infiltrate resembling the atrophic stage of celiac disease

Giardiasis(TOPNOTCH)

Decreased gp IIb-IIIa leads to defective platelet aggregation, associated with normal platelet count.

Glanzmann thrombasthenia(TOPNOTCH)

Deficiency of GpIIb-IIIa receptors.

Glanzmann thrombasthenia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.88

What is the best known grading system for Prostate Carcinoma?

Gleason System (TOPNOTCH)

A commonly used method for grading prostatic carcinoma, which is based on features such as the degree of glandular differentiation, the architecture of the neoplastic glands, nuclear anaplasia, and mitotic activity.

Gleason system(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 700

The most important histopathological indicator of CNS injury, regardless of etiology

Gliosis(TOPNOTCH)

In the setting of this condition, the brain is swollen, with wide gyri and narrowed sulci. The cut surface shows poor demarcation between gray and white matter. Results from generalized reduction of cerebral perfusion, usually below systolic pressures of less than 50mmHg.

Global Cerebral Ischemia (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 863

A specialized arteriovenous structure involved in thermoregulation.

Glomus body(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 373

These are round, slightly elevated, red-blue firm nodules, less than 1 cm diameter that can resemble a minute focus of hemorrhage UNDER THE NAIL. Histologically, these are aggregates, nests, and masses of tumor cells intimately associated with branching vascular channels.

Glomus tumor (Glomangioma)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 373

Syndrome of mild DM, characteristic rash (necrolytic migratory erythema), and anemia is seen in what tumor?

Glucagonomas or alpha cell tumors (TOPNOTCH)

von Gierke's disease is due to a deficiency of what enzyme?

Glucose-6-phosphatase(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.240

In males this is manifested most often as a purulent urethral discharge, associated with an edematous, congested urethral meatus. Gram stain of urethral discharge, demonstrates the characteristic gram-negative, intracellular diplococci.

Gonorrhea (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 705

Flourescence Microscopy: Linear IgG and C3

Goodpasture's disease (TOPNOTCH)

Refers to multiple different renal complications associated with urate deposition, variously forming medullary tophi, intratubular precipitations, or free uric acid crystals and renal calculi.

Gouty nephropathy(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p821

Receptors responsible for platelet adhesion.

GpIb receptors- plateletVon Willebrand factor - endothelium(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.88

The pink, soft, granular tissue seen beneath the scab of a skin wound.

Granulation tissue(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.70

The pink, soft, granular tissue seen beneath the scab of a skin wound.

Granulation tissue(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.73

A chronic inflammatory disease caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis. The organisms are demonstrable in Giemsa-stained smears of the exudate as minute coccobacilli within vacuoles in macrophages (Donovan bodies). Regional lymph nodes are typically spared.

Granuloma Inguinale (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 708

Mature B-cell tumor in the elderly, where cells have fine hair-like projections (hairy cells).

Hairy cell leukemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 459

A distinctive form of mononuclear inflammation usually evoked by infectious agents that resist eradication, but are capable of stimulating strong T cell mediated immunity. Characterized by epitheloid cells which may fuse to form giant cells.

Granulomatous inflammation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 335

Sex cord tumor seen most commonly in postmenopausal women. Lesions may be tiny or large, gray to yellow (with cystic spaces). Produce large amounts of estrogen. (+) Call-Exner bodies

Granulosa-thecal cell tumor(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 732

Thyroid gland is diffusely enlarged due to hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the thyroid follicular cells. The follicular epithelial cells are tall, columnar, and more crowded than usual. These cells actively resorb the colloid in the centers of the follicles, resulting in the "scalloped" appearance of the edges of the colloid.

Graves Disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 764

Morphology: diffuse hypertrophy and hyperplasia of thyroid follicular epithelial cells with scalloping of the margins

Graves disease (TOPNOTCH)

Microscopically, these are composed of densely or sparsely granulated cells, and immunohistochemical stains demonstrate growth hormone within the cytoplasm of the neoplastic cells.

Growth Hormone-Producing Adenomas (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 754

In what part of the bone can you see the histological abnormalities seen in achondroplasia?

Growth plate (TOPNOTCH)

This is one of the most common life-threatening diseases of the peripheral nervous system. It may develop spontaneously or after a systemic infection (usually viral) or other stress. Usually presents with rapidly progressive, ascending motor weakness that may lead to death from failure of respiratory muscles.

Guillain-Barré Syndrome (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 899

Microscopic to visible lesion, enclosing wall of histiocytes, plasma cell infiltrates, necrotic central cells without loss of cellulr outline

Gumma (Syphilis)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.56

An irregular, firm mass of necrotic tissue surrounded by resilient connective tissue. Contains a central zone of coagulation necrosis surrounded by a mixed inflammatory infiltrate composed of lymphocytes, plasma cells, epithelioid cells, giant cells, and a peripheral zone of dense fibrous tissue. Seen in tertiary syphilis.

Gumma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 702

Morphology: Terminal ducts (without lobule formation) are lined by a multilayered epithelium with small papillary tufts and surrounding periductal hyalinization and fibrosis.

Gynecomastia (TOPNOTCH)

Grossly, appears as a button-like, subareolar swelling. in bilateral breasts of males.

Gynecomastia (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 750

Which hepatitis virus leads to hepatocellular carcinoma?

HBV, HCV(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.213

What is considered the most important agent in cervical oncogenesis?

HPV (TOPNOTCH)

HPV strains which has been implicated in the genesis of cervical and anorectal cancer.

HPV 16, 18(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.212

What HPV DNA type is found in approximately 80% of Bowen Disease and bowenoid papulosis?

HPV Type 16 (TOPNOTCH)

On histological examination of the cervix, epithelial ulcers with intranuclear inclusions within the epithelial cells and lymphocytic infiltration is associated with what type of infection?

HSV (TOPNOTCH)

The initial lesions of this infection are painful, erythematous vesicles on the mucosa or skin of the lower genitalia and adjacent extra-genital sites. Cowdry type A inclusions appear as light purple, homogeneous intranuclear structures surrounded by a clear halo.

HSV 2(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 708

Main causative agent of suppurative arthritis in children under 2 years old.

Haemophilus influenzae(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p824

Mature B-cell tumor in the elderly, where cells have fine hair-like projections (hairy cells).

Hairy cell leukemia(TOPNOTCH)

Golden-yellow granules in the cytoplasm of periportal hepatocytes, which stain blue with the Prussian blue stain.

Hemosiderin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p655

Hemoglobin-derived granular pigment that is golden-yellow to brown in color. Accumulates in excess of iron.

Hemosiderin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.26

A collection of whole blood in the pleural cavity.

Hemothorax(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 535

Flourescence microscopy: deposition of IgA, sometimes with IgG and C3, in the mesangial region

Henoch Schonlein Purpura (TOPNOTCH)

Drug-induced disorder caused by IgG antibodies that bind to platelet factor IV on platelet surfaces, which activates platelets and induce their aggregation.

Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 472

Lipid accumulates to the point of creating large clear macrovesicular globules, compressing and displacing the nucleus to the periphery of the hepatocyte.

Hepatic Steatosis (Fatty Liver)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p649

Liver is enlarged (4-6kg), soft, yellow and greasy.

Hepatic Steatosis (Fatty Liver)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p649

Prolonged use of oral contraceptives is associated with the development of this rare benign tumor especially in older women.

Hepatic adenoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 294

Characterized by "flapping" tremor, depressed levels of consciousness, which may lead to coma. Result of decreased hepatic function.

Hepatic encephalopathy (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 891

Presence of &quot;ground-glass&quot; hepatocytes, a finely granular, eosinophilic cytoplasm and &quot;sanded&quot; nuclei, shown by electron microscopy

Hepatitis B infection(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p645

Morphology: hepatocytes show diffuse granular cytoplasm, so called ground glass hepatocytes

Hepatitis B viral infection(TOPNOTCH)

Infected hepatocytes show diffuse granular (ground-glass) cytoplasm.

Hepatitis B viral infection(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 322

"Ground Glass Hepatocytes" are seen in what type of Viral Hepatitis?

Hepatitis B(TOPNOTCH)

What type of viral hepatitis frequently show lymphoid aggregates within portal tracts?

Hepatitis C(TOPNOTCH)

A characteristic feature of this type of viral hepatitis is the high mortality rate among pregnant women, approaching 20%

Hepatitis E(TOPNOTCH)

What is the most common liver tumor of young childhood?

Hepatoblastoma(TOPNOTCH)

There is a strong correlation between the dietary level of Aflatoxin and what type of cancer?

Hepatocellular Carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.209

Chronic alcoholics are at an increased risk of developing this type of cancer as a result of liver injury.

Hepatocellular carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 290

Hepatocytes shrink, become intensely eosinophilic, and have fragmented nuclei; effector T cells may be present in the immediate vicinity.

Hepatocyte apoptosis (in viral hepatitis)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p647

Necrotic cells appear to have &quot;dropped out,&quot; with collapse of the sinusoidal collagen reticulin framework where the cells have disappeared; scavenger macrophage aggregates mark sites of dropout.

Hepatocyte cytolysis (in viral hepatitis)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p647

Characterized by deposition of hemosiderin in the following organs: liver, pancreas, myocardium, pituitary, adrenal, thyroid and parathyroid glands, joints, and skin; cirrhosis; and pancreatic fibrosis

Hereditary hemochromatosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p655

This disorder is characterized by an intrinsic defect in the red cell membrane, that renders the cells spheroidal, less defomable and vulnerable to splenic sequestration and destruction.

Hereditary spherocytosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 424

On PBS, red cells are spherical which lack central pallor, and they show increased osmotic fragility when placed in hypotonic salt solutions.

Hereditary spherocytosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 425

Caused by mutations in genes encoding GBM collagen, manifest as hematuria and slowly progressing proteinuria and declining renal function. GBM has "basket-weave" appearance due to splitting and lamination of the lamina densa.

Hereditay nephritis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 557

A weakness or defect in the wall of the peritoneal cavity, which permits protrusion of a pouch-like serosa lined sac of peritoneum.

Hernia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 603

Addictive opiod derived from the poppy plant which can cause euphoria, hallucinations, somnolence, sedation, and increased risk of sudden death.

Heroin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 296

Viral encephalitis which involves inferior and medial regions of the temporal lobes and the orbital gyri of the frontal lobes. Perivascular inflammatory infiltrates are usually present, and Cowdry type A intranuclear viral inclusion bodies can be found in both neurons and glia.

Herpes Encephalitis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 876

Glassy, intranuclear acidophilic inclusion bodies.

Herpes simplex virus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 580

What type of esophagitis presents with punched out linear ulcers with nuclear inclusions seen in degenerating epithelial cells?

Herpesvirus esophagitis(TOPNOTCH)

Infected cells show glassy nuclear inclusions, frequently with a surrounding halo.

Herpesvirus infection(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 322

Extremely common infection caused by herpes simplex virus type 1.

Herpetic stomatitis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 580

Microscopically normal cells or tissues that are present in abnormal locations.

Heterotopia or choristoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.267

This correlates with good prognosis in Hodgkin lymphoma.

High Lymphocyte : Reed-Sternberg cell ratio(TOPNOTCH)

What are the two characteristic features of Pancreatic Cancer?

Highly invasive and it elicits an intense non neoplastic host reaction called a desmoplastic response(TOPNOTCH)

What is the most important prognostic feature of a bone sarcoma?

Histological grade (TOPNOTCH)

Round to oval small yeast forms measuring 2-5 um in diameter.

Histoplasma capsulatum(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 523

A distinctive groups of neoplasms that arise almost invariably in a single lymph node or chain of lymph nodes and spread characteristically in a stepwise fashion to anatomically contiguous nodes.

Hodgkin Lymphoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 456

Characterized by a disruption of the normal midline patterning. In severe forms the brain is not divided into hemispheres or lobes and may be associated with facial midline defects like cyclopia.

Holoprosencephaly (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 872

What do you call the rosettes found in neuroblastomas?

Homer-Wright pseudorosettes(TOPNOTCH)

Helminth that causes iron deficiency anemia by chronic loss of blood.

Hookworms(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 327

What are the two major risk factors for breast carcinoma?

Hormonal and Genetics/family history(TOPNOTCH)

Refers to a pulmonary disorder of unknown etiology characterized patchy interstitial fibrosis. Grossly, pleural surfaces of the lung have the appearance of cobblestones because of retraction scars along the interlobular septa.

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 495

Most common cause of recurrent microscopic or gross hematuria and is the most common glomerular disease revealed by renal biopsies.

IgA Nephropathy (Berger disease)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 555

Pathologic hallmark of this disease is the deposition of IgA in the mesangium.

IgA nephropathy (Berger Disease)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 556

Microscopically, the distinguishing feature is a variety of immature or barely recognizable areas of differentiation toward cartilage, bone, muscle, nerve, and other structures. Found early in life.

Immature Malignant Teratomas (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 733

Teratoma which contain immature somatic elements reminiscent of those in developing fetal tissue.

Immature teratomas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 692

CrGN which are immune complex-mediated disorders, as a complication of any of the IC nephritides including PSGN, IgA Nephropathy and HSP. There is segmental necrosis and characteristic granular pattern of the underlying immune complex disease.

Immune Complex-Mediated (Type II) CrGN(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 558

Results from antibody-induced hemolytic disease in the nnewborn that is caused by blood group incompatibility between mother and fetus, leading to edema fluid accumulation.

Immune Hydrops(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.261

It is the collection of cells and molecules that are responsible for defending against pathogenic microbes.

Immune system(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.108

Caused by antiplatelet antibodies directed against glycoproteins IIb-IIIa, Ib-IX.

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 472

This term refers to protection against infections.

Immunity(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.108

Morphology: accumulation of neutrophils beneath the stratum corneum

Impetigo (TOPNOTCH)

What is the most important feature in making the distinction between a thyroid adenoma and a multinodular goiter?

In adenoma, the neoplastic cells are demarcated from the adjacent parenchyma by a well defined intact capsule. In multinodular goiters, they lack a well formed capsule (TOPNOTCH)

What bones are most commonly involved in skeletal metastasis?

In descending order: Axial skeleton ( vertebral column, pelvis, ribs, skull, and sternum), proximal femur, and humerus (TOPNOTCH)

Appears as a poorly defined area of diffuse thickening and induration of the gallbladder wall that may cover several square centimeters or involve the entire gallbladder, scirrhous and very firm in consistency.

Infiltrating pattern of gallbladder carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p671

A wound inflicted by a sharp instrument, wherein bridging blood vessels are severed.

Incision(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 298

Electron Microscopy: tubular and filamentous inclusions are seen in the cytoplasm and the nucleus, and they are composed of B-amyloid or hyperphosphorylated tau.

Inclusion body myositis (TOPNOTCH)

Morphology: presence of rimmed vacuoles within myocytes and are highlighted by basophilic granules at their periphery. In addition, the vacuolated fibers may also contain amyloid deposits that stain with Congo Red.

Inclusion body myositis (TOPNOTCH)

Diagnostic criteria for anemia of chronic disease:____ Ferritin____Serum iron level____Transferrin saturation____Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC)

Increased ferritinLow serum iron levelsLow transferrin saturationDecreased TIBCNormocytic, normochromic anemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 435

CSF findings in bacterial meningitis.

Increased pressureabundant neurophilsprotein - elevatedglucose - reduced(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 874

Non-modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis. (4)

Increasing ageMale genderFamily historyGenetic abnormalities(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 344

These substances require metabolic conversion to be carcinogenic.

Indirect - acting carcinogens(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.209

Single most important cause of delay in wound healing.

Infection(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.77

A self-limited disease of adolescents and young adults that is causd by B lymphocytotropic EBV characterized by fever, sore throat and generalized lymphadenitis, an increase of atypical lymphocytes in blood and an antibody and T cell response to EBV.

Infectious mononucleosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 442

Serious infection characterized by microbial invasion of heart valves or mural endocardium, often with destruction of the underlying cardiac tissues. The heart valves are friable, bulky and potentially destructive.

Infective endocarditis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 406

What is the most common growth pattern of Gallbladder carcinoma? Infiltrating or Exophytic?

Infiltrating(TOPNOTCH)

It is a protective response intended to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury as well as the necrotic cells and tissues resulting from the original insult.

Inflammation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.31

Abdominal aortic aneurysm characterized by dense periaortic fibrosis containing abundant lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate with manybmacrophages and often giant cells.

Inflammatory AAA(TOPNOTCHRobbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 358

Breast cancer defined by the clinical presentation of an enlarged, swollen, erythematous breast, usually without a palpable mass. The blockage of numerous dermal lymphatic spaces by carcinoma results in the clinical appearance (e.g peau d' orange)

Inflammatory carcinoma (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 747

These structures represent islands of inflamed regenerating mucosa surrounded by ulceration

Inflammatory or pseudopolyps(TOPNOTCH)

Phase of ATN lasting about 36 hrs, dominated by the inciting medical, surgical or obstetric event. Slight decline in renal output and a rise in serum creatinine.

Initiation phase(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 566

Type of immunity mediated by neutrophils, macrophages and natural killer cells and includes epithelial barriers of the skin, GIT and respiratory tract.

Innate immunity (natural/native)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.108

Nodular hyperplasia is usually more pronounced in what part/s of the prostate?

Inner (central and transitional) region of the prostate(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 696

This results from failure of a valve to close completely, thereby allowing reversed flow.

Insufficiency(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 401

What is the fundamental abnormality in neonatal RDS?

Insufficient pulmonary surfactant(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.258

These benign tumors look remarkably like giant islets, with preservation of the regular cords of monotonous cells and their orientation to the vasculature.

Insulinomas (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 788

State the lymphocytic adhesion molecule counterpart of the following endothelial receptors:ICAM-1

Integrins(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.37

State the molecule in the lymphocyte responsible for this stage of vascular inflammatory response:Firm adhesion

Integrins(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.37

Synthesized by mesenchymal cells, present in the spaces between cells in connective tissue, between epithelium and supportive vascular and smooth muscle structures.

Interstitial Matrix(TOPNOTCH)

Definitive diagnosis of Barret Esophagus is made when what type of cells is seen in the columnar mucosa?

Intestinal Goblet Cells(TOPNOTCH)

Refers to the replacement of gastric epithelium with columnar and goblet cells of intestinal variety.

Intestinal metaplasia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 592

This is a variant of gastric carcinoma composed of neoplastic intestinal glands resembling those of colonic adnocarcinoma and the neoplastic cells contain apical mucin vacuoles and abundant mucin may be present in gland lumens

Intestinal type(TOPNOTCH)

Histologic classification of gastric carcinoma composed of malignant cells forming neoplastic intestinal glands resembling colonic adenocarcinoma. Associated with H. pylori induced chronic gastritis.

Intestinal variant(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 599

Most common origin of systemic thrombi.

Intracardiac mural thrombi (80%)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.99

Most common cause of cell injury in clinical medicine.

Ischemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.18

Restoration of blood flow to ischemic but otherwise viable tissue paradoxically results in exacerbated and accelerated injury.

Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.18

ATN morphology: Eosinophilic hyaline casts containing Tamm Horsfall protein

Ischemic ATN (TOPNOTCH)

ATN morphology: focal tubular epithelial necrosis at multiple points along the nephron, with large skip areas in between

Ischemic ATN (TOPNOTCH)

Characterized by necrosis of short segments of the tubules, seen in the straight portions of the PCT and TALOH. There is a variety of tubular injuries, associated with proteinaceous casts in the distal tubules and collecting ducts.

Ischemic ATN(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 566

Development of sudden abdominal pain out of proportion to the physical signs. Sometimes accomplanied by bloody diarrhea. May progress to shock and vascular collapse within hours.

Ischemic bowel injury(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 602

The dominant histologic characteristic of infarction.

Ischemic coagulative necrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.101

Most common of all the primary immune deficiencies characterized by recurrent sinopulmonary infections and diarrhea.

Isolated IgA deficiency(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.154

Disease caused by cadmium in Japan, presenting as a combination of osteoporosis and osteomalacia, associated with renal disease.

Itai-itai disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 285

The early developmental stage in melanocytic nevi is called?

Junctional nevi (TOPNOTCH)

Macrophages in the liver

Kupffer cells(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.54

Protein energy malnutrition which occurs when protein deprivation is relatively greater than reduction in total calories. Associated with generalized edema, flaky paint appearance of the skin, alternating bands of pale and dark hair, enlarged fatty liver, apathy, listlessness and loss of appetite.

Kwashiorkor(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 305

Cells of these tissues are continuously being lost and replaced by maturation from stem cells and by proliferation of mature cells. Can readily regenerate after injury as long as the pool of stem cells is preserved.

Labile tissues(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.61

Labile, stable or permanent tissues:Bone marrow

Labile(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.61

Labile, stable or permanent tissues:Salivary glands

Labile(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.61

Labile, stable or permanent tissues:Vaginal epithelium

Labile(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.61

A tear or disruptive stretching of tissue caused by the application of force by a blunt object, causing jagged and irregular edges to the skin.

Laceration(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 298

Critical lesion in the development of Hirschprung disease.

Lack of ganglion cells in the muscle wall and submuco lf the affected segment.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 601

Presents as roughening of the skin that takes on an appearance reminiscent of "lichen on a tree". It is a response to local repetitive trauma such as continual rubbing or scratching.

Lichen Simplex Chronicus (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 842

This syndrome characteristically develops as a paraneoplastic process most commonly in the setting of small-cell lung carcinoma. Presents with muscle weakness secondary to decreased vesicle release in response to presynaptic action potential.

Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p830

Type of blood flow found in normal blood vessels, wherein platelets flow centrally in the vessel lumen, separated from the endothelium by a slow moving clear zone of plasma.

Laminar flow(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.94

This is the most abundant glycoprotein in basement membrane.

Laminin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.68

Proliferative disorder of the dendritic cells which has birbeck granules.

Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 467

Lung carcinoma which typically have large, prominent nucleoli, and a moderate amount of cytoplasm, with minimal glandular or squamous differentiation.

Large-cell carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)

Lung carcinoma which typically have large, prominent nucleoli, and a moderate amount of cytoplasm, with minimal glandular or squamous differentiation.

Large-cell carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 531

A benign neoplasm usually on the true vocal cords that forms a soft, raspberry-like excresence rarely more then 1 cm in diameter. Consists of multiple, slender, finger-like projections.

Laryngeal papilloma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 537A glomerular syndrome dominated by the acute onset of usually grossly visible hematuria, mildly moderate proteinuria, azotemia, edema and hypertension. Acute nephritic syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 542

Large, multilocular tumors of the ovaries, without psammoma bodies. Composed of mucin-producing epithelial cells.

Mucinous Tumors (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 731

Microcytic, hypochromic anemia, with basophilic stippling of erythrocytes, peripheral demyelinating neuropathy which manifests as footdrop and wristdrop, colic characterized by extremely severe, poorly localized abdominal pain, and chronic renal damage are the features of poisoning with this heavy metal.

Lead(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 283

Neurodegenerative disease which manifests as progressive bilateral loss of central vision that leads to blindness. This is the prototypical disorder of mutations in mitochondrial genes.

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy(TOPNOTCH)

Most common blood vessel involved in myocardial infarction?

Left anterior descending artery (40-50%)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 392

Most common cause of right sided HF.

Left sided HF(TOPNOTCH)

The morphologic and clinical effects of this condition primarily result from progressive damming of blood within the pulmonary circulation. The left ventricle is hypertrophied and dilated, with secondary left atrial dilation. The lungs are heavy and boggy, with perivascular and interstitial transudate, alveolar septal edema, and intra-aleolar edema. Hemosiderin-laden macrophages are present.

Left sided heart failure(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 381

Annular, encircling lesions, "napkin-ring" constrictions of the bowel and narrowing of the lumen. Symptoms pf occult bleeding, changes in bowel habit or crampy left lower quadrant discomfort.

Left-sided colorectal carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 623

Left-to-right or Right-to-Left shunt?Atrial septal defect

Left-to-right(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 388

Left-to-right or Right-to-Left shunt?VSD

Left-to-right(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 388

Morphology: whorled pattern of smooth muscle bundles and well differentiated spindle shaped smooth muscle cells

Leiomyoma (TOPNOTCH)

Benign smooth muscle tumors described as well-circumscribed neoplasms that can arise from smooth muscle cells anywhere in the body, but are encountered most commonly in the uterus.

Leiomyoma (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p835

These are sharply circumscribed, firm, gray-white masses of the uterus, with "whorled" cut surface.

Leiomyoma(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 721

Morphology: characterized by malignant spindle cells that have cigar shaped nuclei arranged in interweaving fascicles.

Leiomyosarcoma (TOPNOTCH)

These commonly present as firm, painless masses of the skin, deep soft tissues of the extermities and retroperitoneum. Histologically, they show spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei arranged in interweaving fascicles.

Leiomyosarcoma (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p835

Solitary tumors of the uterus which arise de novo from the mesenchymal cells of the myometrium. Characterized byvtche presence of tumor necrosis, cytologic atypia and mitotic activity.

Leiomyosarcomas(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 725

Acid-fast bacilli in macrophages, noncaseating granulomas

Leprosy(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.56

P.carinii pneumonia occurs in AIDS patients with CD4+ T cell count of ______.

Less than 200 cells/uL(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.163

What is the most common location of gastric ulcer?

Lesser curvature (TOPNOTCH)

Other name for acute disseminated Langerhans cell histiocytosis.

Letterer-Siwe disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 468

Defective synthesis of CD 18 B-subunit of leukocyte integrins LFA-1 and Mac-1 leading to impaired leukocyte adhesion and migration through endothelium.

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.41

Caused by a defect in fucose metabolism resulting in absence of sialyl-lewis X, the oligosaccharide on leukocytes that binds to selectins on activated endothelium.

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 2(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.41

These are inherited dysmyelinating diseases in which the clinical symptoms derive from either abnormal myelin synthesis or turnover.

Leukodystrophies (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 889

A whitish, well-defined mucosal patch or plaque caused by epidermal thickening or hyperkeratosis, commonly seen in the vermillion border of the lower lip, buccal mucosa, hard and soft palates.

Leukoplakia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 581

Morphology: rod shaped crystalloids of Reinke

Leydig/Interstitial Cell Tumors (TOPNOTCH)

Inherited gene : Cancer syndromep53 : ______________

Li Fraumeni Syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.184

Cardiac manifestation of SLE, which occurs as nonspecific mononuclear infiltrates and the presence of irregular 1-3mm warty deposits on either surface of the leaflets.

Libman-Sacks Endocarditis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.144

Sterile vegetations thatvcan develop on the valves of patients with SLE. These are small, granular, pinkish vegetations 1-4mm in diameter and can be located on the undersurface of AV valves, on the cords or endocardium.

Libman-Sacks endocarditis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 408

"Pruritic, purple, polygonal, planar papules, and plaques" describes this disorder of the skin and mucosa. The pattern of inflammation of this disorder is characterized by angulated, zigzag contour ("sawtoothing") of the dermoepidermal junction.

Lichen Planus (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 841

Morphology: acanthosis of the vulvar squamous epithelium frequently with hyperkeratosis

Lichen SImplex Chronicles (TOPNOTCH)

This disorder of the vulva is marked by epithelial thickening, expansion of the stratum granulosum, significant surface hyperkeratosis and pronounced leukocytic infiltrate. Appears clinically as an area of leukoplakia.

Lichen simplex chronicus(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 713

Sterile, verrucous endocartidis occuring in patients with SLE.

Limban-Sacks endocartidis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.96

Apparent laminations seen in a thrombus, representing pale platelet and fibrin layers alternating with darker erythrocyte-rich layers.

Lines of Zahn(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.96

Rigid and thickened stomach, secondary to extensive malignant infiltration.

Linitis plastica(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 599

Morphology: the principal morphologic characteristic is accumulation of lipid within myocytes. The myofibrils are separated by vacuoles that stain with oil red O or Sudan black

Lipid Myopathies (TOPNOTCH)

These cells mimic fetal fat cells and contain round clear cytoplasmic vacuoles of lipid that scallop the nucleus. Seen in liposarcoma.

Lipoblasts (TOPNOTCH)

"Wear and Tear pigment"?

Lipofuschin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.26

An insoluble brownish-yellow granular intracellular material that accumulates as a function of age and atrophy. Appears as perinuclear electron-dense granules on electron microscopy.

Lipofuschin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.26

Morphology: consist of mature white fat cells with no pleomorphism

Lipoma (TOPNOTCH)

Soft, yellow, well-encapsulated masses of mature adipocytes; they can vary considerably in size. Histologically, they consist of mature white fat cells with no pleomorphism

Lipoma (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p832

Malignant neoplasms of adipocytes, which usually present as relatively well-circumscribed lesions. Diagnostic feature are lipoblasta, similar to fetal fat cells, with cytoplasmic lipid vacuoles that scallop the nucleus.

Liposarcomas (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p833

Pattern of necrosis seen in nonhemorrhagic infarcts of the brain.

Liquefaction necrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 863

Seen in focal bacterial or, occasionally, fungal infections, because microbes stimulate the accumulation of inflammatory cells and the enzymes of leukocytes digest the tissue.

Liquefactive necrosis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.10

Histologic characteristic of brain infarcts.

Liquefactive necrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.101

A diffuse process characterized by bridging fibrous septa, in the form of delicate bands or broad scars around multiple adjacent lobes, and the conversion of normal liver architecture into structurally abnormal nodules, encircled by fibrotic bands. Liver architecture is disrupted.

Liver Cirrhosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p635

What are the most common sites of metastasis involved in hematogenous dissemination of cancer?

Liver and lungs(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.181

These benign neoplasms tend to occur in young women who have used oral contraceptives and regress on discontinuance of their use.

Liver cell Adenoma(TOPNOTCH)

In Hemochromatosis, what is the most common site of hemosiderin deposition?

Liver(TOPNOTCH)

A type of noninvasive carcinoma of the breast expands but does not alter the underlying lobular architecture. cells are monomorphic with bland, round nuclei and occur in loosely cohesive clusters in ducts and lobules. Tend to be bilateral, and increases risk for development of breast CA.

Lobar Carcinoma in Situ(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 746

Hemorrhages associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) are called due to involvement of the cerebral hemispheres?

Lobar hemorrhages(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 863

Next to metastasis, this is the most reliable feature that distinguishes malignant from benign tumors.

Local invasiveness(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.179

What is the most common cause of Chronic Pancreatitis?

Long term alcohol abuse(TOPNOTCH)

Diagnostic criteria for iron deficiency anemia:____ Ferritin____Serum iron level____Transferrin saturation____Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC)

Low ferritinLow serum iron levelsLow transferrin saturationIncreased TIBC(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 435

Major site of arteriolar embolization.

Lower extremities (75%)Brain (10%)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.99

A localized area of suppurative necrosis within the pulmonary parenchyma, resulting in the formation of one or more large cavities.

Lung abscess(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 515

Five most common primary sites of carcinoma which may metastasize to the brain.

LungBreastSkin (melanoma)KidneyGIT(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 885

Where do Pancreatic cancers usually metastasize?

Lungs and bones(TOPNOTCH)

Morphology: lined by a rim of bright yellow luteal tissue containing luteinized granulosa cells

Luteal cyst (TOPNOTCH)

Arthritis caused by infection with the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, transmitted by deer ticks of the Ixodes ricinus complex.

Lyme arthritis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p824

In breast cancer, what is the most important prognostic factor for invasive carcinoma in the absence of distant metastases?

Lymph node metastases (TOPNOTCH)

These represent the lymphatic counterpart of hemangiomas characterized as cystic and cavernous spaces lined by endothelial cells and surrounded by lymphoid aggregates,usually containing pale fluid.

Lymphangiomas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.268

The acute inflammation elicited when bacterial infections spread into and through the lymphatics.

Lymphangitis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 371

This is the mode of dissemination more typical of carcinomas.

Lymphatic spread(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.180

Morphology: tumor cells are prsent as small clusters within large pools of mucin

Mucinous colloid carcinoma (TOPNOTCH)

These are thin-walled, endothelium lined channels that drain excess interstitial tissue fluid, returning it to blood via the thoracic duct.

Lymphatics(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 341

Hodgkin lymphoma subgroup with poorest prognosis.

Lymphocyte depleted HL(TOPNOTCH)

Hodgkin lymphoma subgroup most commonly associated with EBV infection.

Lymphocyte depleted(TOPNOTCH)

Subgroup of HL characterized by a large number of small resting lymphocytes admixed with a variable number of benign histiocytes. Variant RS cells described as multilobed, puffy nucleus Which appears like a "popcorn". Excellent prognosis.

Lymphocyte-predominance HL(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 458

Most common type of myocarditis wherein lymphocytes infiltrate the interstitium. This may resolve or heal by progressive fibrosis.

Lymphocytic myocarditis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 414

This STD is a chronic, ulcerative disease caused by certain strains of C. trachomatis, which presents with nonspecific urethritis, papular or ulcerative lesions involving the lower genitalia, regional adenopathy, or an anorectal syndrome.

Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 707

Substances responsible for leukocyte-induced tissue injury?

Lysosomal enzymes, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.(TOPNOTCH)

Electron Microscopy: Subendothelial deposits

MPGN Type 1 (TOPNOTCH)

GBM is thickened, showing a "tram-track" appearance on PAS stains. There is proliferation of mesangial and endothelial cells as well as infiltrating leukocytes.

MPGN(Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 553

Pattern of cirrhosis in viral hepatitis.

Macronodular(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p650

These appear in cirrhotic livers, are larger than surrounding cirrhotic nodules but do not display atypical features. Contains more than one portal tract, have an intact reticulin framework, and do not seem to be precursors of malignant lesions.

Macroregenerative nodules (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p664

A single large fat droplet that displaces the nucleus seen in alcoholic liver disease or in the livers of obese or diabetic individuals.

Macrovesicular steatosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p633

Most common composition of staghorn calculi.

Magnesium ammonium phosphate (Struvite)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 572

Component of struvite stones.

Magnesium ammonium phosphate(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 572

Slowly progressive disease characterized by the presence of subepithelial immunoglobulin-containing deposits along the glomerular basement membrane. Histologically, there is diffuse thickening of the BM. (+) spike and dome pattern on electron microscopy. Often resistant to steroid therapy.

Membranous glomerulonephritis (Membranous Nephropathy)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 551

Electron Microscopy: Subepithelial deposits

Membranous glomerulopathy (TOPNOTCH)

Diseases caused by single gene defects are called?

Mendelian Disorders(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.228

These are predominantly benign tumors of adults, usually attached to the dura, and arising from the meningothelial cell of the arachnoid. Histologic patterns include syncitial, fibroblastic, psammomatous, secretory and microcystic.

Meningiomas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 885

This is an inflammatory process of the leptomeninges and CSF within the subarachnoid space.

Meningitis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 874

Herniation of the meninges through a defect in the vertebral column.

Meningocoele(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 872

ATN morphology: severely injured cells that are not yet dead might contain large acidophilic inclusions

Mercuric Chloride ATN (TOPNOTCH)

Main source of exposure to this heavy metal are contamintaed fish and dental amalgams, causing tremor, gingivitis and bizarre behavior.

Mercury(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 285

What part of the bone do osteosarcomas usually arise?

Metaphyseal region of the long bone of the extremities, 60% occur about the knee. (TOPNOTCH)

Myositis ossificans is distinguised from the other fibroblastic proliferations by the presence of what structure?

Metaplastic bone (TOPNOTCH)This term is the accumulation of edema fluid within the epidermis. Characterizes all forms of eczamatous dermatitis. Spongiosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 839

This term describes the development of secondary implants discontinuous with the primary tumor, in remote tissues.

Metastasis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.179

Calcium deposition in normal tissues occuring in the presence of hypercalcemia.

Metastatic calcification (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.26

The most common tumor of the heart.

Metastatic tumor(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 417

These are the most common malignant tumor of bone.

Metastatic tumors (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p818

Anemia observed in a variety of pathologic states, in which small vessels become particularly obstructed.(e.g. DIC, malignant HTN, SLE, etc.)

Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 433

Schistiocytes, burr cells, helmet cells, triangle cells are seen in this condition.

Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 433

Anemia of beta thalassemia.

Microcytic, hypochromic(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 430

Red blood cells in iron deficiency anemia.

Microcytic, hypochromic(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 436

Electron microscope findings 30 minutes after an ischemic event.

Microfibril relaxation, glycogen loss and mitochondrial swelling(TOPNOTCH)

These are bone marrow-derived cells that function as the phagocytes of the CNS.

Microglia (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 861

Macrophages in the CNS

Microglial cells(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.54

Pattern of cirrhosis in alcoholic hepatitis.

Micronodular(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p650

This is a subtype of DCIS which is recognized by bulbous protrusions without a fibrovascular core, often forming complex intraductal patents.

Micropapillary DCIS(TOPNOTCH)

A necrotizing vasculitis that generally affects capillaries, arterioles and venules, with few or no immune deposits. Necrotizing glomerulonephritis and pulmonary capillaritis are common. Associated with p-ANCA.

Microscopic polyangiitis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 368

Multiple tiny fat droplets that do not displace the nucleus which appear in such conditions as alcoholic liver disease, Reye syndrome, and acute fatty liver of pregnancy.

Microvesicular steatosis Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p633

Congenital esophageal webs commonly appear in which segment of the esophagus?

Middle and inferior third of the esophagus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 585

Occurs when TB bacilli drain through the lymphtics into lymphatic ducts, which eventually empty into the rightside of the heart and into pulmonary circulation. Individual lesions are small, visible foci of yellow-white consolidation scattered through the parenchyma.

Miliary TB(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 520

Consumption of fish contaminated with methyl mercury causing cerebral palsy, deafness, blindness, and major CNS defects in children exposed in utero.

Minamata disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 285

Electron Microscopy: Loss of foot processes

Minimal Change Disease (TOPNOTCH)

Light Microscopy: Normal, with lipid in tubules

Minimal Change Disease (TOPNOTCH)

Most frequent cause nephrotic syndrome in children. Under light microscope, the glomerular basement membrane appears normal, but on electrin microscopy, GBM shows uniform and diffuse effacement of foot processes of the podocytes. Good response to corticosteroid therapy.

Minimal change disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 550

A long acting tetracycline which can cause a diffuse blue-gray pigmentation of the skin.

Minocycline(TOPNOTCH)

A long acting tetracycline which can cause a diffuse blue-gray pigmentation of the skin.

Minocycline(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 293

This type of mutation results from the substitution of a single nucleotide base by a different base, resulting in the replacement of one amino acid by another.

Missense mutation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.227

Pathway of apoptosis trigerred by loss of survival signals, DNA damage and accumulation of misfolded proteins. Inhibited by Anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl family.

Mitochondrial / Intrinsic Pathway(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.22

Morphology: the most consistent pathologic finding in skeletal muscle is aggregates of abnormal mitochondria that stain with modified Gomori Trichrome and fiber appears irregular on cross section "ragged red fibers" and on electron microscope, they contain "parking lot inclusions"

Mitochondrial Myopathies (Oxidative phosphorylation Disease) (TOPNOTCH)

Most common valve involved in RHD.

Mitral valve (upto 70% of cases with RHD)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 405

Patients with this disease may complain of palpitations, dyspnea or atypical chest pain. Auscultation shows a midsystolic click associated with a regurgitant murmur.

Mitral valve prolapse(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 402

Most common form of HL in patients greater than 50 years old, with male predominance, plentiful RS cells and heterogenous cellular infiltrates.

Mixed cellularity HL(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 458

Hodgkin lymphoma subgroup with highest count of RS cells.

Mixed cellularity type(TOPNOTCH)

Characterized by calcific deposits in muscular arteries, typical in persons older than 50 yrs old. The radiographically visible, palpable calcifications do not encroach on the vessel lumen, and are not clinically significant.

Mockenberg medial calcific sclerosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 343

Predominant form of leukocyte during 24-48 hrs after the onset of inflammation?

Monocytes(TOPNOTCH)

This refers to a lack of one chromosome of the normal complement (e.g. XO).

Monosomy(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.244

What is the histologic hallmark of Paget Disease of the bone?

Mosaic pattern of lamellar bone (Jigsaw pattern) (TOPNOTCH)

It is a term used to describe the presence of two or more populations of cells in the same individual.

Mosaicism(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.242

Presents as painless, slow-growing cystic masses filled with thick, tenacious mucin, lined with columnar mucinous epithelium, associated with densely cellular stroma. Almost always arise in women.

Mucinous cystic neoplasm of the pancreas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., pg. 681

Morphology: characterized by a lining of tall columnar epithelial cells with apical mucin and the absence of cilia, resembling cervical or intestinal epithelium

Mucinous tumors (TOPNOTCH)

Most common lesion of the salivary glands resulting from blockage or rupture of a salivary gland duct.

Mucocele(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 583

These disorders result from the accumulation of mucopolysaccharides in many tissues including the liver, spleen, heart, blood vessels, brain, cornea and joints. Affected patients have coarse facial features.

Mucopolysaccharidoses(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.238

Ischemic lesion of the intestines which extends only up to the muscularis mucosae.

Mucosal infarction(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 601

Irregular enlargement of the thyroid as a result of recurrent episodes of hyperplasia and involution.

Multinodular goiter(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 765

Inherited gene : Cancer syndromeRET gene : _________

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 1 and 2(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.184

Morphology: bence jones tubular casts appear as pink to blue amorphous masses, sometimes concentrically laminated, often with fractured and angulated appearance, filling and idstending the lumens

Multiple Myeloma (TOPNOTCH)

An autoimmune demyelinating disorder characterized by distinct episodes of neurologic deficits, separated in time, attributable to white matter lesions that are separated in space. Affected areas show multiple, well-circumscribed, slightly depressed, glassy, gray-tan, irregularly shaped lesions, termed "plaques".

Multiple Sclerosis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 887

Bizarre multinucleated cells, flame cells, Russel bodies and Dutcher bodies are all seen in what disease?

Multiple myeloma(TOPNOTCH)

Multifocal destructive bone lesions seen as punched-out defects in bone radiographs.

Multiple myeloma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 455

Small aggregates of neutrophils within the parakeratotic stratum corneum in psoriasis.

Munro microabscesses(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 841

Ischemic lesion of the intestines involving the mucosa and submucosa, sparing the muscular wall.

Mural infarction(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 601

Thrombi occuring in heart chambers or in aortic lumen.

Mural thrombi(TOPNOTCH)

Thrombi occuring in heart chambers or aortic lumen

Mural thrombi(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.96

Enzyme deficient in McArdle syndrome.

Muscle phosphorylase(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.240

In bladder carcinoma, the major decrease in survival is associated with tumor invading what layer of the bladder?

Muscularis propria (detrussor muscle) (TOPNOTCH)Lesion of the female vulva characterized by thinning of the epidermis and disappearance of rete pegs, hydropic degeneration of basal cells, superficial hyperkeratosis, dermal fibrosis with scant perivascular, mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrate. Occurs most commonly in postmenopausal women. Lichen sclerosus(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 713

Pathology behind polycythemia vera.

Mutation in tyrosine kinase JAK2, which acts in signalling pathways of the erythropoeitin receptors, rendering them hypersensitive to erythropoeitin.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 466

This term refers to permanent changes in the DNA.

Mutations(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.227

An autoimmune disorder of the neuromuscular junction characterized by muscle weakness which first manifests in the extraocular muscles. Caused by circulating antibodies to the skeletal muscle acetylcholine receptors (AChRs).

Myasthenia gravis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p830

Atherosclerotic lesions infected by lodging of circulating microorganisms in the wall, particularly in the setting of bacteremia from a Salmonella gastroenteritis. Suppuration further destroys the media, potentiating rapid dilation and rupture.

Mycotic abdominal aortic aneurysm(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 358

Infection of a major artery that causes weakness to its wall.

Mycotic aneurysm(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 357

Most common myelodysplastic syndrome. A myeloid tumor in which abnormal megakaryocytes stimulate marrow fibroblasts to release collagen, replacing the marrow space, leading to pancytopenia and extramedullary hematopoeisis.

Myeloid metaplasia with Myelofibrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 467

This is an extension of CNS tissue through a defect in the vertebral column, most commonly in the lumbosacral region. both The meninges and spinal cord parenchyma are included in the cystlike structure visible just above the buttocks.

Myelomeningocele(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 872

Dacrocytes are found in peripheral blood of patients with this type of anemia.

Myelophthisic anemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 440

Morphology: Disuse changes with Type 2 fiber atrophy, post synaptic membrane is simplified, with loss of AChRs from the region of the synapse. Immune complexes as well as the MAC of the complement cascade can be found along the post synaptic membrane as well

Myesthenia Gravis (TOPNOTCH)

What is the most common cause of death in diabetics?

Myocardial Infarction (TOPNOTCH)

Inflammation of the myocardium.

Myocarditis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 414

Lafora bodies

Myoclonic Epilepsy(TOPNOTCH)

This develops in the proximal muscles of the extremities in athletic adolescents and young adults after trauma. Distinguished from other fibroblastic proliferations by the presence of metaplastic bone. Excision is curative.

Myositis Ossificans (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p833

Morphology: Ring fiber ( subsarcolemmal band of cytoplasm that appears distinct from the center of the fiber) and Sarcoplasmic mass

Myotonic Dystrophy (TOPNOTCH)

Of all the dystrophies, this type is the only one that shows pathologic changes in the intrafusal fibers of muscle spindles, with fiber splitting, necrosis and regeneration

Myotonic Dystrophy (TOPNOTCH)

This disorder is a chronic, slowly progressing inherited genetic disorder characterized by muscle wasting, cataracts, heart conduction defects, endocrine changes and myotonia.

Myotonic Dystrophy(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.229

These tumors are characterized as viscous and gelatinous, with the matrix oozing from the cut surface. Spotty calcifications are typically present, with central necrosis creating cystic spaces.

Myxoid chondrosarcomas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p815

Most common primary tumor of the adult heart.

Myxoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 417

Major clinical manifestations of this cardiac tumor are due to valvular "ball-valve" obstruction, embolization or a syndrome of constitutional symptoms.

Myxoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 418

This is characterized by ballooning or hooding of the mitral leaflets. Affected leaflets are enlarged, redundant, thick and rubbery. The tendinous cords are elongated, thinned and occasionally ruptured. Histologically, there is thinning of the fibrosa layer of the valve, accompanied by expansion of the middle spongiosa layer with increased deposition of mucoid material.

Myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 402

Antidote for acetaminophen poisoning.

N-acetylcysteine(TOPNOTCHRobbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 294

Major cause of peptic ulcer disease in patients without H. pylori disease.

NSAID use(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 595

Rare neoplasm with strong links to EBV and high frequency among the Chinese population. Characterized by large epithelial cells having indistinct borders (syncitial growth) and prominent eosinophilic nucleoli.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 537

This determines the biologic behavior of melanomas.

Nature and extent of the vertical growth phase (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 857

Major determinants of the eventual outcome of an infarct. (4)

Nature of vascular supplyRate of development of occlusionVulnerability to hypoxiaOxygen content of blood(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.101

Type of cell death associated with inflammation.

Necrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.10

Type of cell death which results from a pathologic cell injury.

Necrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.9

This condition occurs more commonly in very-low-birth-weight infants, as a result of intestinal ischemia, bacterial colonization of gut and formula milk feeding.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.258

A special pattern of acute pyelonephritis seen more often in diabetics.

Necrotizing papillitis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 784

What special pattern of acute pyelonephritis is common in diabetics compared to non diabetics?

Necrotizing papillitis or papillary necrosis (TOPNOTCH)

Main causative agent of suppurative arthritis in late adolescence and young adulthood.

Neisseria gonorrhea(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p824

Morphology: Panlobular giant cell transformation of hepatocytes and formation of hepatocyte "rosettes"

Neonatal Cholestasis(TOPNOTCH)

Lungs of infants with this disease are normal size but are heavy and relatively airless. They have a mottled purple color, with poorly developed atelectatic alveoli.

Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Hyaline Membrane Disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.257

An abnormal mass of tissue the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues and persists in the same excessive manner after the cessation of stimuli which evoked the change.

Neoplasm(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174

Characteristic lesion in the retina of infants suffering from retrolental fibroplasia?

Neovascularization or retinal vessel proliferation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.258

A glomerular syndrome characterized by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbunemia, severe edema, hyperlipidemia and lipiduria.

Nephrotic syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 542

Most common extra-cranial solid tumor of childhood. Occur most commonly during the first 5 years of life and may arise during infancy.

Neuroblastoma (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 798

Tumor of the adrenal medulla composed of small, primitive-appearing cells with dark nuclei, scant cytoplasm, and poorly defined cell borders growing in solid sheets within a finely fibrillar matrix. Rosettes can be found in which tumor cells are concentrically arranged about a CENTRAL SPACE FILLED with neuropil.

Neuroblastomas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.269

Aggregated protein inclusions that contain microtubule-associated proteins and neurofilaments, reflecting disrupted neuronal cytoskeleton.

Neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.26

Type of shock which occurs in the setting of an anesthetic accident or spinal cord injury as a result of loss of vascular tone and peripheral pooling of blood.

Neurogenic shock(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.102

Most common symptom of pancreatic carcinoma located at the tail and body of the gland?

None/AsymptomaticSince it does not impinge on the biliary tract, it may be quite large and widely disseminated by the time they are discovered.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., pg. 684

This type of mutation results in the replacement of one amino acid by a stop codon, resulting in chain termination.

Nonsense mutation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.227

It is a consequence of tightly regulated processes that maintain blood in a fluid, clot-free state in normal vessels while inducing the rapid formation of a localized hemostatic plug at the site of vascular injury.

Normal hemostasis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.86

Gross appearance: lack a medullary canal and the end of long bones are bulbous (Erlenmeyer Flask Deformity) and misshapen. The neural foramina are small and compress exiting nerves

Osteopetrosis (TOPNOTCH)

A group of rare genetic disorders characterized by reduced osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and therefore defective bone remodelling. Literally means "stone bone".

Osteopetrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p802

Total white cell count is reduced to 1000 cells/uL. Affected persons are extremely susceptible to bacterial and fungal infections.

Neutropenia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 441

Predominant form of leukocyte during the first 6 - 24 hours of inflammation?

Neutrophils(TOPNOTCH)

This lesion is the ordinary "birthmark" and is the most common form of ectasia. Characteristically a flat lesion on the head or neck, ranging in color from light pink to deep purple.

Nevus flammeus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 374

Lysosomal storage disease due to deficiency of Sphingomyelinase.

Niemann-Pick disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.236

A short-lived, soluble, free-radical gas produced by endothelial cells causing smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation.

Nitric oxide(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.49

A self-limited, reactive fibroblastic proliferation that typically occurs in adults on the volar aspect of the forearm. Consists of plump, randomly arranged, immature-appearing fibroblasts in an abundant myxoid stroma. Not a true tumor.

Nodular Fasciitis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p833

Composed of proliferating prostatic glandular elements and fibromuscular stroma. The glandular lumina often contain inspissated, proteinaceous secretory material, termed corpora amylacea.

Nodular Hyperplasia of the Prostate (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 697

A glomerular lesion made distinctive by ball-like deposits of a laminated matrix situated in the periphery of the glomerulus .

Nodular glomerulosclerosis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 783

These are PAS positive glomerular lesions made distinctive by ball like deposits of laminated matrix situated in the periphery of the glomerulus

Nodular glomerulosclerosis or Kimmelstiel Wilson lesion (TOPNOTCH)

Most common form of Hodgkin lymphoma, characterized by a large cell which has a single multilobate nucleus with small nucleoli and an abundant pale-staining cytoplasm called lacunar cells.

Nodular sclerosis HL(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 457

Hodgin lymphoma subgroup not associated with EBV.

Nodular sclerosis and lymphocyte predominant(TOPNOTCH)

Lung carcinoma best treated with surgery since they respond poorly to chemotherapy.

Non-small cell lung carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 529

Characterized by deposition of sterile, non-inflammatory, nondestructive and small (1mm) masses of fibrin, platelets and other blood components on cardiac valves, along the line of closure of leaflets or cusps.

Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 407

Vegetations occuring in the presence of non - infected valves in hypercoagulable states.

Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.96

A focus of epiheloid cells, rimmed by fibroblasts, lymphocytes, histiocytes, occasional giant cells.

Noncaseating tubercle, Tuberculosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.56

Refers to the accumulation of CSF leading to dilation of the ventricular system which resulted from an obstacle or disruption of flow seen most commonly at the foramen of Monroe or aqueduct of Sylvius.

Noncommunicating hydrocephalus (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 862

This mechanism occurs due to the failure of chromosome pairs to separate properly during meiosis stage 1 or 2.

Nondisjunction(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.243

Most common symptom of pulmonary embolism.

None, asymptomatic 60-80% of the time.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 506

Most common symptom of pulmonary embolism.

None/ Asymptomatic (60-80%)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.99

What is the most favored site of gastric carcinoma?

lesser curvature of the anthropyloric region(TOPNOTCH)

Anemia of acute blood loss is described as ______.

Normocytic, normochromic anemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 423

Two most important risk factors for development of ovarian cancer.

Nulliparity and family history(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 729

The liver is increased in size and weight, a cut section reveals congested red centers of liver lobules surrounded bybpaler, sometimes fatty peripheral regions.

Nutmeg liver (CPC of the liver)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 381

Other name for small cell lung carcinoma.

Oat cell carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 532

Acute calculous cholecystitis is most commonly precipitated by what condition?

Obstruction of the neck or cystic duct by a Gallbladder stone(TOPNOTCH)

Diffuse pulmonary disease characterized by limitation of airflow, usually resulting from an increase in resistance caused by partial or complete obstruction atvany level.

Obstructive pulmonary disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 483

What is the most common cause of renal artery stenosis?

Occlussion by an atheromatous plaque at the origin of the renal artery (TOPNOTCH)

Cells which produce myelin in the CNS.

Oligodendrocytes (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 861

These are infiltrative tumors that form gelatinous, gray masses, and may show cysts, focal hemorrhage, and calcification. On microscopic examination, the tumor is composed of sheets of regular cells with spherical nuclei containing finely granular chromatin (similar to normal oligodendrocytes) surrounded by a clear halo of cytoplasm.

Oligodendrogliomas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 883

A congenital defect of the periumbillical abdominal musculature that creates a membranous sac, into which intestines herniate.

Omphalocoele(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 600

Benign bone tumor that are cortical tumors, histologically described as interlacing trabeculae of woven bone. Characteristic symptom is pain. Common locations include the metaphyses of the femur and tibia.

Osteoid osteoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p811

Benign bone tumor characterized as exophytic growths attached to bone surface of the face and skull, which may histologically resemble normal bone.

Osteoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p811

Inflammation of the bone and marrow cavity.

Osteomyelitis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p809

Characterized by dead bone with empty lacunae is interspersed with areas of fat necrosis and insoluble calcium soaps. The cortex is usually not affected because of collateral blood supply.

Osteonecrosis (avascular necrosis)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p809

Among the 3 complications of acute pyelonephritis, which one is mainly seen in diabetics and in those with urinary tract obstruction?

Papillary necrosis (TOPNOTCH)

Study of tumors.

Oncology(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174

Process of coating microorganisms with proteins that facilitate phagocytosis.

Opsonization(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.38

Adherent white, curd-like, circumscribed plaque within the oral cavity. The pseudomembrane can be scraped off revealing an underlying granular erythematous inflammatory base.

Oral candidiasis /"thrush"(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 581

Pearly white to gray, circumscribed thickenings of the oral mucosa, which grows in exophytic pattern to produce a visible and palpable nodular, eventually fungating lesions.

Oral cavity carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 583

Leading cause of death in burn patients.

Organ system failure secondary to burn sepsis.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 299

Fate of a thrombus wherein it may induce inflammation and fibrosis and establish some degree of blood flow.

Organization and recanalization(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.97

Synthetic products that resist degradation and are lipophilic, typically used as pesticides, with anti-estrogenic and anti-androgenic activity, and causes neurologic toxicity.

Organochlorines (e.g. DDT)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 287

Bone eburnation and joint mice are seen in what disease entity?

Osteoarthritis (TOPNOTCH)

Characterized by fibrillation and cracking of the articular cartilage matrix, bone eburnation, and bony outgrowths/spurs (osteophytes). Full-thickness portions of the cartilage are lost, and the subchondral bone plate is exposed.

Osteoarthritis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p819

What is the functional unit of bone?

Osteoblast and Osteoclast act in coordination and are considered the functional unit of bone known as the Basic Multicellular Unit (TOPNOTCH)

These bone-forming lesions arise in vertebral transverse and spinous processes of the vertebral column, which may be histologically similar to osteoid osteoma.

Osteoblastoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p811

Identify the bone cell: initiate the process of mineralization and express cell surface receptors that bind many hormones

Osteoblasts (TOPNOTCH)

Of all the proteins in the bone matrix, which one is unique to the bone?

Osteocalcin (TOPNOTCH)

These are relatively common benign hyaline cartilage-capped outgrowths attached by a bony stalk to the underlying skeleton.

Osteochondromas (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p814

Identify the bone cell: responsible for bone resorption

Osteoclast (TOPNOTCH)

Identify the bone cell: most numerous than any other bone forming cell

Osteocytes (TOPNOTCH)

This is a group of hereditary disorders caused by defective synthesis of type I collagen. Classic finding of a "blue sclerae" is seen in one type of this disorder.

Osteogenesis Imperfecta (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p802

The hallmark of this disease is loss of bone which tends to be most conspicuous in trabecular bone. The bony trabeculae are thinner and more widely separated than usual, resulting in an increased susceptibility to fractures.

Osteoporosis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p804

Morphology: Coarse, lacelike pattern of neoplastic bone produced by anaplastic malignant tumor cells

Osteosarcoma (TOPNOTCH)

What is the most common primary malignant tumor of bone, exclusive of myeloma and lymphoma, and accounts for approximately 20% of primary bone cancers.

Osteosarcoma (TOPNOTCH)

A bone-producing malignant mesenchymal tumor, characterized as gritty, gray-white tumors, often exhibiting hemorrhage and cystic degeneration. The production of mineralized or unmineralized bone (osteoid) by malignant cells is essential for diagnosis.

Osteosarcomas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p811

These occur at the lowest part of the atrial septum and can extend to the mitral and tricuspid valves. Abnormalities of the AV Valves are usually present, forming a cleft in the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve or septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve.

Ostium primum ASD(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 384

These a typically smooth-walled defects near the foramen ovale, usually without associated cardiac abnormalities. Accompanied by right atrial and ventricular dilation, right ventricular hypertrophy and dilation of the pulmonary artery.

Ostium secundum ASD(TOPNOTCH)

Most common area of the prostate affected by prostatic carcinoma.

Outer (peripheral) glands (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 698

Renal carcinoma exhibiting varying degrees of papilla formation with fibrovascular cores. Cells have clear to pink cytoplasm.

Papillary renal cell carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 574

Electron Microscopy: Subepithelial humps

PSGN (TOPNOTCH)

Morphology: classic diagnostic finding is enlarged hypercellular glomeruli

PSGN (TOPNOTCH)

A key factor in the development of endometrial hyperplasia and related cancers is the inactivation of what tumor suppressor gene?

PTEN (TOPNOTCH)

Characterized by repetitive episodes of frenzied, regional osteoclastic activity and bone resorption, followed by exuberant bone formation, and finally by an apparent exhaustion of cellular activity. Pathognomonic feature is a "mosaic pattern" of lamellar bone.

Paget Disease (Osteitis Deformans) (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p806

These cells are distinguised by a clear separation "halo" from the surrounding epithelial cells and a finely granular cytoplasm containing mucopolysaccharide that stains with PAS, Alcian Blue, and Mucicarmine

Paget cells (TOPNOTCH)

This is a rare manifestation of breast cancer and presents as a unilateral erythematous eruption with a scale crust

Paget disease (TOPNOTCH)

Red, scaly plaque, microscopically characterized by the spread of malignant cells within the epithelium, occasionally with invasion of underlying dermis. May have underlying carcinoma of a vulvar or perineal gland.

Paget disease of the Vulva(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 715

Caused by the extension of DCIS up to the lactiferous ducts and into the contiguous skin of the nipple.

Paget disease of the nipple (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 746

What is the most common clinical presentation of breast disease

Pain (TOPNOTCH)

What is the first symptom of pancreatic cancer?

Pain(TOPNOTCH)

Dominant clinical presentation of bladder carcinoma.

Painless hematuria(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 575

Type of emphysema wherein the acini are uniformly enlarged from the level of the respiratory bronchiole to the terminal alveoli. Occurs more commonly in the lower lung zones. Occurs in a-antitrypsin deficiency.

Panacinar (panlobular) emphysema(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 485

What is the most common clinically significant congenital anomaly of the pancreas?

Pancreas Divisum(TOPNOTCH)

Moderately to poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma forming abortive tubular structures or cell clusters and exhibiting an aggressive, deeply infiltrative growth pattern.

Pancreatic carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., pg. 684

Solitary, 2-30 cm lesions of the pancreas, formed by walling-off of areas with hemorrhagic fat necrosis.Composed of necrotic debris encased by fibrous walls of granulation tissue, and lacks epithelial lining.

Pancreatic pseudocysts(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., pg. 679

Characteristic lesion in RA, formed by proliferating synovial-lining cells admixed with inflammatory cells, granulation tissue and fibrous connective tissue.

Pannus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.146

RCC morphology: Interstitial foam cells and psamomma bodies

Papillary Carcinoma (TOPNOTCH)

Morphology: the nuclei of these tumor cells contain finely dispersed chromatic which imparts an optically clear or empty appearance, giving rise to the designation ground glass or Orphan Annie eye

Papillary Carcinoma of the thyroid (TOPNOTCH)

RCC morphology: arise from DCT and are typically hemorrhagic and cystic

Papillary RCC (TOPNOTCH)

Most common carcinoma of the thyroid.

Papillary carcinoma (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 767

Thyroid carcinoma which may occur at any age and is associated with previous exposure to ionizing radiation. The nuclei of cells contain very finely dispersed chromatin, which imparts an optically clear appearance, giving rise to the designation "ground-glass" or "Orphan Annie eye" nuclei.

Papillary carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 767

These tumors of the parathyroid glands are usually firm or hard tumors, adhering to the surrounding tissue as a result of fibrosis or infiltrative growth. May weigh >5 grams. The cytologic features and mitotic activity are variable.

Parathyroid carcinomas (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 773

Components of MEN1?

Parathyroid: Primary hyperparathyroidismPancreas: ZES, insulinoma, etc.Pituitary: prolactin-secreting macroadenoma, somatotrophin-secreting tumors(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 798

What are the two basic components of tumors?

Parenchyma and Stroma(TOPNOTCH)

This component of tumors determines the name of the growth.

Parenchyma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174

This component of tumors largely determines its biologic behavior.

Parenchyma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.174

Caused by invasion of the brain by Treponema pallidum and manifests as insidious but progressive loss of mental and physical functions with mood alterations (including delusions of grandeur), terminating in severe dementia.

Paretic neurosyphilis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 874

Caused by invasion of the brain by Treponema pallidum and manifests as insidious but progressive loss of mental and physical functions with mood alterations (including delusions of grandeur), terminating in severe dementia. There is parenchymal damage particularly in the frontal lobe, characterized by loss of neurons with proliferation of microglia (rod cells) and gliosis.

Paretic neurosyphilis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 875

This is a clinical syndrome characterized by masked facies, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movement, festinating gait rigidity, and a "pill-rolling" tremor. There are single or multiple, intracytoplasmic, eosinophilic, round to elongated inclusions that often have a dense core surrounded by a pale halo or "Lewy bodies".

Parkinson disease (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 894

This is a particularly dramatic form of breathlessness, awakening patients from sleeo with attacks of extreme dyspnea bordering on suffocation.

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 381

A rare disorder of unknown etiology, causes hemolytic anemia which results from an acquired membrane defect secondary to a mutation that affects myeloid stem cells. Hemolysis occurs during sleep.

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 432

This type of H. mole shows villous edema that involves only some of the villi and the trophoblastic proliferation is focal and slight, with characteristic irregular scalloped margin. Fetal parts/embryo may be seen.

Partial mole(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 736

Burn classification wherein the thermal appendages are spared but involves at least the deeper portions of the skin.

Partial thickness burn(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 298

Erythroid precursors with large homogenous, intranuclear inclusions and a surrounding peripheral rim of residual chromatin can be seen in the bone marrow aspirate of an infant infected with this virus. This leads to development of non-immune hydrops.

Parvovirus B19(TOPNOTCH)

Hepatocytes in the central region of the lobule undergo ischemic necrosis. The liver takes on a variegated mottled appearance, reflecting hemorrhage and necrosis in the centrilobular regions, alternating with pale midzonal areas, known traditionally as the &quot;nutmeg&quot; liver.

Passive congestion of the liver secondary to left-sided heart failure.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p661

Liver is slightly enlarged, tense, and cyanotic, with rounded edges. Microscopically, there is congestion of centrilobular sinusoids. With time, centrilobular hepatocytes become atrophic, resulting in markedly attenuated liver cell cords. Liver fibrosis mostly &quot;centrilobular&quot;.

Passive congestion of the liver secondary to right-sided heart failure.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p660

Trisomy 13 is also called _________ syndrome.

Patau syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.244

Syndrome characterized by mental retardation, microcephaly, micropthalmia, polydactyly, cleft lip and palate, cardiac and renal defects, umbillical hernia and rocker-bottom feet.

Patau syndrome/Trisomy 13(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.245

In this condition, some of the oxygenated blood flowing from the left ventricle is shunted back to the lungs. Proximal pumonary arteries, left atrium and ventricle can become dilated.

Patent ductus arteriosus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 385

What is the most common congenital anomaly of the gallbladder?

Presence of Phrygian Cap (folded fundus)(TOPNOTCH)

What is the most important prognostic factor useful as a predictive factor for the response of therapy in patients with breast cancer?

Presence of estrogen and progesterone receptors (TOPNOTCH)

Difference between megloblastic and pernicious anemia.

Presence of neurologic abnormalities in pernicious anemia.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 438

What is the histologic criterion for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis?

Presence of neutrophilic infiltration of the muscularis propria.(TOPNOTCH)

In gastritis, histologically, what signifies an active inflammation?

Presence of neutrophils above the basement membrane.(TOPNOTCH)

Microscopic features of NEC.

Presence of submucosal gas bubbles, transmural coagulative necrosis, ulceration and bacterial colonization.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.259

Morphology: florid duct lesion

Primary Biliary Cirrhosis(TOPNOTCH)

May appear grossly as (1) a unifocal, usually massive tumor, (2) a multifocal tumor made of nodules of variable size or (3) a diffusely infiltrative cancer, permeating widely and sometimes involving the entire liver, blending imperceptibly into the cirrhotic liver background.

Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p665

Reflects an exaggeration of central and local vasomotor responses to cold or emotion. Structural changes in the arterial walls are absent except late in course when intimal thickening can appear.

Primary Raynaud phenomenon (Raynaud disease)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 369

"Beading" of barium column in radiographs of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary tree

Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis(TOPNOTCH)

Morphology: Characterized by fibrosing cholangitis of bile ducts, with a lymphocytic infiltrate, and progressive atrophy of the bile duct epithelium, and obliteration of the lumen

Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis(TOPNOTCH)

Morphology: Concentric periductal fibrosis or Onion-Skin fibrosis with solid, cordlike fibrous scar.

Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis(TOPNOTCH)

This stage of syphilis is characterized by the presence of an indurated chancre at the site of initial inoculation, associated with painless regional lymphadenopathy.

Primary Syphilis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 702

This is an inflammatory disorder that involves multiple small to medium-sized parenchymal and subarachnoid vessels and is characterized by chronic inflammation, multinucleated giant cells and destruction of the vessel wall. Affected individuals manifest a diffuse encephalopathic clinical picture, often with cognitive dysfunction; improvement occurs with steroid and immunosuppressive treatment.

Primary angiitis of the CNS (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 868

Characterized by irregularly shrunken glands, which may be exceedingly difficult to identify within the suprarenal adipose tissue. Histologically, the cortex contains only scattered residual cortical cells in a collapsed network of connective tissue.

Primary autoimmune adrenalitis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 795

A chronic, progressive, and often fatal cholestatic liver disease, characterized by a nonsuppurative destruction of small and medium-sized intrahepatic bile ducts (&quot;florid duct lesion&quot;). On cut surface, the liver is hard, with a finely granular appearance, with extraordinary yellow-green pigmentation.

Primary biliary cirrhosis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p659

Formation of a hemostatic plug due to platelet aggregation

Primary hemostasis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.86

Caused either by an aldosterone-producing adrenocortical neoplasm, usually an adenoma, or by primary adrenocortical hyperplasia, resulting in suppression of the renin-angiotensin system and decreased plasma renin activity.

Primary hyperaldosteronism/ Conn syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 792

The most common cause of asymptomatic elevated blood calcium

Primary hyperparathyroidism (TOPNOTCH)

Malnutrition caused by lack of nutrients from the diet.

Primary malnutrition(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 304

Polycythemia secondary to abnormal proliferation of myeloid stem cells and low erythropoeitin levels.

Primary polycythemia (Absolute)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 441

Encountered in young persons, more commonly in women, marked by fatigue, syncope, dyspnea on exertion, and sometimes chest pain. Cause of increased pulmonary pressures is unknown.

Primary pulmonary hypertension(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 506

A chronic cholestatic disorder, characterized by progressive fibrosis and destruction of extrahepatic and large intrahepatic bile ducts. Affected portal tracts show concentric periductal &quot;onion-skin&quot; fibrosis and a modest lymphocytic infiltrate. Progressive atrophy of the bile duct epithelium leads to obliteration of the lumen, leaving behind a solid, cordlike fibrous scar.

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p660

Form of tuberculosis that develops in a previously unexposed, unsensitized person.

Primary tuberculosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 518

This lesion caused by JC virus, consist of patches of irregular, ill-defined destruction of the white matter that enlarge. Each lesion is an area of demyelination, in the center of which are scattered lipid-laden macrophages and a reduced number of axons.

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 877

What is the most frequent anterior pituitary tumor encountered in individuals with MEN-1?

Prolactinoma (TOPNOTCH)

Most common type of hyperfunctioning pituitary adenoma.

Prolactinomas (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 754

These substances stimulate proliferation of the mutated cells.

Promoters(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.210

Fate of a thrombus wherein the thrombus accumulates additional platelets and fibrin, eventually causing vessel obstruction.

Propagation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.97

Fates of a thrombus (4)

PropagationResolution/DissolutionOrganization and recanalizationEmbolization(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.98

Concentration of this biochemical marker is of great value in monitoring patients after treatment for prostate cancer.

Prostate specific antigen (PSA)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 700

The most common cancers that metastasize to the bone are?

Prostate, breast, kidney, and lung (TOPNOTCH)

Function of policystin-1?

Protein that is involved in cell-cell or cell-matrix adhesion.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 569

Component of ECM that permits resilience and lubrication.

Proteoglycans, hyaluronan(TOPNOTCH)

Normal cellular genes whose products promote cell proliferation.

Proto-oncogenes(TOPNOTCH)

Normal cellular genes whose products promote cell proliferation.

Proto-oncogenes(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.188

Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus commonly occur at which segment of the esophagus?

Proximal 2/3 of the esophagusAdenocarcinoma- distal 1/3(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 591

Histochemical reaction used to identify hemosiderin.

Prussian blue test(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.26

Presence of these structures characterize serous tumors of the ovaries

Psammoma bodies (TOPNOTCH)

These are concentrically calfcified structures that are often present in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid

Psamomma bodies (TOPNOTCH)

These structures are formed by the walling off of areas of peripancreatic hemorrhagic fat necrosis with fibrous tissue and are usually composed of central necrotic hemorrhagic material rich in pancreatic enzymes surrounded by non epithelial lined fbrous walls of granulation tissue

Pseudocyts(TOPNOTCH)

Also known as chondrocalcinosis or-more formally-calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease. The crystals are weakly birefringent, rhomboid in shape with blunted ends.

Pseudogout (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p823

Morphology: superficial erosion of the mucosa and an adherent pseudomembrane of fibrin, mucus, and inflammatory debris

Pseudomembranous colitis(TOPNOTCH)

Auspitz sign is associated with what condition?

Psoriasis (TOPNOTCH)

Munro microabscesses is classically seen in?

Psoriasis (TOPNOTCH)

In this skin disorder, there is marked epidermal thickening (acanthosis), and loss of the stratum granulosum with extensive overlying parakeratotic scale. The most typical lesion is a well-demarcated, pink to salmon-colored plaque covered by loosely adherent silver-white scale.

Psoriasis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 841

Condition wherein the lungs weigh 2-3x the normal, and on sectioning reveals frothy, sometimes blood-tinged mixture of air, fluid and extravasated red cells.

Pulmonary edema(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.84

Common and serious complication of of deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

Pulmonary embolism(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 371

Most common sequelae of deep venous thrombosis.

Pulmonary embolism(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.97

Mean pulmonary pressures reach one-fourth or more of systemic pressures.

Pulmonary hypertension(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 506

Components of Tetralogy of Fallot.

Pulmonary valve stenosisOverriding of aortaRight ventricular hypertrophyVentricular septal defect(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 386

A wound caused by a long, narrow instrument.

Puncture wound(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 298

3-5mm hemorrhages which can occur with trauma, vascular inflammation, or increased vascular fragility.

Purpura(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.86

Small aggregates of neutrophils within the spongiotic superficial epidermis in psoriasis.

Pustules of Kogoj(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 841

A common suppurative inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis caused by bacterial infection, either by hematogenous spread or through ascending infection.

Pyelonephritis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 560

It is the irreversible condensation of chromatin in the nucleus of a cell undergoing necrosis or apoptosis.

Pyknosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.10

What is the most common site of gastric carcinoma?

Pylorus and anthrum 50%-60%(TOPNOTCH)

Most common site of gastric carcinoma within the stomach.

Pylorus and antrum (50-60%), along the lesser curvatureCardia (25%)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 598

What is the most common location of gastric carcinoma is?

Pylorus and antrum > Cardia > body and fundus(TOPNOTCH)

May occur as solitary or multiple lesions, ranging from millimeters to massive lesions, many centimeters in diameter. They are generally produced by gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp.

Pyogenic (bacterial) hepatic abscesses (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p648

This form of capillar hemangioma is a rapidly growing peduncular red nodule on the skin, gingival, or oral mucosa, bleeds easily and is often ulcerated.

Pyogenic granuloma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 373

In Malignant Melanoma, what type of growth indicated the tendency of a melanoma to grow horizontally within the epidermal and superficial dermal layers, often for a prolonged period of time?

Radial growth (TOPNOTCH)

Radiographically detectable calcified Ghon complex.

Ranke complex(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 518

A clinical syndrome characterized by rapid and progressive lossof renal function with features of nephritic syndrome,often with severe oliguria. Histologic feature is the presence of crescents.

Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis (Crescentic GN)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 557

Morphology: collapsed glomerular tufts and the crescent shaped mass of proliferating cells and leukocytes internal to Bowman capsule

Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis (TOPNOTCH)

These cysts are lined by ciliated cuboidal epithelium with occasional goblet cells and anterior pituitary cells, can accumulate proteinaceous fluid and expand, compromising the normal gland

Rathke Cleft Cyst (TOPNOTCH)

Results from an exaggerated vasoconstriction of digital arteries and arterioles, inducing paroxysmal pallor or cyanosis of the digits of the hands and feet.

Raynaud phenomenon(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 369

The coefficient of variation of red cell volume.

Red cell distribution width (RDW)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 423

White or red infarct?Intestinal infarct

Red infarct(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.100

White or red infarct?Lung infarction

Red infarct(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.100

White or red infarct?Venous occlusion

Red infarct(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.100

Cells with two mirror-image nuclei or nuclear lobes, each containing a large acidophilic nucleolus surrounded by a distinctive clear zone, imparting a n owl-like appearance.

Reed-Sternberg cell(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 456

Presence of eosinophils in the epithelial layer, basal zone hyperplasia and elongation of lamina propria papillae are histologic findings in this condition.

Reflux esophagitis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 588

Process of replacing damaged components of a tissue, returning to a normal state.

Regeneration (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.77

C. trachomatis infection causing a triad of reactive arthritis, conjunctivitis and generalized mucocutaneous lesions.

Reiter syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 707

Polycythemia secondary to reduced plasma volume.

Relative polycythemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 441

How many major and/or minor manifestations are needed to diagnose RF?

Remember: 20122 major 0 minor or1 major 2 minor(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 406

Maturation and reorganization of fibrous tissue

Remodeling(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.70

Maturation and reorganization of fibrous tissue

Remodeling(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.73

Most common malignant tumor of the kidney.

Renal cell carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 573

Tumors derived from renal tubular epithelium, located primarily at the cortex. With three common forms, clear cell, papillary renal cell and chromophobe renal carcinomas.

Renal cell carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 573

Gross morphology: wedge-shaped lesions, with base against the cortical surface and the apex pointing toward the medulla

Renal infarcts (TOPNOTCH)

Refers to the restoration of tissue architecture and function after an injury.

Repair (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.77

Injury to infarcts mediated in part by oxygen free radicals generated by increased number of infiltrating leukocytes facilitated by reperfusion.

Reperfusion injury(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 394

Significance of Lines of Zahn?

Represents thrombosis in the setting of blood flow, seen in antemortem clots.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.96

Atelectasis which occurs when an obstruction prevents air from reaching distal airways.

Resorption atelectasis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 480

Partial thickness burn that involves both the epidermis and superficial dermis.

Second degree burn(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 298

Morphology: characterized by coarse fibrous septae that subdivide the liver in a jigsaw like pattern

Secondary biliary cirrhosis(TOPNOTCH)

The ventricles are of approximately normal size or slightly enlarged, the cavities not dilated, and the myocardium is firm. Biatrial dilation is common. Microscopically, there is interstitial fibrosis, varying from minimal to patchy to extensive and diffuse.

Restrictive cardiomyopathy(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 413

Diffuse pulmonary disease characterized by reduced expansion of lung parenchyma accompanied by decreased total lung capacity.

Restrictive lung disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 483

This tumor is composed of small, round cells with large hyperchromatic nuclei and scant cytoplasm, with characteristic structures consisting of clusters of cuboidal or short columnar cells arranged around a CENTRAL LUMEN. The nuclei are displaced away from the lumen, which appears to have a limiting membrane.

Retinoblastoma(Differentiate with neuroblastoma)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.271

Inherited gene : Cancer syndromeRB gene :__________

Retinoblastoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.184

Clinicial findings include poor vision, strabismus, whitish hue to the pupils ("cat's eye reflex"), pain and tenderness to the eye.

Retinoblastoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.271

Two well known complications of high concentration ventilator administered oxygen in infants suffering from RDS.

Retrolental fibroplasia / retinopathy of prematurityBronchopulmonary dysplasia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.258

Surface blebs, increased eosinophilia of the cytoplasm, cellular swelling.

Reversible/ Early Ischemic Injury(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.18

A rare disease characterized by microvesicular fatty change in the liver and encephalopathy. Microscopy of hepatocellular mitochondria reveals pleomorphic enlargement and electron lucency of the matrices, with disruption of cristae and loss of dense bodies.

Reye syndrome / &quot;mitochondrial hepatopathies&quot; (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p658

The diagnostic cell of embryonal, alveolar, and pleomorphic variants of Rhabdomyosarcoma which contains eccentric eosinophilic granular cytoplasm rich in thick and thin filaments

Rhabdomyoblast (TOPNOTCH)

The most frequent primary tumor of the heart in infants and children. These are generally small gray-white myocardial masses composed of a mixed population of cells, the most characteristic of which are large, rounded or polygonal cells containing numerous glycogen-laden vacuoles separated by strands of cytoplasm, so-called spider cells.

Rhabdomyomas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 418

Tadpole or strap cells are seen in what soft tissue tumor?

Rhabdomyosarcoma (TOPNOTCH)

It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of childhood and adolescence, usually appearing before age 20.

Rhabdomyosarcoma (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p831

What are the most common cutaneous lesions seen in RA?

Rheumatoid Nodules (TOPNOTCH)

A systemic, chronic inflammatory disease affecting many tissues but principally attacking the joints to produce a nonsuppurative proliferative synovitis that frequently progress to destroy articular cartilage and underlying bone with resulting disabling arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.145

Condition in children as result of vitamin D deficiency causing the following signs and symptoms: frontal bossing of the head, rachitic rosary, pigeon breast deformity, lumbar lordosis and bow legs.

Rickets (children)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 309

This is a rare disorder characterized by extensive fibrosis involving the thyroid and contiguous neck structures

Riedel thyroiditis (TOPNOTCH)

A rare disorder characterized by extensive fibrosis involving the thyroid and contiguous neck structures. Idiopathic in nature.

Riedel thyroiditis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 762

Pulmonary abscess resulting from aspiration of infective material are much more common on the left or right side?

Right side since it's shorter and more vertical.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 515

Polypoid, exophytic masses that extend along the wall of capacious cecum and ascending colon. Symptoms of fatigue, weakness and iron deficiency anemia.

Right sided colorectal carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 623

Left-to-right or Right-to-Left shunt?Eisenmenger syndrome

Right-to-Left (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 388

Left-to-right or Right-to-Left shunt?TOF

Right-to-Left(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 388

Left-to-right or Right-to-Left shunt?Transposition of great arteries

Right-to-Left(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 388

What virus affecting the GIT can produce a flat mucosa resembling celiac sprue?

Rotavirus(TOPNOTCH)

The most frequent cause of clinically significant subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Rupture of a saccular (berry) aneurysm(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 866

Fate of an atheromatous plaque wherein the luminal surface exposes the bloodstream to highly thrombogenic substances and induces thrombus formation.

Rupture, ulceration or erosion(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 351

Rounded, eosinophilic accumulation of newly synthesized immunoglobulins in the rough ER of plasma cells.

Russel bodies(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.25

Cells with pink globular cytoplasmic inclusions.

Russell bodies(TOPNOTCH)

Patients with cystic fibrosis are prone to developing infections caused by these three organisms.

S. aureusH. InfluenzaeP. aeruginosa(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.266

Layer of the skin which is affected in psoriasis.

S. granulosum(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 841

Reflects vascular insufficiency of the extremities in the context of arterial disease caused by other entities including SLE, Buerger disease, or atherosclerosis.

Secondary Raynaud phenomenon(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 370

The most frequent cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage. It is a thin-walled outpouching of an artery. At the neck of the aneurysm, the muscular wall and intimal elastic lamina stop short and are absent from the aneurysm sac itself; the sac is made up of thickened hyalinized intima. The adventitia covering the sac is continuous with that of the parent artery

Saccular (berry) aneurysm(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 866

Aneurysms which are spherical outpouchings, involving only a portion of the vessel wall, varying in size from 5-20cm in diameter and often contain thrombi.

Saccular aneurysms(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 357

Most common germ cell tumors of childhood,associated with meningocoele and spina bifida.

Sacrococcygeal teratomas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.268

A thrombus that lodges astride a pulmonary artery bifurcation, which causes pulmonary hypertension, which can lead to hypoxia and cor pulmonale.

Saddle embolus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 505

Embolus occluding a bifurcation in the pulmonary tree.

Saddle embolus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.99

Manifested by headache, dizziness, tinnitus, difficulty of hearing, mental confusion, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, with CNS changes that can progress to convulsions and coma.

Salicylism(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 294

Individuals with sickle cell disease are prone to developing osteomyelitis and suppurative arthritis caused by this agent.

Salmonella(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p824

Noncaseating granulomas with abundant activated macrophages

Sarcoidosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.56

A variety of tumor and tumor like conditions develop in pagetic bone. However, what is the most dreaded complication of this condition?

Sarcoma (Osteosarcoma > Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma, or chondrosarcoma) (TOPNOTCH)

A soft polypoid mass, which is a rare form of primary vaginal cancer. Usually encountered in infants and children less than 5 y/o.

Sarcoma botryoides (embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma)(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 716

Soft tissue tumor which presents as soft, gelatinous, grapelike masses on the surfaces of the bladder or vagina.

Sarcoma botryoides(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p830

Malignant neoplasms arising in mesenchymal tissue or its derivatives.

Sarcomas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.175

Migration and proliferation of fibroblasts with deposition of ECM.

Scar formation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.72

What do you call the structures resembling endodermal sinuses that may be seen in Yolk Sac Tumor?

Schiller Duval Bodies (TOPNOTCH)

Structures resembling primitive glomeruli, seen in yolk sac tumors.

Schiller-Duval bodies(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 692

Protozoa associated with increased risk of bladder carcinoma.

Schistosoma haematobium(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 576

These are benign tumors arising from Schwann cells, which are well-circumscribed encapsulated, firm, gray masses but may also have areas of cystic and xanthomatous change.

Schwannomas (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 899

These lesions are characterized by proliferation of lining epithelial cells and myoepithelial cells in small ducts and ductules, yielding masses of small gland patterns within a fibrous stroma. The acini are arranged in a swirling pattern, and the outer border is usually well circumscribed.

Sclerosing Adenosis (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 741

Morphology: terminal duct lobular unit is enlarged, and the acini are compressed and distorted within the lumens. Calcifications are often present within the lumens.

Sclerosing adenosis(TOPNOTCH)

What do you call the morphologic variant of osteomyelitis that typically develops in the jaw and is associated with extensive new bone formation that obscures much of the underlying osseous structures?

Sclerosing osteomyelitis of Garre (TOPNOTCH)

TB lymphadenitis of the cervical LN.

Scrofula(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 521

These are rare tumors that primarily occur in the head and neck region of older individuals. They usually present as flesh-colored papules and can be a marker for an internal malignancy.

Sebaceous Adenoma (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 849

Morphology: proliferations of basaloid cells with formation of prominent keratin filled "horn" cysts

Seborrheic keratosis (TOPNOTCH)

These common epidermal tumors occur most frequently in middle-aged or older individuals. The lesions consist of an orderly proliferation of uniform, benign basaloid keratinocytes with a tendency to form keratin microcysts (horn cysts), which has a "stuck-on" appearance on the skin.

Seborrheic keratosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 849

These burns are pink or mottled with blisters and are painful.

Second degree burn (partial thickness)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 298

The adrenals are reduced to small, flattened structures that usually retain their yellow color because of a small amount of residual lipid. Histologically, there is atrophy of cortical cells with loss of cytoplasmic lipid, particularly in the zonae fasciculata and reticularis, due to decreased ACTH stimulation.

Secondary hypoadrenalism (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 795

Malnutrition caused by malabsorption, impaired nutrient utilization or storage, excess losses or increased nutrient needs.

Secondary or conditioned malnutrition(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 304

Pattern of disease that arises in previously sensitized host to M. tuberculosis.

Secondary or reactivation TB(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 520

Polycythemia secondary to increased erythropoeitin levels due to lung disease, high-altitude living, cyanotic heart disease and EPO secreting tumors.

Secondary polycythemia (Absolute)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 441

Clinical features of this disease reflect the underlying disease, with accentuation of respiratory insufficiency and right-sided heart strain.

Secondary pulmonary hypertension(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 507

Both nontreponemal and antitreponemal antibody tests are strongly positive in virtually all cases of this stage of syphilis.

Secondary syphilis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 702

Methods of dissemination of malignant neoplasms? (3)

SeedingLymphatic spreadHematogenous spread(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.180

This general reaction of the motor unit occurs when there is dysfunction of the Schwann cell or damage to the myeling sheath; there is no primary abnormality of the axon

Segmental demyelination (TOPNOTCH)

State the molecule in the endothelium responsible for this stage of vascular inflammatory response:Rolling

Selectins(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.36

Composed of sheets of large, uniform cells with distinct cell borders, clear, glycogen-rich cytoplasm, and round nuclei with conspicuous nucleoli. The cells are often arrayed in small lobules with intervening fibrous septa.

Seminomas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 691

Morphology: reveals large cells with distinct cell borders, pale nuclei, clear or watery appearing cytoplasm, prominent nucleoli, and a sparse lymphocytic infiltrate

Seminona (TOPNOTCH)

It is defined as the first lymph node in a regional lymphatic basin that receives lymph flow from a primary tumor.

Sentinel lymph node(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.180

This occurs when bacterial vegetations from a heart valve embolize or when microbes seed an area of necrotic tissue.

Septic infarct(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.101

This type of shock is caused by microbial infection, caused by gram negative and gram positive bacteria and fungi

Septic shock(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.102

This refers to multiple congenital anomalies that result from secondary effects of a single localized aberration in organogenesis. The initiating event may be a malformation, deformation or disruption.

Sequence(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.254

What do you call a dead piece of bone?

Sequestrum (TOPNOTCH)

What do you call the dead entrapped bone seen in infected sites of bones affected with osteomyelitis?

Sequestrum(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p809

SOAP BRAIN MD mnemonic for SLE stands for?

SerositisOral ulcersArthritisPhotosensitivityBloodRenal disorderANA positiveImmunologic disorderNeurologic disorderMalar rashDiscoid rash(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.140

Vasoactive amines that are preformed molecules in secretory granules of mast cells, basophils and platelets.

Serotonin, Histamine(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.46

Type of endometrial carcinoma which occurs in older women and is usually associated with endometrial atrophy.

Serous carcinoma(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 727

Type of acute inflammation characterized by the outpouring of watery, relatively protein-poor fluid derived from the serum or endothelial lining of peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities.

Serous inflammation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.43

Benign lesion of the ovary most commonly seen in women 30-40 years old. Most frequent of the ovarian tumors. Serosal covering is smooth and glistening. Characterized histologically by tall, columnar epithelium and the presence of Psammoma bodies.

Serous tumor of the ovary(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 730

Morphology: tumor cells are arranged in distinctive trabeculae with a tendency to form cordlike structures resembling immature seminiferous tubules

Sertoli Cell Tumors or Androblastoma (TOPNOTCH)

Reactivation of varicella in adults manifests as a painful, vesicular skin eruption in the distribution of one or a few dermatomes.

Shingles / Herpes Zoster(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 876

It is the final common pathway for severe hemorrhage, extensive trauma, burns, large MI, pulmonary embolism and sepsis.

Shock(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.102

An abnormal communication between chambers of the heart or blood vessels.

Shunt(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 383

Inflammation of the salivary glands.

Sialadenitis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 583

State the lymphocytic adhesion molecule counterpart of the following endothelial receptors:E-Selectin

Sialyl-Lewis X modified glycoprotein(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.36

State the lymphocytic adhesion molecule counterpart of the following endothelial receptors:P-Selectin

Sialyl-Lewis X-Modified glycoprotein(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.36

Bizarre, elongated, spindled or boat-shaped cells on PBS.

Sickel cell anemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 427

This results from substitution of valine for glutamic acid at the 6th position of the B-chain, producing HbS.

Sickle cell anemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 426

Prominent cheekbones and changes in skull resembling a "crew-cut" skull x-ray.

Sickle cell anemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 427

Condition caused by deletion of 1 alpha globin gene.

Silent carrier(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 431

A point mutation wherein a single base pair is replaced but codes for the same amino acid, therefore has no effect on the functioning of the protein.

Silent mutation(TOPNOTCH)

Multifocal, bilateral blue-brown cysts ("blue dome cysts") of the breast, measuring 1-5 cm diameter, filled with serous turbid fluid. Occurs normally in the menstrual cycle.

Simple fibrocystic change of the breast(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 739

Innocuous lesions of the kidney, 1-5cm in diameter, translucent, lined by a gray, glistening, smooth membrane, filled with clear fluid. Composed of a single layer of cuboidal or flattened cuboidal epithelium, usually confined to the cortex.

Simple renal cyst(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 569

Macrophages in the spleen and lymph nodes

Sinus histiocytes(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.54

Fragile neoplastic lymphocytes that are frequently disrupted during smear preparation.

Smudge cells(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 450

Syndrome of DM, cholelithiasis, steatorrhea, and hypochlorhydria is seen in what tumor?

Somatostatinoma or delta cell tumor (TOPNOTCH)

A syndrome of sudden, deep intracerebral hemorrhage that follows even minor head trauma by an interval of 1-2 weeks

Spat-apoplexie (Delayed post traumatic haemorrhage) (TOPNOTCH)

Structural proteins that are defective in hereditary spherocytosis.

Spectrin and ankyrin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 425

These tumors contain a mixture of medium-sized cells, large uninucleate or multinucleate tumor cells, and small cells with round nuclei that are reminiscent of secondary spermatocytes.

Spermatocytic seminoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 691

Cells of theses tissues are quiescent and have only minimal replicative activity in their normal state. Capable of proliferating in response to injury or loss of tissue mass.

Stable tissues(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.61

Labile, stable or permanent tissues:Endothelium

Stable(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.61

Labile, stable or permanent tissues:Liver parenchyma

Stable(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.61

This non-neoplastic vascular lesion grossly resembles a spider. There is radial, often pulsatile array of dilated subcutaneous arteries or arterioles about a central core, that blanches when pressure is applied to its center.

Spider telangiectasia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 374

Morphology: Panfascicular atrophy

Spinal Muscular Atrophy (Infantile Motor Neuron Disease (TOPNOTCH)

What is the most common site of tuberculous osteomyelitis?

Spine (thoracic and lumbar) > knees and hips (TOPNOTCH)

A characteristic feature of aldesterone-producing adenomas which is the presence of eosinophilic, laminated cytoplasmic inclusions. These are typically found after treatment with the anti-hypertensive drug which is the DOC for primary hyperaldosteronism.

Spironolactone bodies(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 792

What area of the GIT is at greatest risk of ischemic injury?

Splenic flexure(TOPNOTCH)

This is the mode of dissemination of cancers of the ovary and CNS.

Spread by seeding(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.180

About 1% of the dermoids undergo malignant transformation of any one of the component elements present, but most commonly, they differentiate into what type of carcinoma?

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (TOPNOTCH)

What type of bladder cancer is associated with long standing schistosomiasis?

Squamous cell carcinoma (TOPNOTCH)

A common tumor arising on sun-exposed sites in older people, with higher incidence in women. Arise from prior actinic keratoses. Characterized by highly anaplastic, rounded cells with foci of necrosis and only abortive, single-cell keratinization (dyskeratosis).

Squamous cell carcinoma (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 851

Appears as a gray, crusted, papular lesion, most commonly on the glans penis or prepuce, which infiltrates the underlying connective tissue to produce an indurated, ulcerated lesion with irregular margins.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 689

Carcinoma of squamous cell origin.

Squamous cell carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)

Carcinoma of squamous cell origin.

Squamous cell carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.176

Hypercalcemia due to excessive production of PTH related protein is usually seen in patients with this type of lung carcinoma.

Squamous cell carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 532

Types of lung cancer with strongest association with tobacco exposure.

Squamous cell carcinomaSmall-cell carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 530

Episodic chest pain associated with exertion or some other form of increased myocardial oxygen demand. Pain described as crushing or squeezing substernal sensation which can radiate to left arm. Relieved by rest or vasodilators.

Stable angina(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 390

Labile, stable or permanent tissues:Smooth muscle cells

Stable(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.61

Tumor of the ovary composed entirely of mature thyroid tissue. May hyperfunction and produce hyperthyroidism. Appear as small, solid, unilateral brown ovarian masses

Struma ovarii (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 733

Kidney stones occuring in patients with alkaline urine due to UTI, particularly Proteus vulgaris and Staphylococci.

Struvite stones(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 572

Believed to be caused by a viral infection or a postviral inflammatory process, this lesion of the thyroid gland is characterized by unilateral or bilateral enlargement of the thyroid, with disruption of thyroid follicles. Extravasation of colloid leads to a granulomatous reaction. Healing occurs by resolution of inflammation and fibrosis.

Subacute Granulomatous (de Quervain) Thyroiditis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 762

Endocarditis affecting previously damaged or abnormal valves, commonly caused by viridans Streptococci.

Subacute bacterial endocarditis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 406

Morphology: lymphocytic infiltration with hyperplastic germinal centers within the thyroid parenchyma and patch disruption and collapse of thyroid follicles

Subacute lymphocytic or Painless thyroiditis (TOPNOTCH)

Morphology: lymphocytic infiltration with hyperplastic germinal centers within the thyroid parenchyma and patch disruption and collapse of thyroid follicles. Fibrosis and Hurthle cells are not commonly seen

Subacute lymphocytic or painless thyroiditis (TOPNOTCH)

Morphology: thyroid parenchyma contains a chronic inflammatory infiltrate with multinucleate giant cells enclosing naked pools and fragments of colloid

Subacute or granulomatous thyroiditis (TOPNOTCH)

Patients with this type of intracranial hemorrhage complains of having "the worst headache I've ever had"/ thunderclap headache.

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 866

This ccurs when unilateral or asymmetric expansion of a cerebral hemisphere displaces the cingulate gyrus under the edge of falx. This may be associated with compression of branches of the anterior cerebral artery.

Subfalcine (cingulate) herniation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 862

What is the xray pattern that is virtually diagnostic of hyperparathyroidism?

Subperiosteal resorption producing thinned cortices in the middle phalanges of the index and middle finger and loss of the lamina dura around the teeth (TOPNOTCH)

This can result from a lethal arrythmia following myocardial ischemia.

Sudden Cardiac Death(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 388

Defined as the sudden death of an infant under 1 year of age which remains unexplained after a thorough investigation.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome / SIDS(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.260

Multiple petechiae of the thymus, visceral and parietal pleura and epicardium, congested lungs with vascular engorgement with or without pulmonary edema.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.260

Appears to play an important role in the development of skin malignant melanoma

Sunlight (TOPNOTCH)

Bacterial toxins with the capacity to stimulate large populations of T lymphocytes, functionally resulting in a "cytokine storm".

Superantigens(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 334

Most common site of venous thrombosis.

Superficial or deep veins of the leg(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.97

Most common blood vessels involved in development of varicose veins.

Superficial veins of the upper and lower leg(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 370

This type of inflammation is manifested by the presence of large amounts of purulent exudate consisting of neutrophils, necrotic cells, and edema fluid.

Suppurative (purulent) inflammation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.44

Inadvertent removal of parathyroids during thyroidectomy.

Surgical ablation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 775

What is the most common type of peripheral neuropathy seen in adult-onset DM?

Symmetric neuropathy that involves distal sensory and motor nerves (TOPNOTCH)

Morphology: histological hallmark is the dual line of differentiation of tumor cells, epithelial like cells and spindle cells

Synovial Sarcoma (TOPNOTCH)

A chronic venereal infection caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum, whose fundamental microscopic lesion is a proliferative endarteritis and an accompanying inflammatory infiltrate rich in plasma cells.

Syphilis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 702

Small blood vessels and vasa vasorum show luminal narrowing and obliteration (obliterative endarteritis), scarring of the vessel wall and a dense surrounding rim of lymphocytes and plasma cells that may extend into the media. Characteristic of the tertiary stage of syphilis.

Syphilitic aortitis(TOPNOTCHRobbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 359

A multisystem autoimmune disease which principally affects the skin, kidneys, serosal membranes, joints and heart. Associated with autoantibodies including ANAs.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.139

What is the most common primary source of gastric metastasis?

Systemic lymphoma(TOPNOTCH)

Characterized by progressive fibrosis involving the skin, GIT and other tissues. May be a result of activation of fibroblasts by cytokines produced by T cells.

Systemic sclerosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.149

Emboli in the arterial circulation.

Systemic thromboembolism(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.99

In this disease the left ventricle may exceed 2.0cm in thickness and the heartvmay weigh >500 grams. Microscopically, myocyte diameter increases, associated with irregular nuclear enlargement and hyperchromasia ("box-car nuclei"), and increased interstitial fibrosis.

Sytemic Hypertensive heart disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 399

On histological examination of the cervix, epithelial spongiosis is associated with what type of infection?

T. vaginal infection (TOPNOTCH)

A form of neurosyphilis, resulting from damage to the sensory nerves in the dorsal roots producing impaired joint position sense and resultant ataxia, loss of pain sensation, leading to skin and "Charcot joints". There is loss of both axons and myelin in the dorsal roots, with pallor and atrophy in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord.

Tabes dorsalis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 875

Diagnostic cell in rhabdomyosarcoma, characterized as round or elongated cells that may contain cross-striations visible by light microscopy.

Tadpole or strap cells(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p831

Granulomatous inflammation usually occuring in patients younger than 50 years old. Classically involves the aortic arch, with intimal hyperplasia and irregular thickening of the vessel wall. Origin of great vessels are obliterated causing weakness of peripheral pulses.

Takayasu arteritis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 364

Morphology: Variant of papillary carcinos ma that is marked with tall columnar cells with intensely eosinophilic cytoplasm lining the papillary structures. The cells are at least twice as tall as they are wide.

Tall cell variant (TOPNOTCH)

Red cells with a central, dark-red puddle due to collection of hemoglobin.

Target cells(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 430

Lysosomal storage disease common among Ashkenazi Jews characterized by motor weakness, mental retardation, blindness, neurologic dysfunction and death.

Tay-Sachs disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.236

Lysosomal storage disease due to deficiency of B-Hexosaminidase A.

Tay-Sachs disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.236

Criteria for SIRS.

Temp 38 CelciusHR >90 bpmRR >20 or PaCO2 12,000 cells/mm3 or 10% bands(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.103

Morphology: disorganized collection of lands, cartilage, smooth muscle, and immature stroma

Teratoma of the testes (TOPNOTCH)

Tissues from all three germ-cell layers with varying degrees of differentiation

Teratomas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 692

What is the most common form of testicular neoplasm in men over the age of 60?

Testicular Lymphoma (TOPNOTCH)

Most important cause of firm, painless enlargement of the testis.

Testicular neoplasms(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 690

What is the hallmark of hypocalcemia?

Tetany (TOPNOTCH)

The most common cause of cyanotic congenital heart disease. Heart is large and "boot shaped" as a result of right ventricular hypertrophy.

Tetralogy of Fallot(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 385

Most common type of collagen found in glomerular basement membrane.

Type IV(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 543

What is the most important prognostic indicator of colorectal carcinoma?

The extent of the tumor at the time of diagnosis or the stage(TOPNOTCH)

What is the primary characteristic of osteosarcoma?

The formation of bone by the tumor cells (TOPNOTCH)

This contirbutes to arterial and cardic thrombisis by causing endothelial injury or dysfunction as well as formation of countercurrents and local pockets of stasis.

Turbulence(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.94

In albinism, melanocytes are present but melanin pigment is not produced due to what enzyme deficiency or defect?

Tyrosinase (TOPNOTCH)

Sex cord tumor characterized by solid gray fibrous cells to yellow (lipid-laden) plump thecal cells. Most hormonally inactive.

Thecoma-fibroma tumor(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 732

Antidote for mercury poisoning.

Thimerosal(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 285

Syndrome which results from the partial or complete monosomy of the short arm of the X chromosome.

Turner syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.247

Characterized by sharply segmental avute and chronic vasculitis of medium sized and small arteries, predominantly of the extremities. There is acute and chronic inflammation accompanied by luminal thrombosis, containing microabscess composed of neutrophils surrounded by granulomatous inflammation. Stromg relationship with cigarette smoking.

Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger disease)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 368

Characterized by spontaneous bleeding, prolonged bleeding time, and normal PT and PTT.

Thrombocytopenia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 471

It is a membrane-bound procoagulant glycoprotein synthesized by endothelium, which becomes exposed at the site of injury.

Thromboplastin/Factor III(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.88

Pathologic form of hemostasis.

Thrombosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.86

Characterized by widespread thrombosis and presence of fibrin thrombi in glomeruli and small vessels resulting in acute renal failure. Consequence of childhood HUS and TTP.

Thrombotic microangiopathies(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 568

Associated with pentad of fever, thrombocytopenia, microangipathic hemolytic anemia, transient neurologic deficits and renal failure.

Thrombotic thrombocytic purpura(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 472

Caused by deficiency of ADAMTS13, a vWF metalloprotease.

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 472

How does ionizing radiation cause cancer?

Through chromosome breakage, translocations and point mutations leading to genetic damage and carcinogenesis.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.210

Tumor of the thymus associated with myastheni gravis and pure red cell aplasia.

Thymoma(TOPNOTCH)

What is the most common clinically significant congenital anomaly of the thyroid?

Thyroglossal duct or cyst (TOPNOTCH)

A solitary, spherical lesion that compresses the adjacent non-neoplastic thyroid. Neoplastic cells are demarcated from the adjacent parenchyma by a well-defined, intact capsule, which is a hallmark of this tumor.

Thyroid adenoma (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 766

Components of MEN2B?

Thyroid: Medullary carcinomaAdrenal medulla: pheochromocytomaExtraendocrine manifestations: ganglioneuromas of mucosal sites (gastrointestinal tract, lips, tongue) and marfanoid habitus (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 799

Components of MEN2A?

Thyroid: Medullary carcinomaAdrenal medulla: pheochromocytomasParathyroid: parathyroid gland hyperplasia (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 799

This can present as either acute or chronic proximal muscle weakness, and can precede the onset of other signs of thyroid dysfunction. Findings include myofiber necrosis, regeneration, and interstitial lymphocytes.

Thyrotoxic myopathy (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p830

Most important initiator of the coagulation cascade.

Tissue factor(TOPNOTCH)

A protein found on endothelial cells involved in the breakdown of blood clots which catalyzes conversion of plasminogen to plasmin.

Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and Urokinase(TOPNOTCH)

This refers to displacement of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum. This pattern of herniation is life-threatening, because it causes brain stem compression and compromises vital respiratory and cardiac centers in the medulla.

Tonsillar herniation (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 862

Pathognomonic hallmark of gout

Tophi (TOPNOTCH)

Formed by large aggregations of urate crystals surrounded by an intense inflammatory reaction of lymphocytes, macrophages, and foreign-body giant cells, attempting to engulf the masses of crystals. Pathognomonic feature of gout.

Tophi (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology,8th ed., p821

Type of collagen found in basement membrane

Type IV collagen(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.67

ATN morphology: manifested by acute tubular injury with non specific tubular necrosis

Toxic ATN (TOPNOTCH)

ATN characterized by necrosis and injury of the PCT with sparing of the tubular membranes.

Toxic ATN(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 566

A superantigen secreted by S. aureus which causes inflammation, fever and shock. Found in the vagina of menstruating women.

Toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 334

Protozoan acquired either by contact with oocyte-shedding kittens or by consumption of cyst-ridden undercooked meat.

Toxoplasma gondii(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 325

Most common secondary infection of the CNS in patients with AIDS.

Toxoplasmosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.163

Nodular hyperplasia of the prostate originates almost exclusively in what zone of the gland?

Transition zone (TOPNOTCH)

An example of point mutation wherein a purine base is replaced by another purine base or a pyrimidine base is replaced by another pyrimidine base.

Transition(TOPNOTCH)

This mechanism implies transfer of a part of one chromosome to another chromosome.

Translocation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.243

Ischemic lesion of the intestines involving all of the visceral layers.

Transmural infarct(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 601

Infarct involving >= 50% of the myocardial wall thickness.

Transmural infarcts(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 391

It is a discordant connection of the ventricles to their vascular outflow. The defect is an abnormal formation of the truncal and aortopulmonary septa. Right ventricular hypertrophy becomes prominent, while the left ventricle becomes somewhat atrophic.

Transposition of the Great Arteries(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 386

This occurs when the medial aspect of the temporal lobe is compressed against the free margin of the tentorium. As the temporal lobe is displaced, the third cranial nerve is compromised, resulting in pupillary dilation and impairment of ocular movements on the side of the lesion ("blown pupil").

Transtentorial (uncinate) herniation (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 862

An ultrafiltrate of blood which contains little protein. Results from arteriolar vasodilation and increased blood flow.

Transudate(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.34

The edema fluid occuring with volume or pressure overload or under conditions of reduced plasma protein.

Transudate(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.82

A point mutation wherein a purine is replaced by a pyrimidine or vice versa.

Transversion(TOPNOTCH)

The lesion is small, often tender, rarely more than 2 cm in diameter, and sharply localized, with a central focus of necrotic fat cells surrounded by neutrophils and lipid-filled macrophages. Caused by some antecedent trauma to the breast.

Traumatic fat necrosis (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 742

Sexually transmitted protozoan that can colonize the vagina and male urethra.

Trichimonas vaginalis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 325

These mutations are characterized by amplification of a sequence of three nucleotides.

Trinucleotide repeat mutations(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.227

Urolithiasis: associated with urea-splitting bacteria

Triple stones/ struvite stones/ Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate stones (TOPNOTCH)

Urolithiasis: staghorn calculi

Triple stones/ struvite stones/ Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate stones (TOPNOTCH)

Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Inflammatory bowel disease

Type IV(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120

Down syndrome is also called _________

Trisomy 21(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.245

This refers to the presence of three copies of a particular chromosome, instead of two.

Trisomy(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.244

Cardiac enzymes that become detectable 2-4 hours post-infarct peaks at 48 hours and remains elevated for 7-10 days.

Troponin I and Troponin T(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 395

Aneurysm which involves all three layers of the arterial wall, or the attenuated wall of the heart.

True aneurysm(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 357

True or False. Gallstones are seen in 60%-90% of Carcinoma of the Gallbladder.

True(TOPNOTCH)

True or false: Complete restoration can occur only in tissues composed of stable and labile cells.

True(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.77

True or false:Therapeutic administration of fibrinolytic agents is generally effective only within a few hours of thrombus formation.

True(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.97

Causative agent for Chagas disease.

Trypanosoma cruzi(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 585

Presents with generalized symptoms of headache, malaise, mental confusion, and vomiting. The subarachnoid space contains a gelatinous or fibrinous exudate, most often at the base of the brain, obliterating the cisterns and encasing cranial nerves. There may be discrete white granules scattered over the leptomeninges. Obliterative endarteritis may be seen.

Tuberculous meningitis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 874

An autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by the development of hamartomas and benign neoplasms involving the brain and other tissues. The lesions are firm areas of the cortex that, in contrast to the softer adjacent cortex, have been likened to potatoes, hence the appellation "tubers."

Tuberous Sclerosis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 901

Most common type of intestinal adenoma, which are tubular glands with slender stalks and raspberry-like heads composed pf neoplastic epithelium forming branching glands lined by tall, hyperchromatic cells.

Tubular adenomas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 618

Usually present as irregular mammographic densities. Microscopically, the carcinomas consist of well-formed tubules with low-grade nuclei. Lymph node metastases are rare, and prognosis is excellent.

Tubular carcinomas (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 747

Composed of broad mix of tubular and villous areas, an intermediated between tubular and villous lesions.

Tubulovillous adenomas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 618

Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Multiple sclerosis

Type IV(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120

This autosomal dominant disorder is characterized by neurofibromas (plexiform and solitary), gliomas of the optic nerve, pigmented nodules of the iris (Lisch nodules), and cutaneous hyperpigmented macules (café au lait spots).

Type 1 Neurofibromatosis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 901

An autoimmune disease characterized by progressive destruction of islet β cells, leading to absolute insulin deficiency.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 781

This is an autosomal dominant disorder in which patients develop a range of tumors, most commonly bilateral vestibular (acoustic) schwannomas and multiple meningiomas.

Type 2 Neurofibromatosis (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 901

Caused by a combination of peripheral resistance to insulin action and an inadequate compensatory response of insulin secretion by the pancreatic β cells.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 781

Classification of aortic dissection involving either them ascending aorta only or both the ascending and descending aorta.

Type A dissections (proximal) Type I DeBakey - ascending aorta only Type II DeBakey - ascending and descending aorta(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 361

Classification of aortic dissections involving the descending aorta only, usually distal to the subclavian artery.

Type B dissection / type III DeBakey(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 361

Results from activation of TH2 CD4+ helper T cells by environmental antigens, leading to the production of IgE antibodies, which become attached to mast cells.

Type I Hypersensitivity (immediate)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120

Characterized by discrete SUBENDOTHELIAL electron-dense deposits in irregular granular pattern.

Type I MPGN(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 553

Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Allergies

Type I(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120

Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Anaphylaxis

Type I(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120

Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Bronchial asthma

Type I(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120

Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Insulin resistant DM

Type II (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120

Caused by antibodies that bind to fixed tissue or cell surface antigens and promote phagocytosis and destruction of the coated cells or trigger pathologic inflammation in tissues.

Type II Hypersensitivity (Antibody-mediated)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120

MPGN wherein the lamina densa and the SUBENDOTHELIAL space of the GBM are transformed into an irregular, ribbon-like extremely electron dense structure.

Type II MPGN(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 554

Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Acute rheumatic fever

Type II(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120

Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Type II(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120

Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Goodpasture syndrome

Type II(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120

Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Graves disease

Type II(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120

Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Myasthenia gravis

Type II(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120

Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Pernicious anemia

Type II(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120

Caused by antibodies binding to antigens to form complexes that circulate and may deposit in vascular beds and stimulate inflammation, secondary to complement activation.

Type III Hypersensitivity (immune complex mediated)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120

Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Arthus reaction

Type III(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120

Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Polyarteritis nodosa

Type III(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120

Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Poststreptococcal glumerulonephritis

Type III(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120

Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Reactive arthritis

Type III(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120

Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:SLE

Type III(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120

Indicate type of hypersensitivity reaction:Serum sickness

Type III(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120

Cell-mediated immune responses in which T lymphocytes cause tissue injury, either by producing cytokines that induce inflammation and activate macrophages, or by directly killing cells.

Type IV Hypersensitivity (T-cell mediated/Delayed)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.120

Type of collagen found in basement membrane

Type IV collagen(TOPNOTCH)

This cytokine increases vascular permeability and is mitogenic for endothelial cells.

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.71

Initial vascular response to injury?

Vasoconstriction.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.33

This occurs when the integrity of the normal blood-brain barrier is disrupted. With increased vascular permeability, fluid shifts from the vascular compartment into the intercellular spaces of the brain.

Vasogenic edema (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 861

Thrombi on heart valves.

Vegetations(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.96

Syndrome characterized by congenital heart disease affecting outflow tracts, facial dysmorphism and developmenta delay.

Velocardiofacial syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.245

A type of vascular malformation which are characterized by of ectatic venous channels.

Venous angiomas (varices) (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 868

Incomplete closure of the ventricular septum leading to left-to-right shunting. The right ventricle is hypertrophied and often dilated. Diameter of pulmonary artery is increased because of the increased volume by the right ventricle.

Ventricular Septal Defect(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 385

A late complication of MI, most commonly results from a large transmural anteroseptal infarct that heals with formation of a thin scar tissue.

Ventricular aneurysm(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 397

Most frequent site of oral cavity carcinomas.

Vermillion border of the lateral margins of the lower lip(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 582

These warts are common on the face or dorsal surfaces of the hands. These warts are flat, smooth, tan macules.

Verruca plana/flat wart(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 844

The most common type of wart. Occurs anywhere but are found most frequently on the hands, particularly on the dorsal surfaces and periungual areas, where they appear as gray-white to tan, flat to convex, 0.1- to 1-cm papules with a rough, pebble-like surface.

Verruca vulgaris(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 844

Common lesions of children and adolescents, caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). Histologic features include epidermal hyperplasia that is often undulant in character, and cytoplasmic vacuolization (koilocytosis).

Verrucae (warts)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 843

A variant of squamous cell carcinoma characterized by a papillary architecture, less striking cytologic atypia, and rounded, pushing deep margins.

Verrucous carcinoma (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 689

Oral lesion showing a corrugated surface caused by excessive hyperkeratosis. Recurring and spreads insiduously, resulting in a warty-type lesion.

Verrucous leukoplakia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 582

What factor is the most important in the determining the biological behavior of malignant melanoma? Vertical or Radial growth?

Vertical growth (TOPNOTCH)

Placentofetal route as a mode of transmission is also referred to as ________.

Vertical transmission(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 329

The craniopharyngomas are thought to arise from what structure?

Vestigial remnants of Rathke pouch (TOPNOTCH)

Morphology: a type of adenoma that has frondlike villiform extensions of the mucosa, covered by dysplastic, sometimes very disorderly columnar epithelium

Villous adenomas(TOPNOTCH)

Larger, more ominous intestinal epithelial polyp. Tends to occur in older persons at the rectum or rectosigmoid. Sessile, velvety and cauliflower-like mass projecting 1-3cm above the surrounding mucosa. Frondlike villiform extensions covered by dysplastic columnar epithelium.

Villous adenomas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 618

This substance is a refrigerant and used as adhesive for plastics, which causes hepatic angiosarcoma.

Vinyl chloride(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.183

Morphology: small intestinal mucosa usually exhibits modestly shortened villi and infiltration of the lamina propria by lymphocytes

Viral gastroenteritis(TOPNOTCH)

H. pylori infection in duodenal ulcers is present in about how many percent of patients?

Virtually ALL (70% in patients with gastric ulcer(TOPNOTCH)

The ability of bacteria to cause disease.

Virulence(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 331

Deficiency of this vitamin causes night blindness, xerophthalmia, keratomalacia, Bitot spots and eventually corneal ulceration.

Vitamin A(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 307

Symptoms of cheilosis, stomatitis, glossitis, dermatitis and corneal vascularization results from deficiency of this vitamin.

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 314

Symptoms of cheilosis, glossitis, dermatitis, and peripheral neuropathy.

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 314These agents cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Prions(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 321

Deficieny of this vitamin causes impaired collagen formation, leading to gum bleeding, easy bruisability, and impaired wound healing.

Vitamin C (Scurvy)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 312

Q: + for melanocyte-associated proteins such as tyrosinase or Melan-A or S

Vitiligo (TOPNOTCH)

Smoothe, hemispherical protrusions located on the true vocal cords, composed of fibrous tissue and covered by stratified squamous mucosa.

Vocal cord nodules(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 537

Refers to twisting of a loop of bowel or other structure about its base of attachment, constricting venous outflow and sometimes the arterial supply.

Volvulus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 604

Deficiency of Factor VIII.

Von Willebrand Disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.88

Associated with inactivation of the WT1 gene of chromosome 11p13.

WAGR syndrome and Denys-Drash syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.272A gas formed by sunlight-driven reactions involving nitrogen oxides. Together with oxides and fine particulate matter, it forms "smog". Ozone(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 282

Hemolysis caused by IgG or IgA antiodies that are active at 37 degC, which results in opsonization of red cells by the autoantibodies.

Warm antibody immunohemolytic anemia(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 433

Morphology: the adrenals are grossly hemorrhagic and shrunken with little residual cortical architecture discernable

Waterhouse Friederichsen Syndrome (TOPNOTCH)

A diverticulum of the mucosa of the pharynx just above the cricopharyngeal muscle.

Zenker's diverticulum(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 586

Acute adrenal insufficiency caused by severe bilateral adrenal hemorrhage in an infant with overwhelming sepsis. The adrenals are grossly hemorrhagic and shrunken; microscopically, little residual cortical architecture is discernible

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 794

Granulomatous inflammation involving the respiratory tract and necrotizing vasculitis affecting small vessels, including cresencteric glomerulonephritis. Associated with c-ANCA.

Wegener granulomatosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p. 367

What is the hallmark of all follicular adenomas?

Well formed capsule encircling the tumor. So, careful evaluation of the integrity of the capsule is therefore critical in distinguishing follicular adenomas from follicular carcinomas which demostrate capsular and or vascular invasion (TOPNOTCH)

This condition occurs in the setting of thiamine deficiency and chronic alcoholism. Characterized by foci of hemorrhage and necrosis, particularly in the mammillary bodies but also adjacent to the ventricle, especially the third and fourth ventricles.

Wernicke encephalopathy(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 890

Intestinal lipodystrophy is associated with what disease entity?

Whipple disase(TOPNOTCH)

Morphology: small intestinal mucosa laden with distended macrophages in the lamina propria which are PAS positive and contains numerous bacilli and diastase resistant granules

Whipple disease(TOPNOTCH)

White or red infarct?Myocardial infarction

White infarct(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.100

White or red infarction?Splenic infact

White infarct(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.100

White or red infarction?Wedge infarct

White infarct(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.100

Most common primary tumor of the kidney in children.

Wilm's tumor / Nephroblastoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.271

Microscopically, a combination of blastemal, stromal and epithelial cell types is observed. (Triphasic combination) Blastemal components described as sheets of small blue cells with few distinctive features. Stromal cells are fibrocytic or myxoid in nature. Epithelial cells take the form of abortive tubules or glomeruli.

Wilm's tumor(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.272

Presents grossly as a large, solitary, well-circumscribed mass. On cut-section, tumor is soft, homogenous, and tan to gray, with occasional foci of hemorrhage, cystic degeneration and necrosis.

Wilm's tumor(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.272

Components of the WAGR syndrome.

Wilm's tumorAniridiaGenital abnormalitiesMental retardation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.272

Excessive copper deposition in the liver causing hepatic changes ranging from mild fatty change to massive liver necrosis. In the brain, injury affects the basal ganglia, demonstrating atrophy and cavitation. Kayser-Fleischer rings are characteristic.

Wilson disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed, p655

An X-linked recessive disease characterized by thrombocytopenia, eczema, and marked vulnerability to recurrent infection ending in early death.

Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.155

One of the more common forms of primary immune deficiency characterized by absent or markedly decreased numbers of B-cells in the circulation, with depressed serum levels of all classes if immunoglobulin.

X-linked agammaglobulinemia (Bruton disease)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.152

Pattern of inheritance wherein the disorder is transmitted by heterozygous female carriers only to 50% of the sons. An affected male does not transmit the disorder to sons but all daughters are carriers.

X-linked disorders(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.229

Gross morphology: GB is shrunken, nodular, and chronically inflamed with foci of necrosis and hemorrhage

Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis(TOPNOTCH)

Presence of cholesterol-filled macrophages in subepithelial connective tissue of skin or tendons.

Xanthomas(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed. p.24

Low cuboidal to columnar epithelial cells forming microcysts, sheets, glands, and papillae, often associated with eosinophilic hyaline globules. (+) Schiller-Duval bodies

Yolk sac tumors/endodermal sinus tumors(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 692

Most common primary testicular neoplasm in children younger than 3 years of age.

Yolk sac tumors/endodermal sinus tumors(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 692

At least how many percent of the liver must be damaged before hepatic failure ensues?

at least 80%(TOPNOTCH)

The principal mammographic signs of breast carcinoma

densities and calfications (TOPNOTCH)

HIV viral surface proteins essential for viral entry into cells.

gp41 and gp120(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.157

When all the epidermal nests of compound nevi are lost entirely they form what

intradermal nevi (TOPNOTCH)

Morphology: Central, keratin filled crater surrounded by proliferating epitheal cells that extend upward in a lip-like fashion over the sides of the crater and downward into the dermis as irregular tongues

keratoacanthoma (TOPNOTCH)

Inherited gene : Cancer syndrome__________ : Colon cancer

kras gene(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.184

The most widely accepted explanation for diffuse axonal injury

mechanical forces damage the integrity of the axon at the node of Ranvier, with subsequent alterations in axoplasmic flow(TOPNOTCH)

The fundamental lesion of DM retinopathy

neovascularization (TOPNOTCH)

Gross morphology: fine, leathery granularity of the surface of the kidney

nephrosclerosis(TOPNOTCH)

What is the most frequently inactivated tumor suppressor gene in pancreatic cancer?

p16(TOPNOTCH)

Most common bleeding disorder.

vWF disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 474

Glycogen storage disease characterized by hepatomegaly, renomegaly, hypoglycemia, hyperlipidemia and hyperuricemia, leading to gout and skin xanthomas.

von Gierke's disease (Type I)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed p.240

An autosomal dominant inherited disease in characterized by development of hemangioblastomas within the cerebellar hemispheres, retina, and less commonly the brain stem and spinal cord. A cerebellar capillary hemangioblastoma, is the principal neurologic manifestation of the disease.

von Hippel-Lindau Disease (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 901

Port wine stains are associted with these syndromes. (2)

von Hippel-Lindau Sturge-Weber syndromes(TOPNOTCH

Tumors associated with increased serum glucagon and a syndrome consisting of mild diabetes mellitus, a characteristic skin rash (necrolytic migratory erythema), and anemia.

α-Cell tumors (glucagonomas) (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 789

Most common pancreatic endocrine neoplasms.

β-cell tumors (insulinomas) (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p. 788