[1Hist] Chp 1

Describe the impact of the monsoons on maritime trade. (3)

-Growth of wealth · Each monsoon season lasts for six months, so it was not possible for the Indian or Chinese traders to make their return voyages to their respective countries in one monsoon season. As a result, they would stay at the port cities in Southeast Asia. During their stay, they would trade with the local people and hence it led to the prosperity in these port cities also.

Describe the impact of the monsoons on maritime trade. (2)

-Increase in trade activity · Merchants from China and India made use of the same monsoon patterns to travel more frequently between China and India. · This led to an increase in the selling and buying of items between these two countries. The middlemen stationed in Temasek acted as agents for these traders. They would help to collect and exchange goods between different groups of traders.

Describe the impact of the monsoons on maritime trade. (1)

-It shortened the duration of voyages. · The monsoons enabled the merchants to travel directly to their trading centres instead of travelling along the coastline. It saved time for merchants.

Define monopoly.

Monopoly is the sole control of the supply or trade of product.

Where were the maritime kingdoms located?

Near the sea.

State the impact of the maritime trade.

The maritime trade had contributed to the rise of early Southeast Asian maritime kingdoms such as Funan, Srivijaya and Majapahit.

Where were trade routes affected by monsoons?

The monsoons affected trade routes along the Indian Ocean, the Bay of Bengal and the South China Sea.

Where were the region controlled by the powerful Melaka Sultanate?

The powerful Melaka Sultanate extended its rule over the southern Malay Peninsula and much of Sumatra.

Where did traders come from to Singapore to trade with before the 14th century?

- The Middle East - China -India Southeast Asia

What is a century? What is a dynasty? What is a period?

-A period of 100 years -A line of rulers who come from the same family -When different times of history are divided into different blocks of time

Timelines: -What does BCE mean? -What does CE mean? -What does Circa/c. mean?

-Before Common Era or the number of years before the birth of Jesus Christ -Common Era or the number of years after the birth of Christ -Circa means 'around' when the exact year of a past event is not known

State the two types of monsoons.

-Northeast monsoons -Southwest monsoons

State the three factors that contributed to the decline of Singapore in the mid-17th century.

-Political changes in the region -Political crisis in the Johor Sultanate -Competition from other regional ports

State the three main factors for the decline of Singapore by the 15th century?

-The rise of the Melaka Sultanate - External threats -Climatic and economic changes

State the activities that made the maritime kingdoms grow.

Both trade and rice farming contributed to the growth of these maritime kingdoms.

Describe how monsoons affected trade routes.

Jun-Sep Southwest Indian Ocean/ Bay of Bengal From Arabia/Africa to Indian Ocean From Indian Ocean to Southeast Asia South China Sea From Southeast Asia to China Oct-Feb Northeast Indian Ocean/ Bay of Bengal From Indian Ocean to Arabia/Africa From Southeast Asia to Indian Ocean South China Sea From China to Southeast Asia

Describe maritime trade.

Maritime trade is trade being carried out by using sea routes. Eg. The Spice Routes · Southeast Asia was important in the trade network as this region was a major producer of spices. · The spices were the main attraction for foreign traders from India, China, Persia and Arabia. · The Spice Routes connected Asia to Europe and were used to carry the valuable spices.

Describe overland trade.

Overland trade is trade being carried out by using land routes. Eg. The Silk Road · The Silk Road was established to link China to Europe. · However, this route became less safe for traders due to increased danger and difficulties involved in travelling across the Silk Road.

Describe the monsoons.

Ships leaving China for Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean had to catch the northeast monsoon, which would take them west. On the other hand, ships departing from the Indian Ocean ports for China via Southeast Asia would have to make use of the southwest monsoon. If ships caught the monsoons at the right time, the strong winds would allow them to complete their voyages quickly.

Describe Singapore's geographic location.

Singapore is part of the region of Southeast Asia, which lies to the south of China and the east of India.

What was founded by Parameswara in 1401?

The Melaka Sultanate

Who had helped the port of Temasek to thrive between the 14th to 15th centuries?

The Port of Temasek was transformed into a thriving trading centre between the 14th to 15th centuries by Sang Nila Utama and his successors.

Why did the Europeans come to Southeast Asia in the 16th century?

They wanted to gain a monopoly of the spice trade was very valuable to the Europeans due to the high demand for various spices such as pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg and clothes.

State the effect on the Portuguese on this policy implemented by Sultan Mahmud.

This policy had angered the Portuguese and caused them to attack the Melaka Sultanate in 1511.

Define trade.

Trade is the buying or exchanging of goods and services for money.

Conclusion Was Singapore always such a sparsely populated island and occasionally used as a hideout as described by John Crawfurd?

While we have established in this chapter that Early Singapore certainly had connections with the region and the world at different periods of its history, there is incomplete evidence to show the extent of these connections.

How does a place become a kingdom?

· A place is usually made up of a few smaller areas called communities. · Each community is taken care of by a leader called a chief. When a king rules this place consisting of a few communities, it is known as a kingdom.

Describe how political changes in the region contributed to the decline of Singapore in the mid-17th century.

· After 1610, the Dutch turned their attention southwards towards the Sunda Straits and Java, away from the Straits of Melaka. · The Dutch also established their main base in Asia at Batavia (present-day Jakarta) in 1619. · They became the dominant European power in Southeast Asia after capturing Melaka from the Portuguese in 1641. By the 18th century, maritime traffic was bypassing Singapore. (shift)

Types of Sources

· Artefacts · Pictorial Records · Written Accounts and Records Oral Accounts

Describe how external threats caused the decline of Singapore by the 15th century.

· As a small island, it was always vulnerable to the larger powers in the region. The Kingdoms of Majapahit and Ayutthaya (in Thailand) launched attacks on Temasek that weakened it by the end of the 14th century.

Describe how competition from other regional ports contributed to the decline of Singapore in the mid-17th century.

· By the 18th century, Riau and other regional ports had replaced Singapore as centres of trade that linked the Indian Ocean with the South China Sea. As Singapore had lost its importance, shipping now bypassed the island. Singapore and the nearby coastal regions became sparsely overpopulated places where the inhabitants lived off the sea and pirates visited to raid or hide.

Describe the significance of maritime trade before the 14th century.

· By the 7th century, the maritime trade route became more popular than the overland route because people had gained better knowledge and skills in building stronger ships to transport goods and people faster using the sea routes. Before the 14th century, traders from the Middle East, China, India and Southeast Asia mainly used the maritime routes to trade. This caused the trade network among these countries to grow and resulted in the demand for better ports in Asia located along the maritime routes.

How was Singapore involved in the maritime trade?

· Due to its geographical location at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, ships sailing between China and India would have to sail past Singapore when they sailed through the Straits of Melaka as the quicker and safer route to save cost and reduce the amount of supplies they needed as well as reduce the chances of piracy and accidents. · The monsoon winds also helped Singapore involve in maritime trade because the wind patterns allowed ships to sail through the Straits of Melaka at different times of the year. The southwest monsoons blow from June to September, while the northeast monsoons blow from December to March. (see below) · Many powerful nations, such as China, Portugal, Britain and Japan had also attempted to control the Straits of Melaka in different historical periods to secure this maritime route for their ships between the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean. They wanted to protect their economic interests in Asia. Control of the Straits would allow them to move their ships quickly and safely within and beyond Asia. This helped develop Singapore over the centuries.

What are some artefacts that suggested trade networks between countries?

· During this period, several European travellers, wrote about a official known by the title of Shahbandar based on Singapore. The presence of Shahbandar suggests that Singapore could have been an important trading centre for the Johor Sultanate as his duty was to oversee foreign trading communities and issue trading licences to foreign traders. · There is also evidence of trade between the Johor Sultanate and China. · A 17th century Chinese map depicts shipping routes from the main Chinese port to different parts of Asia. One such route is shown leading to Johor. · Chinese porcelain from the 17th century found in the Kallang River suggests that items made in China were being traded in and around Singapore, and similar porcelain has also been uncovered in Johor. Singapore was therefore the gateway for a system of trade that passed from China through Singapore and down the Johor River.

What was the unwise policy implemented by Sultan Mahmud during his rule?

· He banned the Portuguese from trading with the Indian and Chinese traders in Melaka when the Portuguese sailed to Melaka in 1509.

Who was Parameswara?

· He was a prince from Palembang.

State how the rulers maintained the growth of maritime trade.

· Maritime trade was so important in Southeast Asia that the rulers appointed officials to take care of the needs of the traders. For example, Parameswara appointed officials to take care of the needs of the traders.

Define monsoons.

· Monsoons are seasonal winds.

Describe how climatic and economic changes cause the decline of Singapore by the 15th century.

· One of the major reasons could have been the climatic and economic changes that affected the trade with China. · Severe changes in weather patterns in the 14th century contributed to droughts and famine in China. As the Chinese economy collapsed under this strain, trade between Southeast Asia and China would have suffered accordingly. This probably reduced one of the major sources of Singapore's wealth.

Describe how Parameswara founded the Melaka Sultanate.

· Parameswara came to Temasek after trying to escape from a war in Majapahit. He was welcomed by Tamagi, the ruler of Temasek at that time. · However, Parameswara murdered Tamagi to gain control of Temasek. · Temasek was under the protection of Siam. The murder of Tamagi enraged the king of Siam, so the king dispatched his troops to kill Parameswara, who was forced to flee north. While escaping, he took a rest under a Melaka tree where he saw his hunting dogs being kicked by a mousedeer. The bravery of the mousedeer inspired Parameswara to settle in this place and named this place Melaka.

How did the rise of Melaka affect Singapore?

· Singapore continued to be a port during the rise of Melaka. However, it lost its popularity to the port of Melaka in the 15th century. · The overlord, the Siamese, gave up Singapore to Melaka. As a result, Singapore was under the rulers of Melaka in the 15th century.

In what way did Southeast Asia provide convenience to foreign traders?

· Southeast Asia served as convenient resting places for the foreign traders as they waited for the change in monsoons to take them back to heir homelands.

Why was Sang Utama significant in the history of Singapore?

· Temasek was renamed Singapura, which means 'Lion City', when it was founded by Sang Nila Utama and his successors had successfully transformed Singapore into a thriving trading centre. · As a result, it aroused the envy of the neighbouring rulers such as Batara, the ruler of the Majapahit Empire in Java. Batara attacked Singapore but he failed to conquer it.

Who were the Orang Laut?

· The Orang Laut were a group of people living along the coasts of the Riau-Lingga Archipelago who carried out piracy for their livelihood in the early days. They were also the earliest community in Singapore before the arrival of Stamford Raffles.

Describe the power struggle between the Portuguese and Dutch from the 16th to early 19th centuries.

· The Portuguese arrived in Southeast Asia before the Dutch. Due to trade rivalry, and the Dutch was often attack the Portuguese merchant ships. · The constant naval battles between the two European countries near Singapore's waters led to the building of a fortress near Singapore. · The Portuguese believed a fort would provide better security for their merchant ships to transport goods along the Straits of Singapore. · The Portuguese believed a fort would provide better security for their merchant ships to transport goods along the Straits of Singapore. A fortress is a place that is protected against attacks. In 1641, the Dutch finally defeated the Portuguese to take control of Melaka. Soon after, the Dutch surged in power and controlled a large part of the Malay Archipelago, including Melaka and Java, by the 18th century. They set up their headquarters at Batavia in Indonesia and controlled the main routes within the Malay Archipelago.

Describe the fall of the Srivijaya Kingdom.

· The Srivijaya Kingdom was believed to have originated in Palembang on the island of Sumatra. · It was a rich maritime kingdom between the 7th century CE to the 13th century CE by controlling the Straits of Malacca and the other important sea routes. · During the Golden Age of this kingdom, Palembang was important because it was: o An important port for merchants from India to China o A place for religious studies and pilgrimage for Hindus and Buddhists before the arrival of Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries CE.

Describe how the rise of the Melaka Sultanate causes the decline of Singapore by the 15th century.

· The Straits of Melaka was situated at the west coast of the Malay Peninsula, so it provided excellent shelter from the prevailing storms in the oceans for traders from all over the world. The Sultanate became one of the dominant trading centres in the region, and soon extended control over much of the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. · Parameswara established a good relationship with powerful China. He also established Melaka's status as a vassal of China, which meant that it would pay tribute to the Chinese emperor in return for protection. · This gave Melaka security from threats posed by rivals in the region. The peace that Melaka enjoyed allowed it to grow as a trading centre, attracting traders from Sumatra, Melaka, India and the Middle East. Trade with Europe also grew in importance, bringing European fleets to Southeast Asia in greater frequency and numbers. During this period, Singapore was overshadowed by Melaka and ceased to serve its previous role as a centre of trade linking the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea. However, it was still important to the Melaka Sultanate as it was home to the Orang Laut, a seafaring people who were the backbone of Melaka's naval forces.

Describe how political crisis in the Johor Sultanate contributed to the decline of Singapore in the mid-17th century.

· The political crisis that resulted from the assassination of the childless Sultan Mahmud Shah II in 1699. · This ended the dynasty of Sultans who claimed to be from the direct bloodline of Sang Nila Utama. · The capital of the Johor Sultanate later shifted to Riau, and Britain developed as the main regional emporium. (a centre of trade and business acrivities. · By this time, trade had moved decisively away from Singapore. Since the Johor capital was no longer in the Johor River region, there was no longer need for a Shahbandar in Singapore.

Why were the Orang Laut significant in the history of Singapore?

· The rise of maritime trade in Southeast Asia attracted pirates that attacked and robbed the merchants' ships. As the Orang Laut were known for their fighting ad boating skills, they would be hired by the Southeast Asian rulers to patrol and guard the important sea routes.

In what way was Singapore related to the Johor-Riau Sultanate?

· Under the Johor Sultanate, Singapore revived some of its trading functions that had been lost during the period of Melaka's dominance. · Many artefacts dated back to the 16th and 17th centuries found in borh Johor and Singapore was part of the Johor-Riau Sultanate trading network.

How did Vasco da Gama help the Europeans to sail to Asia more easily?

· Vasco da Gama discovered a new maritime route from Europe to India by passing around the Cape of Good Hope in the south of Africa/ This new route allowed the Europeans to bypass the eastern Mediterranean that was under the control of the hostile Ottoman Turks.

State the main cause that led to the fall of the Melaka Sultanate.

· Weak leadership of Sultan Mahmud.

How was the Johor-Riau Sultanate formed?

· When Melaka fell under the Portuguese, Sultan Mahmud fled south to the Riau Archipelago to set up his new capital initially. His successors subsequently set up a new capital near the Johor River in 1528 to form the Johor Sultanate, which was also called the Johor-Riau Sultanate.

Questions to ask about the sources

· Who produced the source? · What as the source used for? · What does the source tell you about the past? · What has the source excluded? · When was the source produced? · Where was the source produced or found? · Why was the source made?

State the factors for the rise of Temasek.

· Without fertile soil and few rice fields, Temasek was still able to grow into an important trading centre in the 14th century because of: ü The fall of the Srivijaya Kingdom ü Role as an *entrepot port *Entrepot- A trading port/centre. A regional centre where goods are collected and redistributed.