2.1 - Data Types, Variables, Basic Input-Output Operations, and Basic Operators (PCEP-30)

A function (in this context) is a separate part of the computer code able to to what 2 things? (cause some effect, evaluate a value and return it as the function's result)

- cause some 'effect' - evaluate a value and return it as the function's 'result'

what are the 2 keyword arguments you can use with the print () function? (end, sep)

- end - sep

what are the 2 ways you can 'encode a quote' inside a string which is already delimited by quotes? (escape character before the quotes, apostrophe instead of quotes for the string)

- escape character, the backslash - apostrophe

the numbers handled by modern computers are of two types; what are they? (integers, floats)

- integers - floats

a keyword argument consists of three elements: a 'keyword' identifying the argument (end here); an 'equal sign' (=); and a value assigned to that argument

- keyword - equal sign - value

what are the two conventions of integers python uses that are unknown to the world of mathematics (octal, hexadecimal)

- octal - hexadecimal

where do 'functions' come from? (python, modules, yourself)

- python - modules; python add-ons

literals; look at the 2 examples; print("2"); print(2). Both are 2 different types of 'literals' what are they? (string, integer)

- string - integer; something new

octal value; the number must contain digits take from the (0-7) range only; and employ 8 as its base

0 to 7

if an integer number is preceded by a __________ (0o, zero-o) prefix; it will be treated as an 'octal value'

0o, zero-o

recognizing integers; example of 11 million; what are 2 ways you could write this in python? (11000000, 11_000_000)

11000000 11_000_000

coding floats that are really small; what would this look like? (1e-22)

1e-22

what is the base of the binary system (2)

2

Boolean values - a part of algebra which makes use of only ______ (2)distinct values: True and False, denoted as 1 and 0

2 distinct values; true or false

how do you write out a float number in python, for example two and a half? (2.4)

2.4

how many 'arguments' are in the following invocation? ("The itsy bitsy spider" , "climbed up" , "the waterspout."

3; they don't need to be separated by spaces

the use of scientific notation; e; how would you write out the speed of light; 300,000,000? (3E8, you can also use the lower case 'e')

3E8

example of using the 'separator' keyword argument; print("My", "name", "is", "Monty", "Python.", sep="-")

My-name-is-Monty-Python this would be the output; notice the dashes

what is the 'escape character' in python when used inside strings? (backslash)

\ , backslash

what does the backslash (\) mean? (a kind of announcement, that the next character after the backslash has a different meaning too)

a kind of announcement, that the next character after the backslash has a different meaning too

what arguments does 'print ()' expect? (any, it accepts all data types)

any, it accepts all data types; example, strings, numbers, characters

functions; as we said, a function may have an 'effect', and a 'result'; where's also a 3rd component which is what? (argument)

argument

the system computers use for storing numbers (binary system)

binary system

used to represent a very abstract value - truthfulness (boolean values)

boolean values

The print() function is a _________ (built-in) function. It prints/outputs a specified message to the screen/console window

built-in function

These two Boolean values have strict denotations in Python: 'True' 'False'; You cannot change anything - you have to take these symbols as they are, including ________ (case) sensitivity

case sensitivity

You can pass arguments into a function by placing them inside the parentheses. You must separate arguments with a ____________ (comma)

comma

Almost anything you put inside the quotes will be taken literally, not as code, but as _________ (data)

data

Built-in functions, contrary to user-defined functions, are always available and don't have to be imported

don't

the 'point' (.) is what makes a float; You can also use the letter ________ (e)

e

Python always chooses the more ___________ (economical) form of the number's presentation

economical form

example of a line of code. print ("Hello, World!")

example

Whenever we use a term like 'two and a half' or minus 'zero point four', we think of numbers which the computer considers ________ (float) numbers

float numbers

decimal values or fractional numbers like 133.5 (floats)

floats

a "chunk" of code that you can use over and over again, rather than writing it out multiple times (function)

function

The function name (print in this case) along with the parentheses and argument(s), forms what? (function invocation)

function invocation

The word print that you can see here is a __________ (function) name

function name; print

If you want to deliver one or more arguments to a function, you place them ________ (inside) the parentheses

inside the parentheses; If you're going to use a function which doesn't take any argument, you still have to have the parentheses

Computer programs are collections of ____________ (instructions). An instruction is a command to perform a specific task when executed, e.g., to print a certain message to the screen

instructions

a whole number, positive or negative, without decimals, of unlimited length (integer)

integer

_____________ (keyword) arguments are the ones whose meaning is not dictated by their location, but by a special word (keyword) used to identify them

keyword arguments

the meaning of these arguments is taken not from its 'position', but from the 'keyword' used to identify them (keyword arguments)

keyword arguments

what happens when Python encounters a 'invocation' like this one; 'function_name (argument)' (legal, allows you to invoke, leaves your code for a moment, executes its code, returns to your code)

legal, allows you to invoke, leaves your code for a moment, executes its code, returns to your code

the raw data assigned to 'variables' or 'constants' while programming (literals)

literals

regarding the print() function; Both keyword arguments; end & sep; may be __________ (mixed) in one invocation

mixed

In Python strings; the backslash (\) is a special character which announces that the next character has a different meaning, e.g., \n (the newline character) starts a new _________ (output) line

new output line

what does 'n' signify after being placed after a backlash? (newline)

newline

what value does 'print ()' return? (none, its effect is enough)

none, its effect is enough

In spite of the number of needed/provided arguments, Python 'functions' strongly demand the presence of a pair of __________ (parentheses) - opening and closing ones, respectively

parentheses

To call a function; this process is known as function invocation or function call; you need to use the function name followed by __________ (parenthesis)

parenthesis

how can you distinguish between 'ordinary words' and 'function names'? (placing a 'empty parentheses' after their names)

placing a 'empty parentheses' after their names

______________ (positional) arguments are the ones whose meaning is dictated by their position, e.g., the second argument is outputted after the first, the third is outputted after the second, etc

positional arguments

the print () function; the fact that the meaning of the argument is dictated by its position, e.g., the second argument will be outputted after the first, not the other way round (positional way)

positional way

how do you embed an apostrophe into a string placed between apostrophes? For example, you want to print out the following. I'm Monty Python. (print ('I\'m Monty Python.')

print ('I\'m Monty Python.') ; recognize the backslash before the apostrophe

what is an example of 'encoding a quote' inside a string that is already delimited by quotes, using a 'escape character' (print("I like \"Monty Python\"")

print("I like \"Monty Python\"")

here is an example of a 'keyword argument' using 'end' (print("My name is", "Python.", end=" ")

print("My name is", "Python.", end=" ")

Both the 'backslash and the n' (\n) form a special symbol named a newline character, which urges the console to start a new output line. (print("The itsy bitsy spider\nclimbed up the waterspout.")

print("The itsy bitsy spider\nclimbed up the waterspout.")

what is an example of 'encoding a quote' inside a string that is already delimited by quotes, using a 'apostrophe' (print('I like "Monty Python"')

print('I like "Monty Python"') or print ('He said "Python", not "typhoon"')

how do you produce a 'newline' in the output console? Such as, a space between sentences? (print())

print()

what function can you use to mange the octal and hexadecimal values? (print)

print; example; print(0x123) is a hexadecimal value, that equals 291

what does the 'print ()' command do? (prints a line out to the screen)

prints a line out to the screen

Python strings are delimited with _________ (quotes), e.g., "I am a string" (double quotes), or 'I am a string, too' (single quotes).

quotes

the print() function separates its outputted arguments with spaces. This behavior can be changed with what 'keyword argument'? (sep)

sep; separator

sequence of characters. For example, "hello" (string)

string

'strings' are used when you need to process ___________ (text)

text; example, names

in the example; print ("Hello, World!") what is the one argument? (the string, Hello, World)

the string, Hello, World

what does the keyword argument 'end' do? (to place a space after the displayed string instead of a newline. In python every time you print("something"), by default it will append a newline; bring up the below line to make it one line)

to place a space after the displayed string instead of a newline. In python every time you print("something"), by default it will append a newline; bring up the below line to make it one line

'0o123' is an octal number with a (decimal) value equal to 83; example; print(0o123)

true

A line can be empty; i.e., it may contain no instruction at all; but it must not contain two, three or more instructions. This is strictly prohibited

true

And how do we code negative numbers in Python? As usual; by adding a minus. You can write: -11000000, or -11_000_000

true

However, there is a catch. The catch is how to encode a quote inside a string which is already delimited by quotes. Let's assume that we want to print a very simple message saying: I like "Monty Python" (there are 2 ways to do this)

true

If you encode a literal and place it inside Python code, the 'form of the literal' determines the 'type' Python will use to store it in the memory

true

Note: using scientific notation; E; the exponent (the value after the E) has to be an integer; the base (the value in front of the E) 'may' be an integer.

true

Positive numbers do not need to be preceded by the plus sign, but it's permissible

true

Python makes one exception to this rule - it allows one instruction to spread across more than one line

true

The 'end' and 'sep' parameters can be used for formatting the output of the print() function

true

The 'sep' parameter specifies the separator between the outputted arguments, e.g., print("H", "E", "L", "L", "O", sep="-")

true

The name of the function should be significant; the name of the print function is self-evident

true

Unlike most programming languages, Python requires that there cannot be more than one instruction in a line

true

We've shown it already, but we want to emphasize this phenomenon once more - a string can be empty - it may contain no characters at all. An empty string still remains a string: '' ""

true

When you want to use any numbers that are very large or very small, you can use scientific notation; which is the 'e'.

true

a print() function invoked with more than one argument; outputs them all on one line

true

any keyword arguments have to be put after the last positional argument (this is very important)

true

example of using both keyword arguments in the print function. print ("My", "name", "is", sep="_", end="*")

true

float numbers; you can omit zero when it is the only digit in front of or after the decimal point; for example you can write 0.4 as '.4', or 4.0 as '4.'

true

how do you find the decimal value of a binary system? example 10110. Start from right to left, under the first value, zero, you put a 1, then going left, you multiply by 2 until the last digit. Under each '1 digit', you add up those values, that is the decimal value

true

integers vs floats; example; '4' is a ____________ (integer) and '4.0' is a __________ (float)

true

recognizing integers; for example let's say the integer is 11 million. Python doesn't allow the use of commas, decimal points, or spaces to show the number

true

strings; need quotes the way floats need points. This is a very typical string: "I am a string."

true

the 'end' parameter specifies what to print at the end of the print statement

true

the print() function puts a space between the outputted arguments on its own initiative

true

The characteristic of the numeric value which determines its kind, range, and application, is called the ___________ (type)

type

recognizing integers; example of 11 million; python does allow the use of _____________ (underscores) in numeric literals

underscores