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What were the 3 advantages European countries had in industry?*

1. The tradition of putting-out enterprise, merchant capitalists, and skilled urban artists gave them the ability to adapt and survive in new market conditions. 2. They could borrow advanced tech from Britain with engineers and financial resources. 3. They had strong independent governments that did not fall under foreign political controls and could fashion economic policies to serve their own interests.

Describe the new English agriculture.

300% more food, with 14% increase of people. This provided food for the growing population.

Describe the spinning jenny.

6-24 spindles were mounted on a sliding carriage and each spindle spun find slender thread. the WOMAN moved the carriage back and forth and turned the wheel to supply power.

Who was Friedrich List?*

A German journalist and thinker who reflected on the government's greater role in industrialization in all of Europe than England He though manufacturing was paramount-it solved well being, strength, and poverty. He was a nationalist who thought an agricultural nation was poor and weak.

Who was William Cockerill?

A Lancashire carpenter who illegal slipped out and began building cotton-spinning equipment in French-occupied Belgium.

What is class-consciousness?*

A Marxist idea-Conflicting classes existed, in part, because many individuals came to believe they existed and developed an appropriate sense of class feeling.

Who was Richard Arkwright?*

A barber-turned-manufacturer who invented the water frame, another spinning machine.

Who was Edwin Chatwick?

A conscientious government official well acquainted with the problems of the working population.

Who was James Hargreaves?*

A gifted carpenter and jack-of-all-trade who invented the spinning jenny.

What is tariff protection?*

A government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high tariffs on the cheaper goods imported from another country.

What was the agricultural revolution?

A gradual but profound change in agricultural methods that promoted accelerated economic growth.

What is the picture on page 653?

A painting of the inauguration of IK Brunel's Saltash bridge, where the railroad crosses the Tamar River into Cornwall, Southwest England. It allows large ships to pass underneath.

What was the open-field system*

A system of village gardening developed by peasants where the land was divided into several large fields, which were in turn cut into strips. It eliminated common rights and fallow.

Who was Fritz Harkort?*

A talented entrepreneur and business pioneer in the German machinery industry and a second agent of industrialization from a well-established merchant family. He served in England as a Prussian army officer during the Napoleonic wars. He concluded Germany had to match English achievements quickly, so he set up a shop in an abandoned castle in Ruhr valley. A religious call: to build steam engines and become the "Watt of Germany."

What is the picture on page 648?

A woman working a spinning jenny-loose cotton strands on slanted bobbins passed up the sliding carriage and then on the spindles for fine spinning. The worker-WOMAN-turned the wheel. They could spin 100 threads at a time.

When did the Industrial Revolution impact the rest of Europe?

After the Congress of Vienna ended the era of revolutionary wars in Europe.

How did general European industrialization compare with the East?*

All European states (including US, Canada, Japan) grew in stark contrast to the large decreases in the East, like China and India. Wealth and power magnified inequalities between the rest of the world.

How did the idea of railroads begin?

Americans ran a "steam engined on wheels" through city streets. English engineers created steam cars that could carry 14 people at 10 mph. But they damaged themselves. Since the coal industry used rails, people did experiments with steam engines on rails

What was "The Clothier's Delight, or the Rich Men's Joy and the Poor Men's Sorrow?"

An English popular song about a merchant boasting of his tricks to beat down wages

What was body linen?*

Another term for underwear, so called because it was made form expensive cloth.

Why do scholars want to explain the international variations in industrialization?

Answers will offer lesson in our own time for poor countries seeking to improve their conditions through industrialization and economic development. Recent findings show there are alternatives to the rigid British model.

What did Chatwick claim?

Conditions were improving for the workers. The laboring community could buy more necessities and luxuries. However, by majority, conditions were probably declining.

How did different parts of Europe differ in the process of industrialization?*

Eastern and southern Europe began the process of modern industrialization later than northwestern and central Europe, as development in Austria-Hungary, Italy, and Russia suggests.

What were the three forces for industrialization?

English dudes leaving England, entrepreneurs, and government

What was the name of Malthus's essay?

Essay on the Principle of Population

What were the effects of more cotton?

Families were free from their search for enough yarn. Thread could be obtained from a nearby factory. Wages for weavers rose. Weavers were well paid. Agricultural laborers became weavers while mechanics and capitalist sought to invent another power loom to save labor costs-Edmund Cartwright. But this worked poorly.

Who first built railroads?

France

What were the effects of the Peace of Utrecht?

France ceded Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and the Hudson Bay territory to Britain. They gave control of the lucrative West African slave trade (asiento) to let Britain send one ship of merchandise into Spanish colonies annually.

How did the business class help bring about the Industrial Revolution?

From the Middle Ages, they made profit and accumulated capital. They had hired agricultural laborers, who were mobile and formed a potential labor force for capitalist entrepreneurs

Who built an effective steam engine?

George Stephenson did. His "Rocket" sped down a track of Liverpool to Manchester Railway at 16 mph.

What caused the Industrial Revolution?*

Good government, an experienced business class, an effective central bank, credit institutions, a large domestic market.

What was unique about British mercantilism?

Governmental economic regulations that could and should serve the private interests of individuals and groups as well as the public needs of the state.

Describe Jedediah's new career.

He invented a machine to make handsome, neat fitting ribbed silk stockings. He secured a patent and produced. Elizabeth helped. This enterprise grew and prospered but retained family character. It built a large silk mill and went into cotton spinning with Arkwright.

How did Ricardo react to Malthus's ideas?*

He spelled out pessimism. He said the pressure of growth woul cause wages to sink to subsistence that would keep workers from starving. He concluded that workers would earn only enough to stay alive.

Describe Belgium's industrialization

Independent and rich in iron and coal adopted Britain's new tech.

Describe farming in the Low Countries.

Intensive farming was established: enclosed fields, continuous rotation, heavy manuring, varieties of crops, etc. It was highly specialized and commercialized-internationally renowned and visited.

Describe the water frame

It acquired a capacity of several hundred spindles and demanded much ore power-water. It required large specialized mills, factories that employed 1000 workers. It could spin only course, strong thread, which was then put out for respinning on hand-powered cottage jennies. IThis made all spinning concentrated in factories.

What is the impact of List's economic nationalism?

It became popular in Germany, the US, and elsewhere.

Describe the conflict (between workers and employers) in the textile industry.*

It complicated increased production. There were disputes over weights of materials and quality of cloth. Merchants accused workers of stealing material, weavers complained that merchants delivered underweight bales-everyone cheated

How did the agricultural revolution affect Europe?*

It eliminated traditional pattern of village agriculture. It repalced the open-field system and annual fallowing of fields with a new system of continuous rotation that reulted in more food. It eliminated the common rights.

How did the Industrial Revolution improve from the wars with France?

It expanded trade and the empire. It protected colonial markets to provide stimulus for manufacturing. Sales in colonies and Indian sugar island soared. Exports of goods did not grow but became balanced and diversified-metal, clocks, coaches, buttons, saddles, china, furniture, instruments, scientific equipment, etc. Sales to Ireland and India (other colonies) increased. Demand from the home market rose. This put pressure on the system of production.

Describe the textile industry.

It innovated fast-new production patterns and social relationships. It was most developed in England. It became imbalanced-four or five spinners were needed to keep one weaver employed.

What were the effects of enclosure?*

It rose the market-oriented sate agriculture and the emergence of landless proletariat. The tiny group of wealthy English and Scottish landowners pursued profits by leasing holds through agents to middle-size farmers, who produced for cash markets and relied on landless laborers, who became reliant on cash wages, at competitive prices-proletarianization.

What was in The Condition of the Working Class in England?

It said in English middle classes, there was murder, robbery, poverty, and other crimes. The poverty of industrial workers was worse than old poverty of cottage workers and agricultural laborers according to Engels because of industrial capitalism. This charge was embellished by Marx and later socialists.

What were the Navigation Acts?

It showed the desire of Britain to increase its military power and private wealth. They initially targeted the Netherlands.

What was the problem with spinning?

It was hard to spin the traditional raw materials-wool and flax-with machines, but cotton was different. Cotton textiles were imported from India by the East India Company and it grew a tiny domestic industry

How did France adopt factory tech?

Less famous entrepreneurs adopted tech slowly and handicraft methods lived on. Artisan production of luxury items grew with the rising income of the international middle class creating foreign demand for silk scarves, embroidered needlework, perfumes, and fine wines.

What was the world's first railroad?

Liverpool to Manchester.

What was the impact of John Cockerill?

Many skilled British workers came illegally to work form him and some founded their own companies. Newcomers brought news, so John could know about a discover 10 days after it happened in Britain. This spread early industrialization.

Where did British commercial leadership root?

Mercantilism of the seventeenth century. It aimed to increase the power of the state and rested on the premise that the nation's power and wealth were determined by its supply of precious metals, which were acquired by increasing exports (paid with gold) and reducing imports to achieve domestic self-sufficiency.

What changed about body linen?*

Once only worn by the wealth, now, millions of poor people, who wore nothing under, could wear cotton slips and underpants with dresses and shirts.

How did railroads affect art?

Painters such as Joseph MW Turner and Claude Monet painted ****. They became idols. Images of railroads-phrases like "full head of steam." It fired imagination.

What were the effects of railroads?*

Passenger traffic benefited. Overland shipment of freight, relying on horsepower, was limited and expensive. Steam power worked. Became cheaper

How did Europe react to the agricultural revolution?

Peasants and rural laboreres checked the spread of the new system. Large landowners and powerful market forces overcame such opposition in England

What did Thomas Malthus argue?*

Population would always grow faster than food supply. The only hope of warding off harsh checks to growth, such as war, famine, and disease, was "prudential restraint": people had to limit growth by marrying late. He was not optimistic about this either. Sexiness would attract to many to have kids. He concluded that workers would earn only enough to stay alive.

What is the picture on page 660?

The Borsig ironworks in Berlin-mastered the new British method of making coke. This greatly industrialized Germany, particularly Prussia.

What did Engels publish?

The Condition of the Working Class in England

Where did new methods of agriculture originate?

The Low Countries (Holland-yes, they are Dutch)

What resulted in the Peace of Utrecht?*

The War of the Spanish Succession.

How did England benefit from the Low Countries?*

The best students-learned WATER control-drain marshes, or fens, of selective breeding. IT became a craze in the aristocracy.

What is the picture on page 659?

The continental railroad

What was the first decisive breakthrough of the Industrial Revolution

The creation of the world's first large factories in the English cotton textile industry.

What is enclosure?

The enclosing of the individual shares of the pastures as a way of farming more effectively.

Who was John Cockerill?*

The famousest son of William Cockerill. HE purchased the old summer palace of the deposed bishops of Liege in southern Belgium and converted the palace into a large industrial enterprise that produced machinery, steam engines, and then railway locomotives. He established modern iron work and coal mines

Who were the Luddites?*

The followers of Ned Ludd; a social movement in protest against the industrial revolution that began in northern England in 1812. These handicraft workers attacked the new machines being brought in by the factory owners, which they believed were taking their jobs.

Who is Friedrich Engels?*

The future revolutionary, middle class German, and college of Karl Marx. He studied conditions in northern England. He concluded that workers would earn only enough to stay alive.

What does Harkort's career prove?

The great efforts of a few business leaders who duplicate British achievement and the difficulty of the task.

What is economic nationalism?*

The idea that countries should protect and foster their own businesses by imposing high protective tariffs on imported goods as well as eliminating tariffs within the country.

Describe Harkort's basic idea.

The idea was simple but difficult to do. With no skilled laborers, he turned to England for experienced mechanics even with the expenses: bought boilers. He built and sold engines, winning fame and praise for 16 years. He failed financially and financial backers forced him out of the company.

How did class-consciousness happen?

The industrial revolution increased the middle class of factory workers. They argued that the whole middle class had conflicting interests. They said the educated "public" was the backbone of the middle class and the "people" were the working class. This interpretation appealed to many, and made class-consciousness.

How did the government help bring about the Industrial Revolution?*

The moarchy and aristocratic oligarchy jointly ruled. They provided peace. The domestic economy had no controls, so it flourished (personal initiative, innovation, free market).

Describe Holland.

The most advanced in Europe in many areas of human endeavor, including agriculture.

What does the table of the levels of industrialization show?*

The primacy and rapidity of Britain's industrial growth.

What was the iron law of wages?*

The rule that because of the pressure of population growth, wages would always sink to subsistence level, meaning that wages would be just high enough to keep workers from starving.

What were the disadvantages of improved English agriculture?*

The ruling class (landowning aristocracy) enclosed fields to benefit from higher yields that support higher rents. They controlled Parliament, which made laws. They passed hundreds of enclosure acts that fenced open fields in villages and common lands in proportion to one's property in open fields. Many peasants had to sell their share. Cottagers lost access to pastures and received no compensation.

What were common rights?*

The shared use of agriculture land; it was abolished with the enclosure movement.

Who was Jedediah Strutt?*

The son of a farmer. He was apprenticed away from home as a wheelwright and lodged with Elizabeth Woollat's (<3) parents. They hated the Protestant community which didn't accept the doctrines of the Church of England. He inherited a small stock of animals from an uncle.

Why couldn't countries replicate British steam power?*

The tech became too expensive-large investments in iron and coal industries and required railroads. Also, there was a shortage of laborers. Landowners and government officials were suspicious about new forms of industry that they didn't encourage it.

What is proletarianization?*

The transformation of large numbers of small peasants farmers into landless rural wage earners.

Why were countries unable to catch up to Britain industrially?*

The widening gap made it difficult. New British goods were produced and these dominated world markets. Other countries could not compete with these goods and British tech became so advanced and complicated that few outside of England could understand it.

Describe the disadvantages of the textile industry.

The wife and husband had to constantly find more thread and more spinners-widows/unmarried women (spinsters) who spun for a living were recruited. The weaver's son went off on horse to seek thread.

What did the Luddites do?

They attacked whole factories in northern England-smashed new machines.

Describe British trade in the eighteenth century.

They became the leading maritime with the union with Scotland into a single kingdom. They dominated long-distance trade, intercontinental trade across the Atlantic. This stimulated the economy.

Describe French industrialization

They developed factory production more gradually, although its pattern of early industrial growth was relatively good

How did the domestic market affect an ordinary English family?*

They did not have to spend earned money just to buy bread. They could buy other items, increasing the demand of manufactured goods, which initiated England's industrial breakthrough.

What were the effects of the water frame and the spinning jenny?

They exploded the infant cotton textile industry. They produced 10 times as much cotton yarn. Cotton goods became cheaper and were bought and treasured by all. In the past only wealthy could afford underwear (body linen)

What were Friedrich List's policies?*

They focused on railroad building and the tariff. He supported the formation of a customs union (Zollverein) among separate German states. It moved goods without tariffs between member states. A single uniform tariff against other nations was made to help infant industries grow. He denounced England's doctrine of free trade as an attempt to make everyone poor.

Describe the industrialization of the US and Germany

They had an explosive rise 1880-1913. They led the development of important new industries such as electricity, organic chemicals, petroleum, and automobiles. These allowed the industrialized countries to continue rapid economic development as textiles and railroads became mature and slowed down.

How did governments drive industrialization?

They helped business people overcome difficulties (tariff protection) . They bore the cost of building roads, canals, and railroads.

How did England attempt to maintain their industrial hegemony?

They made it illegal for artisans and skilled mechanics to leave Britain and the export of textile machinery and other equipment was forbidden. However, many slipped out illegally and spread the new methods

Describe French trade.

They stood as England's serious rival in competition for overseas empire. They were locked in wars to decide which would be Europe's leading maritime and power and claim the big share of profits of overseas expansion.

What was the problem with rural labor in the textile industry?*

They were cheap but hard to control. They worked in spurts. They got paid, then they drink and screw around for 2-3 days. The weaver would fall behind. If he failed, there was nothing the merchant could do.

Describe Netherlandish trade.

They were far ahead of England in shipping and foreign trade in the mid 17th century. Later in that century, they fell behind in shipping, trade, and colonies.

Describe early English factories.*

They were in rural areas where there was waterpower. they employed a small percentage of cotton textile workers. Working conditions sucked. They turned to young children abandoned by their parents and in the care of local officials. The kids were "apprenticed"-or new slaves.These marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. This industry towered above all others-22% of the country's entire industrial production.

Why were countries initially industrially behind Britain?*

Unending political and economic upheavals like the French Revolution disrupted trade, increased inflation, and impeded efforts to use British machinery and tech.

Who was David Ricardo?*

Wealthy English stockbroker and leading economist

How did the domestic market help bring about the Industrial Revolution?

With the largest effective market in Europe, England shipped goods cheaper via water instead of land. Canal-building boom enhanced this advantage. There were no tariffs like Germany, Italy, and France. Only Holland peasants competed in wealth with the British

Descrieb the conditions of the cotton mills.

Workers were reluctant to work even with good wages. They had to keep up with the machine's tempo everyday for long hours with the factory whistle. They were not used to this-they used to take breaks with their own pace.

What is mercantilism?*

domestic thingie.The prevailing economic theory of European nations. Mercantilism remained the dominant theory until the Industrial Revelation and articulation of the theory of laissez faire, which is a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering.

What were the effects of successful railroads?*

private companies completed many roads. Europe and America were to follow. It reduced cost of shipping. Markets grew larger. This encouraged more sophisticated machinery in factories to make goods cheaply. This put workers to pressure. It created demand for unskilled labor so it grew the urban worker's class. Families soon worked It revealed the power and speed of the new age, the Industrial Revolution.