2420 micro chapter 12

The normal microbiota is part of the _______ line of defense.

first

The initial reaction to the presence of viruses in a human cell is the production of _______ by that cell.

interferon

Interferon ________.

is produced by one cell and used to warn nearby cells of the same type

A microorganism carries _______ markers and a B cell carries _______ markers.

nonself; self

Please label this image to demonstrate your understanding of the process of phagocytosis.

Figure 12.2

Label the image to test your understanding of the development of cells and cell products that comprise the host defense system.

Figure 12.5

Order the following choices to reflect the stages of phagocytosis, from the first step to the last step.

1 ) chemotaxis 2) Formation of phagosome 3) Formation of phagolysosome 4) Killing and digestion of microbe 5) Exocytosis of debris

A Breach in the Defense

1. Inflammation is characterized by redness, warmth, swelling, and pain. In Latin, the term ______ means redness. rubor 2. Tissue injury leading to inflammation can be due to ______. All of these choices are correct. 3. The symptoms of inflammation are mostly due to ______. vasodilation

Animation Learning Module: Inflammatory Response

1. Inflammation is characterized by redness, warmth, swelling, and pain. In Latin, the term ________ means redness. rubor 2. Tissue injury leading to inflammation can be due to ________. All of these choices are correct. 3. The four classic signs and symptoms of inflammation include all the following EXCEPT ________. chills 4. The symptoms of inflammation are mostly due to ________. vasodilation

A Breach in the Defense

1. Innate chemical defenses of the human host include all of the following EXCEPT ______. lysozyme 2. Which of the following is part of the body's second line of defense? Phagocytosis 3. In this case, the stinger of the bee broke which line of defense in the patient? First 4. Which of the following is a symptom of the inflammatory response? Warmth at the site of the reaction

Animation Learning Module:

1. Innate chemical defenses of the human host include all of the following EXCEPT ________. antibodies 2. Which of the following is part of the body's second line of defense? Phagocytosis 3. True or False: Some hosts are genetically immune to the diseases of other hosts. True 4.Which of the following is part of the body's third line of defense? B cells

Bacteria Cause That?

1. Second-line defenses of the human host include all of the following EXCEPT ________. antibodies 2. What causes the damage to the stomach lining with gastric ulcers? Acid released by bacteria 3. What general type of chemicals stimulate and regulate the inflammatory response? Cytokines 4. Which of the following is a symptom of the inflammatory response? Pain at the site of the reaction

Bacteria Cause That?

1. True or False: A large percentage of people are infected with Helicobacter pylori but many of these individuals will not show any symptoms of infection. True 2. What is the best treatment in most cases of peptic ulcers? Antibiotics 3. Which of the following characteristics allows Helicobacter pylori to survive the stomach's environment? Neutralization of acid using urease enzyme

Effectiveness of Antibiotic Treatment

1. Which drug treatment exhibited the greatest reduction in the number of infections? Rifampin+Quinolone 2. Which drug treatment exhibited the least effect on patients at three weeks and beyond? Rifampin+Penicillin 3. Which of the following is a valid explanation for the cases of infection increasing at week five of treatment in the rifampin group? The bacteria causing the initial infection became resistant to the drug and reestablished an infection.

A Breach in the Defense

1. Which drug treatment exhibited the greatest reduction in the number of infections? rubor 2.Which drug treatment exhibited the least effect on patients at three weeks and beyond? All of these choices are correct. 3.Which of the following is a valid explanation for the cases of infection increasing at week five of treatment in the rifampin group? vasodilation 4. The symptoms of inflammation are mostly due to ________. vasodilation

Inflammatory Response

1. Which event occurs in the early stages of inflammation? Chemical mediators and cytokines are released 2. What is the function of selectins? They promote sticking of neutrophils to the inner vessel wall 3. Margination occurs when neutrophils stick to the lining of the endothelium. True 4. Which role does histamine play during inflammation? It raises blood pressure 5. Extravasation, also known as diapedesis or transmigration, occurs when ________. neutrophils squeeze through the vessel wall

Bacteria Cause That?

1. ________ showed the highest percentage of resistant H. pylori isolates during this time period. Metronidazole 2. True or False: Amoxicillin appears to be the best choice in treating H. pylori infections, in terms of resistance issues. False 3. Which of the following statements is true regarding clarithromycin and H. pylori resistance? The resistance % appears to be increasing over time. 4. True or False: Natasha, the case patient, was given the best antibiotic therapy based on the CDC data presented in this graph. False

Analyze the following components, and classify them according to whether they refer to the first, second, or third line of defense.

1st - lysosome, lactic acid, keratin, and lacrimation. 2nd - fever, phagocytes, inflammation, and interferons. 3rd - T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and antibodies.

Cytokines are secreted by which cells?

All of these cells can secrete cytokines.

Which of the following cells are lymphocytes?

B cells

The common cold and the "flu" (influenza) are often confused by patients suffering from symptoms that are similar between the two infections. Read the sections on these two infections in the respiratory disease chapter, and conduct additional research as necessary to complete the activity below. Place the relevant descriptions into the correct boxes to compare and contrast these two respiratory diseases. You do not need to place all of the labels as some may not apply to either disease.

Both Influenza and the Common Cold: Cold Influenza Influenza

Label the image to test your understanding of the major components of the host defense system. Please use the pop-up hints to help you place the labels correctly.

Figure 12.1

Match the body compartments with the statements that most accurately describe body compartments that participate in immune function and promote surveillance for harmful substances.

Extracellular Fluid: Fluid that fills the spaces surrounding tissue cells. Lymphatic System: Compartmentalized network of vessels, cells, and specialized accessory organs that houses aggregates of lymphocytes. Blood: Carries red and white blood cells, many different chemicals produced by the liver, and antibodies. Mononuclear Phagocyte System: Support network of connective tissue fibers that provides a passageway within and between tissues and organs; white blood cells are enmeshed in this network.

Interferon is produced by an animal cell that is infected by a bacterium.

False

Complete the sentences below by dragging the correct term from the choices on the left to each blank.

Inflammation is a body response to trauma from ____________ , injury, or specific immune reactions. Inflammation presents with four classic signs and symptoms. Increased circulation results in ____________ , or redness, and ____________ , or heat. Some diseases, like cardiovascular disease, can be caused by ____________ inflammation. In the case of Helicobacter pylori infection, chronic inflammation can result in the formation of a(n) ____________ .

Match the statement that most accurately describes the main function of each cell to test your understanding of blood cells that function in nonspecific immunity.

Natural Killer Cells: Display no antigen specificity but are active against tumor and virally infected cells. Neutrophils: Main phagocytes in circulation. Basophils: Parallel eosinophil function in being involved in inflammation and allergic reactions Monocytes: Phagocytic cells that leave circulation and differentiate into macrophages.

Interferon degrades mRNA and prevents synthesis of viral protein.

True

Match the statement to the process it most accurately describes to test your understanding of inflammation.

Vascular Reactions: Vasodilation with increased blood flow, vascular permeability, and fluid leakage. Edema: Infiltration of site by neutrophils, resulting in pus formation. Injury response: Reset Immediate vasoconstriction and release of chemical mediators. Resolution and scar formation: Repair of the tissues.

When interferon from one cell attaches to a second cell, ________.

the recipient cell makes enzymes that degrade mRNA and prevent viral protein synthesis

Lymphatic fluid flows ________.

toward the heart

When interferon attaches to a cell, ________.

virus can enter the cell but cannot replicate