2465
Which of the following is (are) characteristic(s) of a low grid ratio when compared to a high ratio grid? 1. It allows greater positioning latitude. 2. It has a greater selectivity 3. It is less efficient.
1 & 3 only
A change in mAS, as an exposure factor, affects: 1. beam intensity 2. the amount of photons reaching the IR 3. average beam energy
1 and 2 only
A grid usually is employed in which of the following circumstances? 1. When radiographing a large or dense body part 2. When using high kilovoltage 3. When a lower patient dose is required
1 and 2 only
An increase in kilovoltage will have which of the effects: 1. More scattered radiation will reach the IR 2. Exposure to the IR will increase 3. Radiographic contrast will increase
1 and 2 only
As focal spot size decreases: 1. Umbra is improved 2. Sharpness increases 3. Penumbra increases
1 and 2 only
Distortion can be caused by which of the following: 1. Tube angle 2. The position of the organ or structure within the body 3. The selection of a small focal spot
1 and 2 only
Distortion is: 1. magnification 2. elongation 3. penumbra
1 and 2 only
Factors affecting recorded detail include: 1. Focal spot size 2. Distance 3. kVp
1 and 2 only
Factors that affect the production of scatter radiation include: 1. kVp 2. volume of tissue 3. high ratio grid
1 and 2 only
Foreshortening of an anatomic structure means that: 1. Resolution decreases 2. It is projected on the IR shorter than actual size 3. Penumbra decreases
1 and 2 only
Grid cutoff throughout the entire image would result from the following: 1. off-level grid error 2. off-center grid error 3. off-focus grid error
1 and 2 only
Increasing which of the following factors will cause a decrease in IR exposure: 1. collimation 2. patient thickness 3. relative speed (RS)
1 and 2 only
Kilovoltage is the primary controlling factor of: 1. Beam quality 2. Radiographic subject contrast 3. IR exposure
1 and 2 only
Methods that help reduce the production of scattered radiation include using: 1. compression device 2. beam restriction 3. a high ratio grid
1 and 2 only
Milliamperage-second (mAs) directly affects which of the following: 1. x-ray output 2. beam intensity 3. beam penetrability
1 and 2 only
Resolution is improved when: 1. SID increases 2. OID decreases 3. Focal spot increases
1 and 2 only
Scattered photons will: 1. add exposure to the IR 2. not be considered part of the useful beam 3. improve image quality
1 and 2 only
System noise is different from quantum noise in that system noise: 1. can be filtered out 2. is inherent in the imaging system 3. is a function of mAs
1 and 2 only
The factors that HAVE A DIRECT RELATIONSHIP with x-ray quantity are: 1. mA 2. time (s) 3. filtration
1 and 2 only
The prime factor in the attenuation of the x-ray beam is: 1. Patient atomic number 2. Patient thickness 3. Grid efficiency
1 and 2 only
The volume of the irradiated tissue increases as: 1. field size increases 2. patient thickness increases 3. collimation increases
1 and 2 only
When using a portable radiographic grid with digital radiography: 1. the Moire effect is a consideration 2. higher frequency grids are desirable 3. radiographic grids are unnecessary
1 and 2 only
Which can negatively impact recorded detail: 1. Involuntary motion 2. Minimal SID 3. Small focal spot
1 and 2 only
Which of the following are used to measure resolution? 1. Line spread function 2. Line pairs per millimeter 3. K factor
1 and 2 only
Which of the following can occur when the tube is not aligned with the part and the IR is not parallel with the part? 1. Elongation 2. Magnification 3. Foreshortening
1 and 2 only
Which of the following will cause an increase in IR exposure? 1. increasing generator frequency 2. decreasing collimation 3. increasing filtration
1 and 2 only
Which of the following would be a result of a severely underexposed image? 1. Quantum noise 2. Decrease in contrast 3. System noise
1 and 2 only
A fluoroscopic examination that uses barium as a contrast material typically produce images with: 1. short scale contrast 2. wide dynamic range 3. high contrast
1 and 3 only
A radiograph that demonstrates minimal differences between exposures is called: 1. wide dynamic range 2. short scale contast 3. low contrast
1 and 3 only
An increase in which of the following factors will cause an increase in IR exposure: 1. kVp 2. SID 3. Field size
1 and 3 only
As focal spot size decreases: 1. umbra is improved 2. penumbra increases 3. resolution increases
1 and 3 only
As kVp increases: 1. scatter increases 2. contrast increases 3. IR exposure increases
1 and 3 only
As size distortion decreases: 1. Resolution increases 2. Magnification increases 3. Penumbra decreases
1 and 3 only
As spatial resolution increases: 1. spatial frequency increases 2. wavelength increases 3. penumbra decreases
1 and 3 only
Because of the "anode heel effect": 1. beam intensity is greater under the cathode 2. thicker patient anatomy should be placed under the anode end 3. has an impact on IR exposure if used incorrectly
1 and 3 only
If an increase in kilovoltage is accompanied by a reduction in mAs, to maintain the same exit dose the overall result will be: 1. a decrease in the amount of scatter produced 2. an increase in the exposure to the IR 3. an increase in the scale of contrast
1 and 3 only
Penumbra decreases as: 1. focal spot decreases 2. SID decreases 3. OID decreases
1 and 3 only
Slow intensifying screen combinations: 1. Increase resolution 2. Decrease patient dose 3. Decrease IR exposure
1 and 3 only
The IR exposure of the radiographic image is: 1. the response of photons striking the IR 2. the brightness of the image 3. affected by the quality of the beam
1 and 3 only
The amount of scatter radiation produced increases with a/an: 1. a larger field size 2. increase in beam restriction 3. decrease in atomic #
1 and 3 only
The brightness of the image on a viewing monitor is: 1. a function of the monitor 2. a representation of exposure 3. controlled by window level
1 and 3 only
The factor(s) affecting x-ray beam quality are: 1. Kvp 2. mAs 3. filtration
1 and 3 only
The greatest factor(s) that is responsible for attenuation of the beam is: 1. patient tissue thickness 2. kVp 3. patient tissue density
1 and 3 only
What are the effects of scattered radiation on a radiographic image? 1. It produces fog 2. It increases contrast 3. It increases exposure
1 and 3 only
What should you expect to occur with a decrease in kVp? 1. Decrease in Compton interactions 2. Increase in scale of contrast 3. Increase in contrast
1 and 3 only
When choosing between two radiographic grids, the K factor is different. Choosing a grid with the higher K factor: 1. Short scale contrast 2. Low contrast 3. Decreased IR exposure
1 and 3 only
Which of the following factors is involved in the production of scattered radiation? 1. Kilovoltage level 2. Grid ratio 3. Size of field
1 and 3 only
Which of the following occurs when the part is not parallel to the IR? 1. Foreshortening 2. Elongation 3. magnification
1 and 3 only
Which of the following will occur with a decrease in collimation: 1. increase in field size 2. decrease in exposure 3. increase in scatter created
1 and 3 only
When more photons are absorbed photoelectrically, the resulting radiograph has: 1. less IR exposure 2. more IR exposure 3. wider dynamic range
1 only
Which factor(s) affects the average energy of photons reaching the IR? 1. kVp 2. distance 3. grid ratio
1 only
Which of the following contribute(s) to an increase in radiographic contrast present on the finished radiograph? 1. High atomic number of tissue radiographed 2. Decreased thickness of tissue radiographed 3. Increased density (amt of material in given area) of tissue radiographed
1& 2 only
A change in kVp, as an exposure factor will change: 1. beam intensity 2. average beam energy 3. amount of scatter produced
1, 2 and 3
Changes in kilovoltage will change: 1. Quantity 2. Quality 3. Contrast
1, 2 and 3
Distortion is the misrepresentation of the ____ of an object? 1. Length 2. Size 3. Shape
1, 2 and 3
The shutters of a collimator: 1. reduce penumbra 2. reduce off focus radiation 3. regulate field size
1, 2 and 3
Which of the following is (are) associated with subject contrast? 1. Patient thickness 2. Tissue density 3. Kilovoltage
1, 2 and 3
Resolution is improved when: 1. OID decreases 2. SID increases 3. SOD decreases 4. Focal spot decreases
1, 2 and 4 only
Scale of contrast increases (longer) with: 1. increased scatter 2. decreased atomic number 3. decreased kVp 4. decreased collimation
1, 2 and 4 only
Recorded detail is: 1. Definition 2. The degree of geometric sharpness 3. The accuracy of the structural lines actually recorded in the radiographic image
1, 2, 3
Distortion is the misrepresentation of the ____ of an object. 1. shape 2. length 3. Size
1, 2, and 3
The prime factors include which of the following: 1. mAs 2. filtration 3. distance 4. kVp
1, 3 and 4 only
Which of the following may be used to reduce the effect of scattered radiation on a finished radiograph? 1. Grids 2. Collimators 3. Compression bands
1,2 & 3
A radiographic grid is employed: 1. to improve contrast 2. for part thickness above 10 cm. 3. for procedures above 60 kVp.
1,2 and 3
Large patients receive a greater exposure than small patients because their: 1. SOD is decreased 2. OID is increased 3. Entrance skin surface is closer to the source
1,2 and 3
Resolution is improved when: 1. SID increases 2. SOD increases 3. OID decreases
1,2 and 3
Slow screen (RS) systems: 1. Increase patient dose 2. Increase resolution 3. Decrease exposure
1,2 and 3
The 15% rule affects: 1. exposure 2. contrast 3. quality of the beam
1,2 and 3
The recorded detail of a radiographic image is visible because of: 1. sufficient IR exposure 2. sufficient differences in exposures 3. sufficient contrast
1,2 and 3
The recorded detail of a structure is dependent on: 1. the placement of the body in relationship to the IR 2. the size of the part 3. its position within the body
1,2 and 3
The use of a radiographic grid requires: 1. an awareness of the SID. 2. an increase in exposure factors to maintain exposure. 3. attention to central ray angulation.
1,2 and 3
When an x-ray beam passes through the body: 1. it will interact with the body and change direction 2. it will go through a photoelectric interaction 3. it will pass through the body unaffected.
1,2 and 3
Which of the following factors impact recorded detail? 1. Focal spot size 2. Subject motion 3. SOD
1,2 and 3
Which examination/s exhibit an inherently large OID? 1. PA lumbar spine 2. Lateral chest (viewing heart shadow) 3. PA chest (viewing heart shadow) 4. Lateral cervical spine
1,2 and 4 only
The volume of the irradiated tissue increases as: 1. collimation decreases 2. field size increases 3. patient thickness increases
1,2, and 3
All factors remaining constant, which of the following set of exposure conditions would yield an image with the GREATEST IR exposure: 100 mA @ ¾ sec, 40" SID 600 mA @ 105 ms, 40" SID 200 mA @ .30 sec, 40" SID 400 mA @ 100 ms, 40" SID
100 mA @ ¾ sec, 40" SID
Which of the following groups of exposure factors will produce the least radiographic exposure? 100 mA, .05 s 200 mA, .04 s 400 mA, .05 s 600 mA, .03 s
100 mA, .05 s
If the lead strips of a grid are 6.0 mm high, 0.25 mm thick and are separated by 0.5 mm of aluminum, what is the grid ratio?
12:1
Increasing kVp from 85 to 98 is an example of:
15% rule
Which rule is used as a guide to maintain the same IR exposure when kVp changes?
15% rule
A method for reducing scatter radiation production is the:
15% rule of kVp
A satisfactory radiograph is produced using 8 mAs at 85 kVp without a grid. A second radiograph is requested using an 8:1 grid with a conversion factor of 4 at 98 kVp. What mAs is needed to maintain exposure on the second radiograph?
16 mAs
If a particular grid had lead strips 0.40 mm thick, 4.0 mm high, and interspace material of 0.25 mm, what is it's grid ratio?
16:1
Which grid would most effectively reduce scatter? 8:1 10:1 12:1 16:1
16:1
All of the following refer to patient factors contributing to image quality EXCEPT: 1. subject detail 2. subject penumbra 3. subject contrast
2
A radiograph that demonstrates considerable difference between IR exposures is called: 1. long scale contrast 2. narrow dynamic range 3. high contrast
2 and 3 only
A radiograph with few shades of gray exhibits: 1. Low contrast 2. High contrast 3. Narrow dynamic range
2 and 3 only
A radiographer can best reduce the amount of scatter radiation from reaching the IR by: 1. Decreasing collimation 2. Utilizing a grid 3. Increasing beam restriction
2 and 3 only
As grid ratio is decreased: 1. contrast increases 2. radiographic exposure increases 3. scale of contrast becomes longer
2 and 3 only
As the spatial frequency of object increases: 1. MTF increases 2. MTF decreases 3. Wavelength decreases
2 and 3 only
As volume of tissue increases: 1. IR exposure increases 2. Contrast decreases 3. Scatter increases
2 and 3 only
Changes in milliamperage-seconds will affect: 1. quality 2. quantity 3. intensity
2 and 3 only
Increasing the energy of an incident electron will result in the production of an x-ray photon with: 1. greater velocity 2. greater energy 3. greater penetrability
2 and 3 only
Penumbra decreases as: 1. OID increases 2. Distortion decreases 3. SOD increases
2 and 3 only
Recorded detail can be improved by decreasing: 1. The SID 2. The OID 3. Patient/part motion
2 and 3 only
Resolution is decreased when: 1. SID increases 2. OID increases 3. IR is angled
2 and 3 only
Resolution will increase as: 1. Relative speed (RS) increases 2. Relative speed decreases 3. Penumbra decreases
2 and 3 only
Select the TRUE statement from the choices below. 1. If an image is within acceptable limits, it is always of optimal image quality. 2. The art of image critique is the application of scientific knowledge to the analysis of an image. 3. A problem with contrast is categorized as a technical factor problem.
2 and 3 only
Spatial resolution is improved in digital imaging when: 1. matrix size decreases 2. pixel size decreases 3. bit depth increases
2 and 3 only
The collimation assembly of a radiographic unit: 1. employs upper shutters to reduce penumbra 2. allows the radiographer to adjust field size 3. helps to reduce off-focus radiation from striking the IR.
2 and 3 only
The quantity of scattered radiation reaching the IR can be reduced through the use of: 1. an decrease in RS 2. an air gap 3. a grid
2 and 3 only
Which of the choices below does NOT increase contrast: 1. Decreasing filtration 2. Increasing field size 3. Increasing quality of the beam
2 and 3 only
Factors affecting recorded detail include: 1. mAs 2. distance 3. radiographic grids 4. angulation
2 and 4 only
The best method for controlling motion while maintaining exposure when the patient is unable to cooperate is to: 1. Increase mAs 2. Decrease time 3. Decrease SID 4. Increase mA
2 and 4 only
Which is used as a guide to maintain the same IR exposure when distance changes? 1. inverse square law 2. exposure maintenance law 3. 15% rule 4. Direct square law
2 and 4 only
Which can negatively impact recorded detail? 1. Maximum SID 2. Large focal spot 3. Increased matrix size
2 only
All of the following affect geometric properties EXCEPT: 1. focal spot size 2. SOD 3. Filtration
3 only
A 5 inch object to be radiographed at a 44 in. SID lies 6 in. from the IR. What will be the image width?
5.7 in.
A satisfactory abdominal radiograph is produced using a 6:1 grid (GCF=3), 300 mA at 100 ms with 70 kVp. A second radiograph is requested using an 10:1 grid (GCF=5). What mAs is needed to produce the second radiograph with comparable IR exposure?
50 mAs
A satisfactory radiograph is produced using 10 mAs at 85 kVp without a grid. A second radiograph is requested using an 10:1 grid with a GCF of 5. What mAs is needed to maintain exposure on the second radiograph?
50 mAs
All factors remaining constant, which of the following set of exposure conditions would yield an image with the GREATEST radiographic exposure? 100 mA, .75 sec, 40" SID, 70 kVp 300 mA, 125 ms, 40" SID, 70 kVp 150 mA, .25 sec, 40" SID, 80 kVp 500 mA, 150 ms, 40" SID, 88 kVp
500 mA, 150 ms, 40" SID, 88 kVp
A satisfactory abdominal radiograph is produced using a 12:1 grid (GCF=5), 50 mAs with 70 kVp. A second radiograph is requested using an 16:1 grid (GCF=6). What mAs is needed to produce the second radiograph with comparable IR exposure?
60 mAs
Which grid would have the greatest distance between lead strips? 6:1 8:1 12:1 16:1
6:1
A Potter-Bucky diaphragm must move the grid in a direction that is ____ to the direction of the grid lines.
90 degree angle
Which radiograph exhibits the best detail? An AP chest for evaluation of the heart at 40 in An AP chest for evaluation of the heart at 72 in A PA chest for evaluation of the heart at 40 in A PA chest for evaluation of the heart at 72"
A PA chest for evaluation of the heart at 72"
Which statement about radiographic grids is incorrect? A grid is a series of lead strips that alternate with radiopaque interspace material. The interspace material is usually made of aluminum. Grids may have grid strips running in perpendicular directions. The radiopaque strips are typically made of thin lead
A grid is a series of lead strips that alternate with radiopaque interspace material.
Subject/object unsharpness can result from all of the following except when: Object shape does not coincide with the shape of the x-ray beam Anatomic object/s of interest is/are in the path of the CR Object plane is not parallel with x-ray tube and/or IR Anatomic objects of interest is/are a distance from the IR
Anatomic object/s of interest is/are in the path of the CR
Which statement is FALSE? As mAS decreases, quantity decreases As mAs increases, output decreases As mAs increases, exposure increases As mAs decreases, intensity decreases
As mAs increases, output decreases
When a beam-restricting device is used to limit field size, technical factors may need to ____ to compensate for the change in image receptor exposure.
Be increased
As kilovoltage increases, the percentage of x-rays that undergo____ interactions will increase
Compton
The primary source of radiation exposure for occupational personnel is due to:
Compton Scatter
kVp controls the relationship between:
Compton and photoelectric interactions
Scatter radiation in radiography is produced during:
Compton interactions
Scatter radiation in radiography is produced during:
Compton interations
The primary source of radiation exposure for occupational personnel is due to
Compton scatter
For a grid to be properly focused, the x-ray tube must be located along the ____ line.
Convergence
An increase in kVp by 15 percent will cause an approximate ______ in exposure
Doubling
Attenuation is greater for elements with more __ with which the photons may interact.
Electrons
Bone produces less image receptor ___ because it attenuates the x-ray beam more than soft tissue does.
Exposure
Bone produces less image receptor ____ because it attenuates the x-ray beam more than soft tissue does.
Exposure
Which secondary factor influences the number of photons reaching the IR
Exposure Time
Bone absorbs more radiation and produces more scatter than soft tissue. True or False
False
Bone absorbs more radiation and produces more scatter than soft tissue. True or False
False
Scattered photons from Compton interactions are useful in demonstrating radiographic structures of interest. True or False
False
Subject density refers to the impact the patient has on the resulting radiographic contrast. True or False
False
The principal factors that affect scatter production are mAs and the type of irradiated material. True or False
False
The principle factors that affect the amount of scatter produced are mAs and the type of irradiated material. True or False
False
The relationship between image receptor exposure and the patient is termed subject contrast. True or False
False
When kilovoltage is increased with no other changes in technical factors, fewer percentage of scattered photons will result compared to absorption. True of False
False
mAs controls the quantity and affects the quality of xrays in the primary beam True or False
False
The ____ represents a depth to the information in the digital image.
Grayscale Bit
The ____ the SID, the ____ the magnification.
Greater; smaller
X-ray beam quality is numerically represented by
HVL
Which of the following elements would attenuate a lesser percentage of the x-ray beam? Hydrogen Fat Muscle Bone
Hydrogen
As subject density ____, image receptor exposure ____.
Increases; decreases
All of the following are true of Compton scatter EXCEPT: Most of the final image exposure is the result of Compton scatter. Its production increases as tissue atomic # increases. It is a significant contributor to occupational radiation exposure. It contributes no meaningful information on the final image.
Its production increases as tissue atomic # increases.
Examinations of body parts with a large inherent OID warrant a ____ whenever possible.
Large SID
Which type of radiograph provides the most clinical diagnostic information?
Long scale contrast images
As the spatial frequency of objects increases
MTF decreases
Which measures the accuracy of an image compared to the original object on a scale of 0-1?
MTF modulation transfer function
Which measures the accuracy of an image compared to the original object on a scale of 0-1?
Modulation transfer function
Technical factor problems can include both:
Photographic and geometric problems
The factors that affect xray emission under the direct control of the radiographer are called _____ factors
Prime
Which of the following is placed between the patient and the image receptor to absorb scatter radiation?
Radiographic grid
Which of the following is placed between the patient and the image receptor to absorb scatter?
Radiographic grid
You have completed a chest radiograph on a 2 month old infant using a restraining device at a 72" SID. Because of the design of the device, your OID is suboptimum. The image reveals good resolution of the bony anatomy but the pulmonary vasculature is blurred. In an effort to improve the quality of the repeat image, the competent radiographer would
Raise the mA and decrease exposure time
Penumbra is ____ when the collimator shutters are at a/an ____ distance from the xray tube.
Reduced; increased
When the position of the patient is reversed the direction of the tube angle must be ____ to maintain the relationship
Reversed
X-ray beam quality is numerically represented by the:
Roentgen
With a patient in the supine position, the anatomical structure that would demonstrate the greatest subject detail would be the:
Spinous Processes
Select the TRUE statement regarding digital imaging from the choices below: Digital technology had eliminated repeat images due to errors in exposure selection Exposure index numbers are consistent between manufacturers Digital detectors will compensate for errors in mAs selection The brightness on a review monitor is not related to x-ray exposure
The brightness on a review monitor is not related to x-ray exposure
As a last resort to control voluntary motion, which human immobilizer should be used to hold a patient in position?
The male relative
The Nyquist criterion is
The sampling of the spatial resolution frequency signal twice from each cycle in digital systems
The _____ the body part, the _____ the attenuation.
Thicker, Greater
The ____ the body part, the ____ the attenuation.
Thicker; greater
A radiographer can help minimize the amount of scatter radiation reaching the IR by restricting the beam True or False
True
A radiographer can minimize the amount of scatter radiation reaching the image receptor by restricting the beam. True or False
True
Automatic collimators are known as positive beam limitation (PBL) devices. True or False
True
Lead blockers may serve as beam restrictors. True or False
True
Penumbra is a geometric unsharpness around the periphery of an image True or False
True
Scattered photons from Compton interactions are of no use in demonstrating radiographic structures of interest. True or False
True
Shape distortion can be the result of a patient's body habitus. True or False
True
Soft tissue absorbs less radiation and produces more scatter than bone. True or False
True
Subject distortion can be reduced by accurately positioning the patient True or False
True
Subject distortion occurs naturally. True or False
True
The beam emitted from the patient contains diagnostic information. True or False
True
The incident beam is significantly altered as it passes through the patient. True or False
True
The patient has an impact on all the properties that affect radiographic quality of image. True or False
True
The presence of the Moire effect on an image indicates a problem with:
a CR cassette and grid
If an increase in kilovoltage is accompanied by a reduction in mAS, to maintain the same exit dose the overall result will be:
a decrease in the amount of scatter produced
In general radiography, quantum noise is
a function of mAs
The brightness of the image on a viewing monitor is:
a function of the monitor
Generally speaking, the process of image analysis should start with:
a review of the entire image
An image that demonstrates underexposure would represent:
a technical factor problem
When the sampling frequency is less than the Nyquist value:
aliasing occurs
Variation in beam intensity between the two ends of the tube:
anode heel effect
The reduction in the total number of x-ray photons in the useful beam as the photons pass through material because of interactions that occur in the body is termed
attenuation
A severely underexposed image will
be unable to visualize recorded detail
The purpose of moving the grid during the radiographic exposure is to:
blur out the radiopaque strips.
When evaluating the degree of resolution on an actual image, an effective tissue to analyze is:
bony trabecular markings
Which of the following elements would attenuate a greater percentage of the x-ray beam: hydrogen carbon oxygen calcium
calcium
When using a digital image receptor
control IR exposure with predictable changes in mAs
Increasing kVp for an exposure will
create an increase in the energy of electron traveling from cathode to anode
A severely underexposed image will
demonstrate low radiographic exposure index
The exposure maintenance formula is
direct square law mAs1/ mAs2= D1squared/D2 squared
The effect of mAs upon intensity is
directly proportional
The relationship between mAs and IR exposure is
directly proportional
The concept of contrast (range of exposures) for digital images is described as:
dynamic range
X-rays are attenuated:
exponentially
x-rays are attenuated
exponentially
Direct relationship between mAs and distance:
exposure maintenance formula
All of the following are related EXCEPT equipment malfunction problem. exposure timer error. technical factor problem. procedural factor problem.
exposure timer error.
All of the following factors would affect radiographic contrast EXCEPT: focal spot filtration kVp grid ratio
focal spot
If kVp is doubled, the amount of x-ray photons created approximately increases
four times
The number of grid lines per inch is the grid:
frequency
Increasing the energy of an incident electron will result in the production of an x-ray photon with
greater energy
For the same exposure intensity, air produces
greater exposure intensity to the IR than other materials
As more photons pass through the irradiated material unaffected, the resulting image receptor exposure has:
greater radiographic image exposure
The ___ represents a depth to the information in the digital image.
greyscale
Which generator produces the greatest amount of radiographic exposure
high frequency generator
Focal spot blooming occurs with
high mA
With digital imaging systems, the primary factors affecting final image contrast are the
histogram and LUT
Which of the following elements would attenuate a lesser percentage of the x-ray beam? Oxygen carbon barium hydrogen
hydrogen
The primary purpose of a grid is to:
improve contrast
What is the primary purpose of a grid
improve contrast
A photographic problem with visibility of detail would be likely due to:
inadequate kVp
Increasing field size from 8x10 to 14x17 with no other changes will:
increase exposure and increase the amount of scatter radiation produced in the part.
When changing your SID from 40" to 56":
increase the mAs by a factor of 2
When changing your SID from 56" to 72":
increase the mAs by a factor of 2
As the mA doubles, the number of electrons flowing from the cathode to anode
increase two times
If the mAs of a radiograph is increased from 10 to 20, the resulting radiograph will exhibit
increased radiographic exposure
As OID increases and SID remains constant, entrance skin exposure (ESE):
increases
As the volume of irradiated tissue ____, the amount of scatter produced ____.
increases, increases
The relationship between the intensity of radiation and distance is the
inverse square law
The relationship between output and SID is
inversely proportional to the square of the distance
The relationship between quantity and Source to Image receptor Distance is:
inversely proportional to the square of the distance
A major factor that affects the amount of scatter produced is:
irradiated material
An optimal diagnostic quality radiograph:
is always in acceptable limits
Because of the anode heel effect, x-ray beam intensity
is less under the anode side of the tube
Controls the average energy of the x-ray beam:
kVp
The primary factor controlling x-ray beam quality is determined by:
kVp
The principle controlling factor of contrast is
kVp
Which secondary factor influences the number of photons reaching the IR?
kVp
X-ray beam penetrability is primarily controlled by
kVp
In order to reduce patient entrance skin exposure (ESE), high kVp exposures are a consideration. It is important to remember that
kVp values that are excessively high can negatively affect the data histogram
A key factor that affects the probability of scatter produced is:
kilovoltage
A PA chest radiograph that demonstrates a faint outline of the thoracic spine and many shades of gray to show the pulmonary markings of the lung illustrates:
long scale contrast and adequate penetration
Controls the x-ray beam intensity
mAs
The principle controlling factor of radiographic image exposure is
mAs
As you analyze your image, you come to the conclusion that it must have more exposure. As a general rule, you should increase
mAs by x2
When collimating down from a 14x17 field size to an 8x10 field size
mAs must be increased to maintain radiographing image exposure.
Size distortion in radiography can be ___ only.
magnification
The best method for controlling motion when the patient is unable to cooperate is to
maintain mAs while decreasing time
Because the x-ray beam is divergent
minification is impossible
In the event of making a single exposure that is critical to the exam success, most experienced technologists should
overexpose the IR slightly
The greatest source of scatter during a radiographic examination is the:
patient
Poor resolution is caused by unacceptable levels of:
penumbra
Proper alignment is achieved when the central ray is ____ to the part and ____ to the IR:
perpendicular; perpendicular
As kilovoltage increases, the percentage of photons that undergo a ____ interaction will decrease.
photoelectric
The factors that affect x-ray emission under the direct control of the radiographer are called ____ factors.
prime
Performing a routine chest radiograph in the AP projection will:
produce improved resolution of the thoracic spine
Kilovoltage is the primary controlling factor of
radiographic contrast
Photons that pass through the body unaffected produce:
radiographic contrast
The difference between two adjacent IR exposures is:
radiographic contrast
Size distortion is controlled by:
radiographic distances
The ratio of the height of the lead strips to the distance between the lead strips is the grid:
ratio
The overall general shape of human anatomical structures are:
round or oval
A grid absorbs:
scatter radiation
The degree of differential absorption is referred to as:
subject contrast
As the lead content of a grid increases:
the ability of the grid to remove scatter increases.
With the patient in the PA projection of the abdomen (prone):
the anterior ribs would have high resolution
Recorded detail is:
the degree of geometric sharpness
A factor that affects the amount of scatter produced is:
the irradiated material
Foreshortening can be caused by:
the radiographic object being placed at an angle to the IR
For general radiography, an MTF value of 1 is
theoretically impossible
Immediately after exposure and before a digitally acquired image is post processed, the initial image demonstrates
very low contrast
Compared to an indirect DR system, a direct DR system
will produce high resolution
Image brightness on an image display monitor can be adjusted by
window level
Image brightness on an image display monitor can be manipulated using the
window level
Geometric problems dealing with distortion could be due to:
x ray tube alignment
The product of tube current and exposure time is equal to
x-ray beam quantity
