250 test 2
Imaginary audience
- feel that others are watching them (constantly paying attention to them) - leads to self consciousness - conformity because don't want to stand out and be picked on - increased need for privacy - think special and unique
How information processing theory current research differs from Piaget
- focused on micro-level analysis - change is more gradual and continuous - a belief that knowledge and skills are domain specific - emphasizes the progressive steps, action, and operations that take place when the adolescent receives, perceives, remembers, thinks about and utilizes info
During adolescence the self esteem of girls ______ than that of boys
- girls is greater than boys, based on physical attractiveness - boys based on achievement and athletics
What is the correlation between self esteem and school achievement
- grades appear to affect self esteem - good and bad self esteem
What are some of the reasons why adolescents engage in risky behaviors?
- heuristics: rule of thumb - overestimate - rely upon intuitive rather than analytic reasoning - researchers advocate a dual process theory of decision making (heuristic & intuition over logic and deliberation) - adolescents engage in risky behaviors for various reasons
Assimilation
- identify solely with dominant group and give up ones own culture - incorporating a feature of the environment into an existing mode or structure of thought
What approach to cognition examines the steps in reception, perception, and remembering
- information processing: study how individuals perceive, attend to, retrieve and manipulate info
Information processing theory
1. stimulus 2. selection - imt stimuli forget rest 3. interpretation - make meaning connect prior knowledge 4. memory - short and long connecting 5. inference - higher thinking
When a child believes that immoral behavior automatically brings punishment Piaget described this as
objective judgements - immanent justice - first judgement is based solely on the consequences of wrongdoing, immanent justice - the childs belief that immoral behavior inevitable brings pain or punishment as a natural consequence of the transgression
Separation
no interaction with dominant group, focus on ones culture
Egocentrism
not being able to consider more than one perspective simultaneously, can not decenter from their own perspective
Molly's parets always take her to a restaurant on her birthday. This year she looked around and said "Look at all the people having birthdays." This illustrates an error of ______
syncretism - the act of trying to link ideas
Syncretism
trying to link ideas that aren't always related - mom went to the hospital and brought home a baby, so next time she goes to the hospital we will get a baby
Iconic storage
visual info is held in a visual sensory store called iconic memory
Introspection
- fascination with own thoughts and feelings - recognize that you are smarter than you were, omg smarter than when i was 12 - form personal fable and imaginary audience
Explain Piaget and children's moral development
- 2 types of studies: needs for rules when playing games, could these rules be changed, make moral judgements about story characters - concluded there is a a) morality of constraint: young children dont know accident v. intent b) morality of cooperation - older - first judgement: based solely on the consequences of wrongdoing - objective judgements - later judgements that take into account intention or motive - subjective judgements, later on subjective because know person and try to figure out motive and case by case give out judgement, as increase age this increases - young children moral realism - children move from a stage of moral realism to one of moral relativism a) moral realism is received morality in which you do what authority figure tell you to do, Piaget named this immanent justice b) moral relativism conversely is both independent and cooperative it is independent in the sense that you believe that you own your own moral beliefs, it is cooperative in that it is based on decisions made with others
level 1 Preconventional moral reasoning
- Preconventional moral reasoning - according to Kholberg the first level of development of moral thought based on reward and punishment a) stage 1. punishment orientation: explanation used to justify the situation, more primitive level in which one acts so as to avoid negative consequences b) stage 2. instrumental hedonism orientation: payback or future gain, the more advanced levels in which one acts so as to gain a future reward
Self concept
- a persons conscious cognitive perception and evaluation of self thoughts opinion - self concept - ones belief about ones self - am i competent? - am i attractive to the opposite sex? - am i intelligent - self esteem - the degree to which one likes one self - competence comes from success good grades - im smart, intelligence comes from competence
postskeptical rationalism
- absolute certainty is not required for rational behavior - do the best you can with the info available
Naive realism (early childhood)
- absolute universal truths - yes or no, true or false - difficulty distinguishing facts from opinions - when people have divergent opinions it is because they are working with different pieces of opinion - think all start and end at the same solution
Explain Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence, what are the three main components
- analytical intelligence: a) learning, critical thinking b) good vocabulary, reading comprehension - creative intelligence a) creativity, insight b) select, encode, compare, contrast, and combine info in meaningful ways - practical intelligence a) practical problem solving b) ability to size up situations, achieve goals, solve practical problems
Echoic storage
- auditory info is held in an auditory sensory story - the ability to retrieve info from the sensory store does not change much as adolescents and children mature
level 2. conventional moral reasoning
- based on the desire to conform to social convention a) stage 3. good girl - good boy orientation: one acts so as to win others approval b) stage 4. law and order orientation, follow rules because it is what others have said is correct and moral, one unquestionably obeys societies rules and laws
Personal Fable
- believe they and their feelings are unique / special - make them feel (falsely) invulnerable - so special and invincible bad things happen to other people not me - more reckless behavior
defensive realist
- believing that there are absolute truths but people are biased, differentiates between fact or opinion - middle childhood - recognize that diff opinions draw diff conclusions even when they are working with the same info - facts are unambiguous, universally true, and opinions are variables - part of epistemological development
Good self esteem
- correspondence between their self concepts and their ideal self - encourages mental health - interpersonal competence and popularity - promotes positive social relationships - permits academic success - permits academic success
Dogmatisim and skepticism (adolescent)
- dogmatic: cling to one belief, situational, resist change, cling to knowledge - skeptic: reject rationality - truth is always constructed and facts have multiple interpretations - so if i dont know the difference between what is true and what is false, how can we make good choices - lost faith in logic, adolescent behave impulsively, intuitively, indifferently - rebellious or disengaged - intolerant to others beliefs because they dont want to question their own
According to Elkind, adolescent pseudo-stupidity results from their lack of ______
- due to lack of experience
Explain reasoning?
- logical constrained, useful thinking - higher order thought process - inference: the ability to generate new thoughts from old info - thinking: the conscious deliberate coordination of info - negative info: info that refutes their hypothesis - relay on negation rather than affirmations - use an elimination strategy - self serving bias: looking at the world that favors their own opinion
What is the most important determinate of adolescent religiosity
- main determinant is the strength and quality of relationship with family - adolescents who have a close relationship with their parents usually remain in the faith in which they are raised - american teenagers are fairly rebellious - declines during late adolescence then rebounds - religion has a positive effect on adolescent behavior
According to Carol Gilligan, when making moral judgements, men emphasize _______ and women emphasize ________
- men emphasize justice and rights - women emphasize caring - current view is that men and women use both
Describe Kohlberg and his levels of moral development just need to know names
- moral development based on cognitive development - told participates stories with moral dilemmas - the heinz story - 3 levels of moral development each has 2 sublevels - a high level of cognitive development was necessary for a high level of moral reasoning - advanced reasoning skills were necessary but not sufficient to ensure sophisticated moral reasoning - linked to epistemological development - metacognition also related to moral development
epistomology
- ones beliefs, how we gain and think about knowledge - boyes & chandler's scheme, naive realism - dogmatism & skepticism - postskeptical rationalism
Bad self esteem
- poor social adjustment - not noticed or selected as leaders - do not particpate often in class clubs or social activities - they do not stand up for their own rights or express their opinions on matters that concern them - experience a good deal of role strain ex: stress as a result of competitng demands and expectations - delinquency
Kelly is terrified that she will become an alchoholic like her mother. This is an example of _________
- possible self - having a good self concept influences behavior - the possible selves - expectred - people we will likely become - hoped for - people we wish to become - feared - people we dread becoming - adolescents with high expected self do better - encourages mental health - promotes positive social relationships - permits academic success
Reasoning example
- reasoning: analog - grass is green as sky is ______ - deductions - logical sequence - induction - logical conclusion from a series of examples - problem solving
the text describes religious youths to be less likely to ______
- religion has a positive effect if religious less likely to drink or do drug if religion is forced v. wanted
According to Marcia when is mature identity achieved?
- resolved their identity crisis by careful evaluation of various choices and then made their own decisions - self acceptance - harmony within oneself
Describe short term memory. What does the text discuss about working memory of adolescents?
- short term memory: the process by which info is still in the conscious mind being rehearsed and focused on - takes longer for adolescents to get info from short term memory - less likely to use effective memory strategies or retrieval cues - cluttered with irrelevant information
Explain Gardener's eight intelligence's
- standardized tests dont test all frames of mind, only reading and writing, should test art and linguistics - linguistic intelligences - logical / mathematical intelligence - spatial intelligence - see it in minds eye - musical intelligence - body / kinesthetic intelligence - interpersonal intelligence - relate to others - intrapersonal intelligence - understand own emotions how to handle them - naturalistic
what kind of reasoning do children do in Piaget's preoperational stage
- syncretism - transductive reasoning - egocentrism - animism - centration - symbolic play or internalized imitation emerges - the second stage of cognitive development according to Piaget lasting from 2 to 7 years of age
Level 3. Postconventional moral reasoning
- third level of development of moral thought based on adherence to universal principle truths a) stage 5. social contract orientation: for societal good, one believes that individuals actions should serve the greater good b) stage 6. universal principled orientation: the highest form of moral reasoning in which one acts according to his or her abstract moral reasoning
pseudostupidity
- treat even simple problems as if they are too complex / approach at too complex a level and fail, not b.c too difficult, but because too simple - get lost in a multitude of choices - due to lack of experience - adolescents appear stupid when they are in fact bright but not yet experienced - ex: look at a menu 20 mins end up ordering the same thing anyway, frustrating
When there is close correspondence between ones self concept and ideal self one has _____
- what kind of person the adolescent would like to be - aspirations - may be realistic too high or too low - if too high may lead to frustration and self deprecation - if too low may impede accomplishment - realistic leads to self acceptance mental health and accomplishment of realistic goals
According to Elkind, young adolescents may seem to be hypocrites because they are ______
- what they say and what they do differs (discrepancy) cant translate general principles into concrete actions - pretending to be what / something they are not often pressured to do so - everyone must follow riles but them
Centration
focus attention on one detail and inability to shift their attention to another aspect or situation, ex: more water in shallow dish because it is wider
Centration
Mike realizes that whether he pours his pepsi into a large cup or a medium one, the amount is still the same. This illustrates what Piaget calls __________
Animism
inanimate objects share features such as eyes and faces with animals and have feelings
Transductive Reasoning
infer cause and effect when none exists
introspection
Thinking about ones own thinking is called ________
Piaget's stage of cognitive development in which operations may deal with abstractions that are independent of reality is ________
develop formal operational - logical thinking hypothesis
Marginality
absence of ones own culture and lack of involvement with dominant culture
egocentrism
according to Elkind, imaginary audience and personal fable are both aspects of adolescent
cognition
act or cognition of knowing
Jimmy sees a full moon at night and is sure that it must be lonely in the sky all alone. This is an example of preoperational_______
animism - preoperational belief that inanimate objects have humanlike properties and emotions
Integration
blending v. alternating biculturalism fused individuals: merged ones ethnic traditions and those of the cultural mainstream - mix separation and assimilation ex: chrismakuh blend to make something unique and positive
