2.8-Cell Respiration

state three activiites that require anaerobic respiration

-weight lifting -sprinting -push ups

chemical equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2= 6CO2+ 6H20

Define cell respiration

the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP

Explain why anaerobic respiration can only be done for short periods of time

there is a limit to the concentration that the body can tolerate -if you can keep pushing through the high lactase acid, muscle cramps will happen, forcing you to stop the exercise

explain the function of the alkali solution (potassium hydroxide) -filter paper wicks -capillary tube containing color oil -metal cage

used to absorb carbn dioxide in the air -ncrease the efficiency of carbon dioside absorption --movement in the oil per minute toward tube b measures the rate of oxygen consumption -keeps the organism in place

how does ATP use energy?

uses energy by breaking bonds an inorganic phosphate is removed form ATP to use energy , ATP now becomes ADP

Describe how and why yeast is used in bread making

-Bread is made by adding water to flour, making dough + then baking it. Yeast is added to the dough to create bubbles of gas, so the baked bread has a lighter texture -after kneading (mixing), the dough is kept warm to encourage the yeast to respire -Yeast can respire aerobically or anaerobically, but oxygen in the dough is soon used up (closed off) so the yeast is forced to respire anaerobically -The carbon dioxide produced by anaerobic cell respiration cannot escape from the dough and forms bubbles causing the dough to swell and rise -Ethanol is also produced, but it evaporates during baking

outline how a respirometer measures the rate of cell respiration

-Tube cosed to the air. Connected to the left hand side of U tube -dried peas in basket (same volume as germinating peas) -akali to absorb carbon dioxide produced -U tube with colored liquid (mannometer) positioned on a scale -Tube containing respiring organism . closed to the air. Connected to the right hand side of the U tube -germinating peas (of known volume and mass basket to prevent contact with alkalki) -rolled paper wick to increase surface area for carbon dioxide absorption

Label the diagram of aerobic cell respiration below

-aerobic= oxygen and pyruvate go into mitochondira starts with Glucose and oxygen -glucose is broken into pyruvate in the cytoplasm -ADP is converted to ATP -oxygen and pyruvate go into the mitochondria and are converted to CO2 and H2O -ADP is converted to ATP -oxygen is more efficient in ATP production

describe the term 'oxygen debt' and explain why it must be repaid after anaerobic respiration has stopped

-after exercise, lactate must be broken down -this involves the use of oxygen -the demand for oxygen that builds up during a period of anaerobic respiration

Explain why cell respiration must happen within every living cell

-all cells (even single-celled bacteria) need energy

Label the diagram of anaerobic cell respiration

-glucose is converted to two pyruvate molecules in the cytoplasm -ADP is converted to ATP (small yield) -ethanol + CO2 in yeasts and lactic acid is produced in humans -no further ATP

describe the ethical and environment concerns that must be addressed before the respirometer can be used for animal experimentation

-is it acceptable to remove animals from their natural habitat for use in an experiment -can the animals be safely returned to their habitat -will the animals suffer pain during the experiment -

Bio ethanol is ethanol produced by living organisms, for use as a renewable energy source. It can be used as a fuel in vehicles, sometimes in a pure state and sometimes mixed with gasoline (petrol). Describe how bio ethanol can be produced from plant material with reference to the function of yeast in the process.

-most bioethanol is produced by adding yeast to sugar cane and maize (corn) -starch and cellulose in the plant material are broken down by enzymes into sugars -fermenters are used to keep the yeast in optimum conditions -when yeast carrys out anaerboic respiration, the sugars (glucose) in the plant material are converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide -the ethanol purified by distillation and water is removed to improve combustion

List the three main cellular processes that use ATP as a source of energy

-muscle contraction -active transport -protein synthesis -vesicle transport -cell signaling -DNA/RNA replication

Aerobic respiration generates a much greater yield of ATP. Despite this it is still important for humans to carry out anaerobic respiration. State the main advantages to humans of anaerobic respirtaion.

1) Even though aerobic produces a greater yield, anaerobic can supply ATP very rapidly 2) rapid supply of ATP maximizes the power of muscle contractions 3) Produces lactate

Identify the two components of the cell in which respiration takes place

1) starts in the cytoplasm=glucose is broken into pyruvate that goes into cytoplasm and produces ATP, if pyruvate goes into mitochondria then the link and krebs cycle occur (aerobic respiration), if pyruvate stays in the cytoplasm then fermentation occurs (anaerobic respiration) and lactic acid is produced in humans 2) Mitochondria= Krebs cycle

complete the table below to compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration -sugars used? -other possible means if sugar is not available? -oxygen in or out? -# of ATP produced? -role of pyruvvate -products

Aerobic Glucose (and other hexose sugars ) used in both types of respiration -Lipids and amino acids (if in excess) can also be used -oxygen in -34-36 ATP produced - Pyruvate is an intermediate compound in both types of respiration -carbon dioxide produced -water produced Anerobic -Glucose (and other hexose sugars) used in both types of respiration -can't use lipids and amino acids if in excess -no oxygen -2 ATP produced -pyruvate is an intermediate compound -can occur in yeasts and animals -products= -yeasts= ethanol, CO2, -humans= lactic acid

Draw and annotate a molecule of ATP to show how it stores ad releases energy

During cellular respiration, an inorganic phosphate is added to ADP in order to make ATP

explain the importance of tube a in a respirometer

acts as a control to ensure changes in the level of colored oila re due to respiration, and not reaction of akali with atmosphere

distinguish between the terms aerobic and anaerobic

aerobic=with oxygen anaerobic=no oxygen

formula for calculating the rate of oxygen consumption from a respirometer?

change in volume/ change in time

cell respiration is an example of a metabolic process. State the type of molecules that control the process of respiration

enzymes -everything that controls enzymes (PH, temp) also controls cellular respiration

Identify two organic molecules, other than glucose, which could be used for respiration

lipids and proteins