351 Chapter 12 Quiz, Quiz 11 Social Psych, Social Psych Ch. 10 Quiz, CU Social Psych Final
According to Zajonc's theory of mere presence, the mere presence of another person has an effect on our behavior because
we are physiologically aroused because our attention is split between the other person and the task at hand.
Imagine an experiment in which participants see the following symbols projected one at a time on a screen: ö é ö Ä î ö è ö ô ö ì ö ð ö ó ö ö ù ö æ ö If participants are asked how much they like each character, which character are they probably going to report liking the most?
ö
One Friday night, the local football team wins their game and Colin is heard to exclaim, "We played such a great game!" The next Friday, the team loses. If Colin's identity is boosted by basking in reflected glory, which of the following is most likely to be his response after the loss?
"They lost this one"
Which of the following is a criterion listed by Baumeister and Leary (1995) to judge whether the need to belong is a true innate need?
Belonging to social groups must serve some sort of evolutionary purpose.
The idea that our emotional expressions are vestiges of evolutionarily adaptive behaviors is most consistent with
Darwin's serviceable habits.
Mario wants to break up with his significant other, but he fears that the separation would be too devastating for him to deal with. As a result of immune neglect, what might Mario discover after he and his partner split?
He underestimated his own resiliency and isn't as unhappy as he predicted.
Research suggests that a couple will be more or less happy depending on how each partner explains the other partner's positive and negative actions. Which pattern below best reflects the attributions of a member of a happy couple?
Negative behaviors are attributed to specific and unintended causes.
Maria wants to teach her daughter, Lisa, to value and enjoy reading. According to the logic of cognitive dissonance theory, which of the following strategies would be the best way to cultivate such an attitude?
When she chooses to read books, reward Lisa with small rewards, preferably simple verbal praise.
If you are experiencing anger, which of the following is a likely consequence?
You will be primed to perceive threat and aggression
People who are heavy TV watchers (more than five hours per day) are more likely to overestimate the extent to which society is violent and the probability that they themselves will be victims of crime. This is due to
agenda control.
Self-perception theory is most applicable in cases in which
attitudes are weak and ambiguous.
According to the approach/inhibition theory of power, when compared with people in low-power positions, people in high-power positions
engage in less systematic decision making.
According to the halo effect, attractive people in individualistic cultures are thought to be ____________, while attractive people in collectivistic cultures are thought to be ____________.
more dominant; more empathetic.
In general, people like to have their beliefs validated by others. This suggests that
people will exhibit more liking for those who hold similar beliefs.
Jozmell, Christina, Jordan, and Melissa have been assigned a group project for a class. During the three weeks in which they developed and completed the project, Jozmell, Christina, and Jordan did most of the work. Melissa missed meetings, turned in inferior summaries of her assigned readings, and was quiet during brainstorming sessions. On the day of the project presentation, Melissa did a good job of delivering her part of the presentation. For most of the project, Melissa was engaging in what group process?
social loafing
According to the idea of reproductive fitness, our evolutionary ancestors were mostly concerned with
survival of one's genes.
Benevolent sexism refers to
the offer of protection for those women who conform to traditional gender roles.
The psychology department at a college is trying to decide whether or not to take a chance and hire Dr. Amanda Cole. Amanda is young and inexperienced, but she is enthusiastic and very well liked by her students. Every member of the department is initially leaning toward taking the chance and hiring Amanda. According to group polarization, a meeting to discuss the issue is likely to have what result?
A discussion will reinforce the initial views because each professor will hear novel arguments in favor of hiring Amanda.
Why might arranged marriages be as successful as marriages based in romantic love?
Because arranged marriages avoid pitfalls like incompatible religions and discontent when passionate love fades.
Jozmell, Christina, Jordan, and Melissa have been assigned a group project for a class. During the three weeks in which they developed and completed the project, Jozmell, Christina, and Jordan did most of the work. Melissa missed meetings, turned in inferior summaries of her assigned readings, and was quiet during brainstorming sessions. On the day of the project presentation, Melissa did a good job of delivering her part of the presentation. What can BEST explain Melissa's sudden burst of good work during her portion of the graded presentation?
Because she was the presenter, Melissa's work was individuated and her efforts were identifiable.
Claude Steele and his colleagues conducted a study in which black and white students took a test that was described as being diagnostic of intelligence. Half of these students indicated their race on a demographic form immediately before the test and the other half did not. According to the logic of stereotype threat theory, what is the most likely consequence of this subtle manipulation?
Black students did not do as well on the test as white students, especially when race was primed.
Brendan is worried about his relationship and states that his girlfriend just won't open up and be close to him, despite the total love, devotion, and constant attention he gives to her. Based on this information, which of the following could a social psychologist conclude with some confidence?
Brendan has an anxious attachment style
In what is typically regarded as the first social psychological experiment, Triplett (1898) found which social facilitation results?
Children reeled in a fishing line faster when in the presence of another child engaged in the same activity than when alone
In response to recent talk about a worldwide flu epidemic, Quita develops a strong attitude in favor of getting a flu shot, even though she has never had one before. Darrell shares her opinion and has regularly received flu shots each year. Which person's attitude will be a more reliable predictor of his or her behavior?
Darrell's attitude will predict his behavior; Quita's attitude will not predict her behavior.
According to the logic of cognitive dissonance theory, which of the following would be the best strategy to help Dale adopt a lifelong new diet in which he eats less junk food and loses weight?
Give Dale small rewards each day for eating a healthy, moderate amount of food.
According to self-awareness theory, professors could discourage cheating by doing what?
Have students take their exams in front of a mirror.
In what way does focalism interfere with accurate affective forecasting?
If we focus too much on only one aspect of an experience, we may overlook or underestimate the extent to which other aspects will shape our overall emotional reaction.
What explanation does social comparison theory give for group polarization?
Individuals will strengthen their initial attitudes in order to seem more risk-tolerant or more conservative than the other people in the group.
Connie and her friend Izumi went out with a group of people for Japanese food and ate with chopsticks. Izumi grew up in Japan and had used chopsticks her whole life. Connie grew up in the midwestern United States and had used chopsticks only a few times. When compared with how effectively they use chopsticks in private, what will happen to Connie's and Izumi's chopstick performance when all their dinner companions are gathered around and looking on?
Izumi's performance will get better, but Connie's will get worse
Jason, Daniel, and Larry live in the same apartment building. Jason lives on the fourth floor, right above Daniel on the third floor, and right next to the stairwell. Larry lives next door to Jason and typically takes the elevator at the other end of the hallway. Jason and Daniel typically take the stairs. Which two of these three men are most likely to become friends?
Jason and Daniel, because they have a closer functional distance
Jim spends three years in graduate school training to become a clinical social worker. His first job out of graduate school is, in actuality, horrible. Briefly, Jim worries that he has made the wrong choice for his career. But he quickly changes his mind and decides that, although it isn't his dream job, the position is not that bad after all. The most likely social psychological explanation for this attitude change is that
Jim's need to justify the effort he put into his training has altered his attitude to be more favorable toward the job.
Adam has a great relationship with his mother. He always feels confident, empowered, and optimistic when he is with her. Upon entering college, Adam meets Lisa. Without even knowing her all that well, Adam realizes that he feels great when he is with Lisa—confident and optimistic. He really likes Lisa and seeks to spend more time with her. According to Andersen and Chen's relational self theory,
Lisa is probably similar to Adam's mother
After watching a news report showing children dying from hunger in Africa, Danielle experienced a generally unpleasant feeling that lasted all day, and Mandi had a sharp, physiologically arousing reaction that faded after a few minutes. Which woman felt an emotion (as defined by your textbook)?
Mandi
Natalie participates in a study in which she writes an essay in favor of legalizing marijuana, although she is actually opposed to such legalization. Nate, who is also opposed to legalizing marijuana, participates in the same study. In Natalie's condition of the study, she is told that high school students will read her essay. In Nate's condition of the study, he is told that the researchers in charge of the study will read his essay. Which of the following is most likely?
Natalie will experience more dissonance than Nate because there is a chance that impressionable high school students might be convinced by her essay.
Nick is convinced that women are just not smart enough to work at a high-power financial firm, but he grudgingly agrees to include women in his interview process. When he interviews Maria, he perceives her behavior as awkward and nervous. When he interviews Dan, he feels a real connection and ease throughout their conversation. If the self-fulfilling prophecy were operating, what might explain the difference between Maria's and Dan's interviews?
Nick treated Maria poorly because of his expectations, and Maria responded to that behavior.
After writing a counterattitudinal essay, a group of participants is asked to reflect on their best qualities and core values. These participants, unlike those in a control condition, do not show any dissonance-reducing attitude change. What can explain this seeming resilience to the effects of dissonance?
Participants were able to self-affirm, and thus restored their sense of being rational, competent people.
Bodenhausen (1990) found that "morning people" were more likely to engage in stereotyping at night and "night people" were more likely to engage in stereotyping in the morning. Which of the following is the best explanation?
People rely on stereotyping when they have insufficient cognitive resources to fully process a stimulus.
According to the information presented on the impact of emotions on reasoning, which of the following is NOT true?
Positive emotions foster simplistic thinking.
What is the BEST example of groupthink?
Sally enthusiastically presents a new software program to her employees at the monthly meeting and asks for their feedback. She notes that a decision needs to be made within the hour. One employee voices strong support, and the others quickly follow suit.
Katie has a positive attitude about Paris. Based on the information presented on the components of attitudes in the chapter, which of the following is NOT a component of her attitude toward Paris?
She does not speak French.
Juanita heard an argument in favor of increasing taxes in her local municipality. At the end of the presentation, she learned that the argument had been generated by a high school dropout who didn't even live in the same city she did. At that time, she disregarded the message and was not persuaded. According to the sleeper effect, how is Juanita likely to feel about the proposal one month later?
She will feel more favorably toward the argument than she did at first.
In the military, soldiers are asked to wear matching uniforms and to have similar hairstyles. In what way would this uniform appearance encourage deindividuation?
Soldiers will feel more anonymous and less self-aware.
Wendy Wood (1982) exposed two groups of students in favor of protecting the environment to messages advocating less environmental protection. What were her findings?
The students in favor of environmental protection, who were also very knowledgeable about environmental issues, were more resistant to the anti-environmental protection messages.
Research suggests that negative political advertisements (that is, those that aggressively critique the opponent) have which of the following effects?
They make people less likely to participate in the election at all.
Timothy hears a vivid story about a woman who abuses the welfare system for 25 years. Dick hears that story, but then also reads a short article with statistics that prove that the vast majority of people don't abuse welfare. Who is more likely to be in favor of ending the welfare program?
They will be equally likely to want to end welfare, because vivid information has more of an impact than statistical facts.
During a discussion at a public meeting, the president of the student council displayed anger during a negotiation, and the opposition leader displayed surprise. What would be the likely reaction of the audience?
They would view the president as having more power and higher status compared with the opposition leader.
Tim participates in a psychology experiment about the aesthetics of various Impressionist painters. At the end of the study, he is given a thank-you gift and is allowed to choose between a poster of a cute kitten barely hanging on to a tree and a Monet landscape. Before making his final choice, Tim is asked to list reasons in favor of each picture. He is able to list several reasons for choosing the kitten picture (for example, "it is cute," "it reminds me of my cat at home, "my girlfriend will like it"). Although he knows he likes the Monet poster better, Tim can't articulate any reason for choosing the Monet landscape other than "I just like it." According to research done by Wilson and his colleagues, which of the following scenarios is MOST likely to result from Tim's introspection?
Tim will choose the kitten poster and regret the choice later.
Wendy is, regrettably, an unattractive woman as judged by conventional beauty standards. Jim shares her fate in that he is an unattractive man. Which of these two people is more likely to have had a harder time at work (getting turned down for raises and promotions, receiving less respect)?
Wendy
According to the research findings, is there a correlation between money and happiness?
Yes, but only among people in relatively impoverished countries.
When Jordan fell flat on her back after slipping on some ice, Lucy thought it was very funny. However, out of concern for her friend's feelings (and well-being), she suppressed her laughter and merely smiled quickly. Lucy's attempt to de-intensify her emotion is an example of
a display rule.
Kevin had no interest in, or knowledge of, the AIDS crisis in Africa. It seemed like an issue that had very little relevance to his own life. For his political science class, however, he was required to hear a visiting campus speaker whose talk was all about the need to increase U.S. financial support to Africa to combat AIDS. According to the elaboration likelihood model, which of the following aspects of the talk would be most likely to persuade Kevin to sign a petition advocating increasing U.S. financial support to Africa?
a glitzy videotaped message in which a popular rock star, movie actor, and religious leader all voice support for giving more money to Africa
Which of the following people would be most susceptible to a persuasive message that contains high-quality arguments?
a man with a high need for cognition
According to Sandra Murray's work on close relationships, which type of partner would lead to a more satisfying relationship?
a partner who sees your faults as endearing positive features
Believing that women with blonde hair are dumb is an example of ____________, while refusing to hire a woman with blonde hair is an example of ____________.
a stereotype; discrimination.
According to evolutionary psychologists, women biologically invest more in any one offspring than men do. Thus, women will seek mates who are ____________ and men will seek mates who are ____________.
able to provide sufficient material resources; attractive, thus signaling fertility.
Wood and Eagly (2002. found that
among societies that had greater gender equality, women placed less importance on a potential mate's earning capacity.
A recently hired live-in child-care provider notices that the parents of her charge often ignore their child or even reject their child's requests for attention or help. In turn, the child seems scared of new situations and is resistant to forming a relationship with this new child-care provider. It is likely that the child has developed
an avoidant attachment style
Joy and Tom are engaging in flirtatious behavior at a bar. Joy is smiling and flipping her hair and Tom is lifting his arms to show his muscles. According to the researchers Givens and Perper, what phase of flirting are Joy and Tom in?
attention-getting
Presenting weak versions of the opposition's message to people and helping them develop strong arguments refuting the opposition is called
attitude inoculation.
Which of the following attitudes would be the best indicator of whether a person would buy the environmentally friendly Toyota Prius hybrid automobile in the next six months?
attitude toward buying a Prius in the near future
Sherika notices an angry look cross her professor's face while they are talking one-on-one. Sherika decides that the anger has to do with the professor's opinion of the theory they are discussing, not with Sherika herself. Sherika feels pride in her work as a student because her professor obviously thinks highly enough of her work to share an important opinion. What type of appraisal process(es) did Sherika engage in?
both automatic and deliberative
Malena is asked to choose between two music CDs she likes equally well. After she finally makes her choice, her attitude toward the CD she didn't choose is likely to
change such that she reports liking the CD less than she initially did.
Diener and his colleagues conducted a study in 1976 on trick-or-treating on Halloween night. They found that
children who were in a group and not identified took more candy than they were allowed, compared with children who were alone and identified.
According to Perrett, May, and Yoshikawa (1994), British and Japanese judges were most attracted to
composites of attractive faces with certain features artificially exaggerated.
According to Cartwright and Zander's (1968) definition, what would be the BEST example of a group?
coworkers collaborating on a team project
Gottman and his colleagues recorded 15-minute interactions between married couples. They were able to predict, with 93 percent accuracy, who would stay together and who would be divorced 14 years later. Their predictions were based on the presence or absence of which of the following characteristics?
degree of contempt for one another.
A large group of people gather outside a corporation for a peaceful protest. Suddenly, a few people begin shoving each other and violence erupts. David, a normally peaceful and gentle-natured person, finds himself participating in the shoving match. What psychological condition is likely to have led to David's behavior?
deindividuation
Tina is a congresswoman who wants to promote anti-discrimination laws for LGBTQ people so that they cannot be fired by their employers as a result of their LGBTQ identities. She wants to know how to convince her conservative colleagues that these laws are necessary. According to moral foundations theory and differences between liberals and conservatives' moral foundations, what should Tina do that would be most likely to convince conservatives to support this issue?
discuss this issue as about loyalty to American citizens and purity; with anti-discrimination laws, more LGBTQ people will have jobs and contribute to the economic system rather than be susceptible to homelessness and welfare
Lily's friends say that she would be a great therapist. She is able to recognize and understand how they are feeling and she always knows the right thing to say to make them feel better. Lily most likely has a high level of
emotional intelligence
Solomon's passion is baking, and he would love to open his own pastry shop even though he knows that most new pastry shops fail in their first year of business. His retired parents have offered him their retirement savings in order to pursue his business. Solomon really wants to pursue his dream but if he takes his parents' money and the pastry shop fails, his parents will lose their retirement funds entirely. When presented with this scenario in a group, participants are likely to
engage in a conservative shift rather than a risky shift.
The logic and strength of a politician's position will matter the most when voters are
engaging in central-route processing.
Attractive or credible speakers are more likely to be persuasive if the audience is
engaging in peripheral-route processing.
David and Andrew are working on a group project together. They each, separately, complete one written portion of the project and ask the professor to look over their work. David has written his own name at the top of the page he gives to the professor. Andrew has written both David's and his name. This subtle difference may suggest that David perceives his relationship with Andrew as being a(an) ___________ relationship, while Andrew perceives his relationship with David as being a(an) ____________ relationship.
exchange; communal
According to affect valuation theory, ________ is greatly valued in the United States because it allows people to pursue independent action, and ________ is greatly valued in many East Asian cultures because it allows people to pursue cultural ideals of harmonious relationships.
excitement; contentedness
To create a high-quality persuasive message, you should
explicitly refute opposition arguments as long as your audience is well-informed.
People who are _____________________ are MOST likely to gain power and leadership positions.
extroverted and have high emotional intelligence
A referee at an American football game issues a decision against the Red team and in favor of the Blue team. A controversy ensues. Keeping in mind that all the fans saw the same event, the selective attention and selective evaluation tendencies of attitudes would predict that
fans of the Blue team would think the referee was right, but fans of the Red team would think the referee was wrong.
When faced with evidence that disconfirms a stereotype, people tend to
forget or diminish the legitimacy of the disconfirming information.
In the old South, Hovland and Sears found that as the economy grew worse, the number of lynchings of black men increased. This is best explained by
frustration-aggression theory
According to social identity theory, self-esteem results from evaluations of
group memberships and personal identity
According to terror management theory, one reason people strive to have high self-esteem is because
high self-esteem means you are meeting the standards dictated by your worldview.
Imagine that you are trying to listen to a political candidate's speech detailing why you should vote for her. During her speech, your friend keeps talking to you and, as if that weren't enough, there is construction noise in the room next door. Both of these factors make it very difficult for you to pay attention to the candidate's speech. According to the elaboration likelihood model (let's assume it is working in isolation from other social factors), under which of these conditions would you be most likely to vote for the candidate?
if the candidate is attractive, regardless of the quality of her arguments
Billy lives in Sameville, U.S.A., where there are very few instances of crime and very few immigrants. On the news one night, Billy hears a story about a Russian immigrant who robbed a local jewelry store. Billy now assumes that Russian immigrants are thieves. This may be a consequence of
illusory correlation.
A researcher wants to measure people's attitudes about abortion. Given the sensitive nature of the topic, she has reason to believe that participants may not be willing to report their true feelings. Which of the following should she use to capture their attitudes?
implicit attitudes measure
Oxytocin has been found to have the following effect
increased monogamy among typically promiscuous voles
The cognitive perspective argues that, to a certain extent, stereotyping is beneficial because
it helps people organize and cope with the huge amount of social stimuli they face every day.
Research suggests that suicide baiting is more likely to occur among
large crowds of people at night.
Research on the effects of media advertisements suggests all of the following EXCEPT that
media have significant direct and long-term effects on our attitudes
Unlike people in exchange relationships, Clark and Mills described people in communal relationships as being more concerned with
meeting one another's needs.
Ben doesn't harbor overtly negative feelings about minorities from Group X. But he does believe that members of Group X threaten the American value of self-reliance, because he thinks welfare recipients are mostly from Group X. This is an example of
modern (symbolic) racism.
Tests like the Implicit Association Test (IAT) are preferred to self-report measures of prejudice because
modern racism is more subtle than blatant racism AND self-report measures may not reflect unconsciously held prejudice.
Nyla has a strongly held cognition that donating blood is a good and worthy activity. Her feelings about donating blood, however, are more mixed. In this instance, Nyla's attitude about donating blood will probably
not be a good predictor of whether she will donate blood.
Research indicates that in today's modern world, the average person will engage in discrimination
only when there is a suitable "disguise" or rationalization for such behavior.
The "bogus stranger"paradigm studies generally suggest that
participants give higher like ability ratings to people they are told are similar to them
Participants are asked to write a counterattitudinal essay. Dissonance is most likely to occur when
participants write an essay of their own free will.
Which of the following are the three components of the triangular theory of love?
passion, intimacy, commitment
According to system justification theory
people are motivated to see the world as desirable and fair.
Research on the role of touch has found all of the following EXCEPT that
people have difficulty understanding the emotional meaning of nonverbal cues like touch.
In 1934, Richard LaPiere published a study reporting how he had toured the United States with a Chinese couple and later asked the restaurants they had visited about their general policy toward serving "Orientals." His work revealed
prejudiced attitudes toward "Orientals" and a lack of correspondence between attitudes and behavior.
The blue group is in competition with the green group for a million-dollar prize. As the competition unfolds, hostility between the groups grows. The blue group members come to see the green group members as mean and stupid; the green group members see members of the blue group as petty and weak. What is the best explanation for the emergence of these feelings?
realistic group conflict theory
Elliot Aronson found that cognitive dissonance was more likely in cases in which inconsistency
reflected poorly on a person's self-image.
The main difference between self-perception theory and cognitive dissonance theory is the
role of arousal.
When listening to a careful discussion and debate covering the pros and cons of a given issue, research suggests that people who are on the "pro" side of the issue will
selectively attend to only the "pro" arguments and not to the "con" arguments.
Because embarrassment and shame are focal emotions in interdependent cultures, Tracy and Matsumoto (2008) found that the losing athletes from interdependent cultures were more likely than those from independent cultures to
show intense displays of shame.
In 2017, a number of famous and well-liked actresses, such as Angelina Jolie and Gabrielle Union, spoke out against the prevalence of sexual victimization of women and publicly shared their own experiences of abuse. Although many girls and women are not believed when they share these kinds of experiences, social psychologists would expect some members of the public to believe the famous women who came forward about this issue because they have societal power. What BEST describes the social rank related to these women's power?
status
According to the thought polarization hypothesis, making a public statement in favor of a proposal makes a person more resistant to counterattitudinal persuasive attempts because
such public commitment usually comes as a result of more careful thought and elaboration on an issue.
Integrating African-Americans into the U.S. military is regarded as a largely successful endeavor. Which of the following was most responsible for this success?
superordinate goals
Ekman and Friesen's famous 1971 study with the Fore in Papua, New Guinea, demonstrated that
the Fore could accurately identify the emotions Western faces were displaying in photographs and college students from Western countries could accurately identify the emotions the Fore displayed in photographs.
According to Carol Rusbult's investment model, what might cause a person to leave a satisfying relationship?
the availability of potentially more satisfying alternatives
Which of the following is NOT a major determinant of whether an experience is pleasurable?
the duration of pleasurable feelings during the event
According to Devine's work on automatic versus controlled processes, the primary difference between someone who is "high" in prejudice and someone who is "low" in prejudice is
the extent to which automatically activated stereotypes are consciously controlled.
Using fear in persuasive messages can be effective if
the fear is moderate and a clear recommendation on how to avoid the fear-arousing situation is included.
A major company produces two commercials, one for its audiences in Korea and the other for its audiences in the United States. The first ad stresses the way in which the product will improve the lives of an entire family, while the second ad stresses the advantages the product offers for one person. Which commercial should be aired in Korea?
the first ad
Compared to those with other attachment styles, those with secure attachment styles are likely to report
the greatest level of relationship satisfaction.
Petty and his colleagues conducted a study testing the elaboration likelihood model. They had college sophomores read arguments in favor of implementing a policy to require a comprehensive exam for all graduating seniors at their university. The exam was slated to happen either in the next academic year or ten years later. This independent variable was designed to manipulate
the likelihood that participants would engage in central route processing.
In Western European cultures, college students tend to restrict their meaningful interactions to, on average, about six friends. One implication of this finding is that
the need to belong is satiable.
Julie believes that all the students at a rival college are conservative Republicans. At her own college, however, Julie knows that there is a mix of both liberals and conservatives, Democrats and Republicans. Julie may be experiencing
the outgroup homogeneity effect
The likelihood of attitude change can depend on the confidence with which we hold the thoughts. Feeling confident about our thoughts makes it more likely we will be swayed in their direction rather than paying attention to information that contradicts them. This is
the self-validation hypothesis.
Niles is asked to wear the ugly sweater his aunt Lisa gave him the day she is visiting the family. When going out to dinner, Niles runs into a group of people from his school. The next day at school he expects to be teased about the sweater, but, in fact, no one mentions it. Niles's mistaken conviction that everyone would notice his sweater is a good example of
the spotlight effect.
Attributional ambiguity refers to
the uncertainty members of a stigmatized group face in deciding whether a given outcome was due to individual achievement or to prejudicial responses.
People from independent cultures are most likely to experience dissonance in situations in which they are making decisions for ____________, while people from interdependent cultures are likely to experience dissonance when making decisions for ____________.
themselves; their friends
There is no one word in English that can adequately translate the German word schadenfreude. This is one piece of evidence suggesting that
there are cultural variations in emotion.
A professor breaks a group of 20 students into two groups of 10 on the basis of the color of the students' shirts ("cool" spectrum colors like blue versus "warm" spectrum colors like red). These students then engage in a class activity in which points are awarded. According to the research on minimal groups, individual group members will
try to get more points for their own group compared with points earned by the opposing group.
According to research on groupthink, one disadvantage of a strong leader is that they may
unknowingly encourage group members to engage in self-censorship.