3702 final

Wilson's Central Terminal can be defined as the reference point for the augmented leads and limb leads. -True -False

False

Accepts frequencies below 10 Hz

low pass

These following biological characteristics significantly aid in the detection of EEG signals.

- Density of axons - column organization of axons

We have to discard the normal distribution and use the t distribution when:

- dont understand variance - less than 30 samples

Which of the following cannot be used to reduce systematic error of a measurement system?

- increase population - stats - average measurements

Fo how many electrical components it takes to make an op amp. Look carefully and look up online. Take your time.

- resistor -capacitor -transistor

A higher spatial resolution is preferable when analyzing a signal. How do I attain this with EMG?

-Needle electrodes - signal processing -adding electrodes -de-noising the signal

What components do I need to setup an amplifier and filter for a signal (ex. EMG)?

-resistors -operation amp -capacitors

How many augmented leads

3

How many bipolar limb leads

3

How many precordial leads

6

8 - 13 Hz

Alpha

Where would the most likely source of noise (biopotential, equipment, or analysis) in the following statement: "I am unsure what statistical test to use, so I will use all that I remember."

Analysis

13-30 Hz

Beta

What does the BO from BIBO stand for?

Bounded Output

An ECG can infer mechanical performance of the heart. -True -False

False

An EEG signal recorded from the scalp includes specific information about action potentials from axons. -true -false

False

An equivalent dipole (ECD) is a single strong dipole measured across two points. -True -False

False

ECG can be used to determine the anatomical orientation of the heart, disturbances on rhythm, but CANNOT detect ischemic damage or influences of drugs. -True -False

False

Equipment calibration is the best approach for eliminating random errors.

False

Muscle fibers are defined solely by the cell type associated with them. -True -False

False

Since a hypothesis can be generalized as If ___ then ___, it means hypothesis always state causality.

False

The mean electrical axis indicates orientation of the mean electrical vector at any instance of the electrical propagation throughout the heart. -True -False

False

The population mean is often used for statistical testing.

False

Type I error is related to not rejecting the null hypothesis when I should. Type II is related to rejecting the null hypothesis when I shouldn't have.

False

What are the three most common ions involved in excitable cells

Na, K, Cl

Depolarization of atria due to SA node

P-wave

Delay of AV node to allow for ventricular filling

PR Interval

Depolarization of ventricles

QRS complex

beginning of ventricle repolarization

ST segment

Which muscle fibers get recruited first by the spinal cord? -Slow twitch -Fast twitch

Slow

What type of error (random or systematic) might be introduced in the following statement: "I will use my trusty 10 year old equipment, it has always given me precise measurements."

Systemic

ventricle repolarization

T wave

2 sample T test can be thought as two 1 sample T test.

True

A neuromuscular disease is a broad term to describe pathophysiology of muscle and nerves. -True -False

True

An EMG signal is a combination of active motor unit action potentials (MUAPs). -True -False

True

I can make inferences about a target population using a statistically significant sample.

True

Only in rare cases I can choose a one-tailed t test.

True

Random errors are often caused by a combination of effects, but are easier to mitigate. On the other hand, systematic errors are caused by one or a few sources, but it is more challenging to fix.

True

Systemic uncertainty or error is often found in the incorrect use of a device or improper calibration.

True

The mean electrical vector changes in both magnitude and orientation over time. -True -False

True

The sinoatrial node is the heart's natural pacemaker, which is located in the right atrium of the heart. -True -False

True

The standard 12-lead ECG allows for 3D look at electrical activities in the heart. -True -False

True

The t distribution becomes flatter with less samples (or lower degrees of freedom).

True

The word potential in biopotential refers to electrical potential (or voltage). -True -False

True

A scientist is trying to decide between ANOVA or multiple t-tests. What question should help him decide?

are there more than 2 groups

Rejects frequencies between 10 and 150 Hz

band stop

Accepts frequencies between 10 and 150 Hz

bandpass

Where would the most likely source of noise (biopotential, equipment, or analysis) in the following statement: "My control subject had a cup of coffee before his ECG measurement."

biopotential

Why do we use the normal distribution?

common in nature

paired t test

compare a pair of related observations

2 sample t test

compare a pair of unrelated observations

1 sample t test

compare observations to single value

1-5 Hz

delta

Where would the most likely source of noise (biopotential, equipment, or analysis) in the following statement: "Since I want the experiment to run faster, I set the a lower sampling frequency. I am sure it will be fine. "

equipment

A capacitor's reactance is heavily dependent on the voltage amplitude.

false

Capacitor is an electrical device that has a linear relationship between voltage and current.

false

EEG electrode setups are always bipolar (reference another electrode). -true -false

false

I can record any EEG waveform (e.g. alpha, beta, etc.) over any location in the scalp. -true -false

false

One can use an array of multiple resistors along an op-amp to make active filter circuit.

false

Performing a Tukey's test after my ANOVA irrespective of the ANOVA's conclusion is a good practice.

false

The advantage of analog devices is the resistance to noise.

false

The differential amplifier portion of an op amp is to determine which input should be amplified (the + or -).

false

The gain of an inverting op amp expressed in resistances is: Gain = -(Rin/Rf)

false

Voltage law means the current entering any junction is equal to the current leaving that junction.

false

We get a good estimation of muscle activity or force when we smooth an EMG. -true -false

false

Myopathy is defined as lack of proper_____ in muscle fibers.

function

Accepts frequencies above 150 Hz

high pass

A scientist gets a p-value of 0.001 and says: "My experiment is significant! If I repeats this experiment under the same circumstances there is 1% chance I find the same result."

incorrect

A scientist is comparing height, weight, and metabolic rates. The scientist performs an ANOVA which results significant. The scientist then looks at the means of each and concludes: "Height is the farthest from all factors, therefore it's different from weight and metabolic rate."

incorrect

Biopotentials are generated by moving _______ across cell membranes. -ions -molecules -proteins -enzymes

ions

Does an actual op amp have infinite bandwidth?

no

What type of error (random or systematic) might be introduced in the following statement: "Since I need to publish this paper quick, I will collect this data in my living room."

random

4-8 Hz

theta

A capacitor in a circuit is like a rubber membrane sealed inside a pipe for water flowing.

true

A chi-square distribution comes from summed normally distributed observations and the F distribution results from a ratio of chi-square distributions.

true

A first order passive filter can be thought as a frequency dependent voltage divider

true

A repeated measures ANOVA is used when I have multiple samples from different subjects. The samples could be either separated by time or based on a different condition.

true

Capacitor can be used to store electrical energy. It can be considered as a "rechargeable battery."

true

If I wish to design a band pass and band stop filter I must use the following passive filters in series: Band Stop - Low Pass Filter followed by a High Pass Filter Band Pass - High Pass Filter followed by a Low Pass Filter

true

Nominal variables are those variables that are discrete and descriptive such as: the pain scale or a winners of a race.

true

Operational amplifiers are integral to the recording of biopotentials.

true

R-squared is not the best measure of a regression line

true

Resistance is a passive or static reduction to current flow, where as reactance is a dynamic or dependent reduction to current flow.

true

The advantage of the repeated measures ANOVA is that it includes the subject variability in the analysis.

true

The directed sum of electrical potential differences (voltage) in a closed circuit is zero.

true

The purpose of a voltage divider is to split an input voltage by a fraction.

true

The word active in First Order Active Filter signifies the act of amplification of the signal.

true

Think about this one and using Ohm's law is the following statement true or false: "The high input resistance (Rin) is what causes the Voltage Rule (Rule 1)"

true

Voltage splits in a serial circuit, while current splits in a parallel circuit.

true

When I increase alpha, beta decreases.

true