3rd test apes ap classroom
The graph below shows data about three tree species after a glacial retreat. Based on the data shown in the graph, which of the following events occurred after the glacial retreat? A Primary succession B Flooding C Sea level rise D Global climate change
A Primary succession
Which of the following correctly describes the disruption of an ecosystem service by an anthropogenic activity? Responses A Provisioning services are disrupted by increased combustion of fossil fuels, which leads to an increase in air pollution. B Regulating services are disrupted by flash flooding from a hurricane, which decreases available food resources. C Supporting services are disrupted by an earthquake that causes habitat destruction, which displaces plants and animals. D Cultural services are disrupted by a tornado that causes the loss of acres of forest, which reduces the amount of harvestable timber.
A Provisioning services are disrupted by increased combustion of fossil fuels, which leads to an increase in air pollution.
Which of the following would be categorized as a cultural ecosystem service of forests? Responses A Recreation and scenic areas for tourism B Timber and landscape materials C Mushroom and plant harvests D Soil stabilization and air purification
A Recreation and scenic areas for tourism
A 163 square-kilometer (km2) small island is found 2000km from the mainland. A second, 230000 km2 larger, island is found 1000 kmfrom the mainland. Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following statements is most likely true about the small island when compared with the large island? Responses A The rate of immigration is lower for the small island than for the large island. B The small island has niches that are more like the mainland than the large island. C The small island has more available resources than the large island. D The rate of species extinction is lower on the small island than on the large island.
A The rate of immigration is lower for the small island than for the large island.
Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following is the most likely reason that an island in the ocean that is 5 kilometers from a continent would have a higher number of species than one that is 15 kilometers from a continent? Responses A There are more species that have the ability to travel 5 kilometers than can travel 15 kilometers. B Islands that are closer to continents always have a wider range of habitats than more distant islands do. C There are smaller populations of each species on islands that are at greater distances from continents. D Islands that are closer to continents always have more ecological niches than more distant islands do.
A There are more species that have the ability to travel 5 kilometers than can travel 15 kilometers.
The graphs above show the population size and distribution of beak sizes in a finch population on the island of Daphne Major in the Galapagos in 1976 and 1978. Smaller-beaked finches are better suited for eating grasses and small seeds. Larger-beaked finches are better suited for cracking larger seeds and nuts. In 1977 a drought took place and the vegetation of the island was affected by the lack of rain. Which of the following was the average beak size of finches on the island of Daphne Major in 1976? Responses A 8.8 mm B 9.5 mm C 10.2 mm D 13.8 mm
B 9.5 mm
Highly specialized species tend to evolve on islands because of the environmental conditions and resource availability. Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following would most likely experience the greatest decline of specialist species if an invasive species emigrated from the mainland? Responses A A small island a far distance from the mainland B A small island in close proximity to the mainland C A large island a far distance from the mainland D A large island in close proximity to the mainland
B A small island in close proximity to the mainland
Which of the following best identifies the author's claim? A Aardvarks are shifting the location of their territories as a response to global climate change. B Aardvarks are a keystone species and their decline could have a trophic cascade effect on the ecosystem. C The loss of aardvarks described in the study was an isolated incident because most aardvark populations are increasing globally. D Providing aardvarks with more burrows will help them maintain their body temperature and increase survival rates.
B Aardvarks are a keystone species and their decline could have a trophic cascade effect on the ecosystem.
Organisms adapted to surviving in water with the widest range of salinity would most likely be native species in which of the following marine environments? Responses A An offshore barrier reef B An estuary within a lagoon C The ocean covering the abyssal plain D The photic zone in the open ocean
B An estuary within a lagoon
Which of the following best describes the frog species' range of tolerance to acidic conditions? Responses A The frogs can tolerate any greater pH than 6. B The frogs can tolerate a pH between 4.5 and 6. C The frogs can tolerate a pH between 3.5 and 5. D The frogs can tolerate any pH less than 4 .
B The frogs can tolerate a pH between 4.5 and 6.
Which of the following best identifies the author's claim? Responses A The increased size of the hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico is forecasted to benefit the fishing industry in the United States. B The increased rainfall events in the United States are decreasing the tolerance of fish and other marine species in the Gulf of Mexico because of a decreased concentration of oxygen. C Many marine species are migrating away from the Gulf of Mexico as a result of increased nutrient pollution from increased rainfall events. D The large hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico is directly linked to climate change in the Mississippi River watershed.
B The increased rainfall events in the United States are decreasing the tolerance of fish and other marine species in the Gulf of Mexico because of a decreased concentration of oxygen.
The graph below shows the change in sea level from the Cambrian period to today compared to today's sea level. Which of the following statements correctly describes the trends seen in the data? Responses A The highest sea level occurred in the Triassic period. B The lowest sea level occurred during the Paleogene period. C The first rise in sea level occurred during the Cretaceous period. D Sea level decreased from the beginning of the Triassic period to the end of the Cretaceous period.
B The lowest sea level occurred during the Paleogene period.
Which statement below is the most likely testable hypothesis based on the information provided? Responses A When the concentration of nanosilver particles in water and the temperature of water are both increased, the population of Daphnia magna will decrease. B When the concentration of nanosilver particles in water is increased, the population of Daphnia magna will decrease. C When the concentration of nanosilver particles in water is increased, the population of Daphnia magna will adapt to new conditions and become a new species. D When the concentration of nanosilver particles in water is decreased, the population of aquatic organisms that feed on Daphnia magna will increase.
B When the concentration of nanosilver particles in water is increased, the population of Daphnia magna will decrease.
Which of the following best explains how environmental stressors, such as wildfires, can affect biodiversity in an ecosystem? Responses A After an environmental stress, a genetic bottleneck may occur, which will increase genetic diversity. B Habitat diversity will increase the available niches if the landscape becomes more uniform after a disturbance. C Ecosystems with more species diversity are more likely to recover after a disturbance than ecosystems with low species diversity. D Smaller populations are less likely to go extinct than larger populations, so the species diversity will remain constant.
C Ecosystems with more species diversity are more likely to recover after a disturbance than ecosystems with low species diversity.
Living organisms must acquire energy from their environment. Examples of adaptations that help organisms acquire this energy include which of the following? The dark, heat-absorbing coloration of a reptile. The fangs and claws of a lion The light coloration of a peppered moth Responses A I only B II only C I and II only D II and III only E I, II, and III
C I and II only
Which of the following would most likely result from the deforestation of large areas of tropical rain forests caused by slash-and-burn agriculture? Responses A Increased ozone thinning because of the release of CFCs B Decreased acid rain because of the sequestration of C Increased global temperature because of the release of co2 D Deceased evaporation because of the loss of the tree canopy
C Increased global temperature because of the release of co2
(ii) The diagram illustrates some of the results of the experiment. The experimental group with the highest-intensity fire after twenty years is shown in Community A. The experimental group with the lowest-intensity fire after twenty years is shown in Community B. Based on this information, state the likely original hypothesis.
Community B is more diverse than Community A because Community B has a higher species evenness than Community A.
The data shown were collected in a laboratory experiment in which the effect of pH on the survival of water fleas (Daphnia pulex) was examined. In each trial, 40 live water fleas were added to a solution with the pH as indicated. After two hours, observations were made to determine the number of fleas remaining alive in the sample. Results are presented in the table and in graphical form above. On the basis of the data, the best prediction of the pH of the water in which Daphnia normally are found in the wild is Responses A 1 B 3 C 5 D 7 E 9
D 7
Which of the following best shows the process of evolution? Responses A A lizard's color becomes brown as it sits on a log. B A bear goes into hibernation. C A plant loses its leaves in a drought. D A population of mosquitoes develops resistance to a pesticide. E A population of foxes increases as more prey becomes available.
D A population of mosquitoes develops resistance to a pesticide.
Which of the following best identifies the author's claim A Bull trout experienced high mortality rates as a result of the formation of the estuary and sediments released during dam deconstruction. B Bull trout are adaptable to a variety of habitats and were able to survive in the river habitat during the dam deconstruction. C Bull trout remained in the estuary system after the dam deconstruction because the disruption had irreversibly altered the river habitat. D Bull trout are unable to live in high sediment-loaded waters and migrate to avoid the conditions introduced during dam deconstruction.
D Bull trout are unable to live in high sediment-loaded waters and migrate to avoid the conditions introduced during dam deconstruction.
Which of the following examples illustrates the community with the highest biodiversity? Responses A SpeciesNumber of individuals A2 B8 C10 D10 E20 B SpeciesNumber of individuals A1 B4 C4 D6 E30 C SpeciesNumber of individuals A5 B5 C5 D15 E20 D SpeciesNumber of individuals A10 B10 C10 D10 E10
D SpeciesNumber of individuals A10 B10 C10 D10 E10
Which of the following statements best explains why the devils hole pupfish are able to live in this environment? A Climate change led to the death of other organisms at Devils Hole, reducing competition for the pupfish. B Thermal inversions have limited the species diversity at Devils Hole, and only a few fish species can survive the high temperatures. C A trophic cascade in the Devils Hole food chain decreased the number of pupfish predators. D The pupfish are well adapted to the habitat of Devils Hole and can thrive in conditions that are outside of the range of tolerance for most other species.
D The pupfish are well adapted to the habitat of Devils Hole and can thrive in conditions that are outside of the range of tolerance for most other species.
Which of the following statements best explains the changes in the size and composition of the population of finches after the drought? Responses A The total number of finches in the population increased, and the smaller-beaked finches were more successful in the drier environment. B The total number of finches in the population increased, and the larger-beaked finches were more successful in the drier environment. C The total number of finches in the population decreased, and the smaller-beaked finches were more successful in the drier environment. D The total number of finches in the population decreased, and the larger-beaked finches were more successful in the drier environment.
D The total number of finches in the population decreased, and the larger-beaked finches were more successful in the drier environment.
In North America, native pollinators often increase the quantity and quality of crops of native plants that are insect pollinated more effectively than European honeybees do. The most likely reason for the phenomenon is that native pollinators Responses A are unaffected by commercial pesticides B are uniformly smaller than European honeybees C have no known native predators D have coevolved with native plant species E mature quickly without undergoing metamorphosis
D have coevolved with native plant species
A one-hectare pond is sampled in early September. The sample yields 1 small catfish as well as 17 benthic invertebrates that represent 10 species. If the pond is resampled a year later, which of the following would best indicate that the pond had been adversely affected by adjacent development? Responses A An uncommon species has become more numerous. B An increase in low-tolerance species has occurred. C A decrease in high-tolerance species has occurred. D Phylogenetic diversity has increased. E The biodiversity of the pond has decreased.
E The biodiversity of the pond has decreased.
describe the control group for an experiment that examines the effect of fire intensity on the biodiversity of tree comunities
an unburned area tha thas no fire intensity
which of the following statements about levels of biodiversity is correct? a) Genetic biodiversity is a measure of the total number of genes in a community. b) A narrow distribution of habitats leads to an increase in species diversity. c) Global hotspots are areas where species diversity is thriving due to habitat restoration. d) A population with high genetic biodiversity is better able to respond to environmental stressors.
d) A population with high genetic biodiversity is better able to respond to environmental stressors.
idenfity scales at which biodiversity can be measured
genetic, species, habitat, ecosystem
state the likely original hypothesis for an experiment group with the highest intensity fire after 20 years is shown in community a, the experimental group with the lowest intensity fire after 20 years is shown in community b
high intensity fires decrease the biodiversity of tree communities/forest ecosystems low intensity fires increase the biodiversity of tree communities/forest ecosystems
list the regulating services provided by a community shown in the figure:
regulates local climate by increasing the amount of shade/water availability, regulated local air quality by removing pollutants fromthe atmosphere and increasing the amount of shade, stores cabon in plant biomass, sequesters carbon/revoves atmospheric carbon dioxide through photosynthesis, mdoerates extreme weather events, filters water
