480 Quiz Questions (Nov. 2)

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Comparisons across ________________ reveal variation in racial categorization between countries, highlighting the importance of _______________ in making race.

families; place

When contemporary public policy attempts to address the social problems faced by Native Americans, in what way is it engaging in the process of homogenization?

lumping together all indigenous people—with different histories and needs—under a single rubric

The nineteenth-century belief that it was God's will that the United States conquer the American continent. (page 69)

manifest destiny

According to the clip from White Like Me, unemployment insurance, the GI bill, and FHA loans all disproportionally benefited

middle class whites

Annette Laureau, author of Unequal Childhoods, argues that class differences in parenting are:

mostly about language, attitudes, and behaviors

Belonging to two or more races. (page 59)

multiethnic heritage

Which of the following is an example of a homogenizing heading?

native american

The film clip from Race: The Power of an Illusion explains that when an influx of eastern and southern European immigrants arrived in the United States at the start of the twentieth century, they were generally considered __________. According to the text, the Johnson-Reed Act of 1924 changed their classification to _________

not white; white

4.Without the ability to grow crops and provide for themselves, the Pima began to depend on aid from the U.S. government. What was one major result from this dependence?

overall levels of health decreased

The authors of the textbook invite you to understand race and ethnicity through a sociological lens. C. Wright Mills coined the term "_________________," which means understanding and interpreting everyday life not only through one's own personal experience but also through the exploration of ________________ that structure and direct our social world.

sociological imagination; broader historical forces

In addition to America's history of racism, which is the best explanation for Americans' fears about crime in relationship to race?

some media portrayals tap into a collective fear of blackness

Ella Baker referred to the nitty-gritty, tiresome, and unglamorous labor of chipping away at the white power structure day by day and door to door as what?

spadework

Who were the first group to colonize the Americas?

spaniards

Social scientists have advanced three interlocking explanations for why inner-city poverty became more severe and more concentrated during the latter decades of the twentieth century. Which explanation points to the decline of manufacturing jobs?

spatial mismatch thesis

President George H. W. Bush's nomination of Clarence Thomas, an African American who served on the U.S. Supreme Court and opposed many policies committed to racial equality, is an example of what?

superficial representation

3.The text offers some recommendations for how to address poverty on Native American reservations. Based on those recommendations, what would be the most effective way to address the problems of the Pima Indians?

supporting tribal sovereignty by restoring the Gila River to its original state

The text offers some recommendations for how to address poverty on Native American reservations. Based on those recommendations, what would be the most effective way to address the problems of the Pima Indians?

supporting tribal sovereignty by restoring the Gila River to its original state

Race, ethnicity, and nationality are mutually overlapping _____________ that are mutually reinforcing and cannot be understood in isolation from one another.

symbolic categories

The _____________________ of race organizes people into bounded groupings based on their phenotype, ______________, or both.

symbolic category; ancestry

Which of the following terms describes "a nostalgic allegiance to the culture of the immigrant generation, or that of the old country; a love for and pride in a tradition that can be felt without having to be incorporated in everyday behavior"?

symbolic ethnicity

Prejudice surrounds us, and people of color may internalize negative attitudes aimed at their own racial group. Psychologists describe this as "internalized oppression," while sociologist Pierre Bourdieu labels it:

symbolic violence

Executive Order 10925

take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed and that employees are treated during employment without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin.

While blacks were granted the right of citizenship in 1870 as part of the Reconstruction Amendments after the Civil War, other nonwhites were denied citizenship until:

the 1940s

The collection of organizations and people who carried out political acts aimed at abolishing racial segregation, nonwhite disenfranchisement, and economic exploitation is called what?

the Civil Rights Movement

Following World War II, suburban America exploded due in large part to homebuilding funded by which legislation?

the GI Bill

What served as the institutional hub of the Civil Rights Movement?

the church

The collection of organizations and people who carried out political acts aimed at abolishing racial segregation, nonwhite disenfranchisement, and racial economic exploitation. (page 89)

the civil rights movement

The debate over Chief Illiniwek is ultimately a debate about

the ethics of cultural appropriation.

While numerous groups such as Black Girls Code have tried to encourage women of color to enter industries traditionally dominated by white males, such women continue to be underrepresented in top levels of employment in these industries. What term do sociologists use to describe this phenomenon?

the glass ceiling

What was the "devils bargain" Southern democracy's forced northern democrats into?

"Either you design New Deal policies in such a way that Jim Crow remains perched atop hi roost, or we will align with the Republicans and veto them."

Who's on Welfare ?

2/3 of all Americans

The assumption that racism is only the collection of prejudiced ideas and attitudes that "racist individuals" have about other groups. (page 7)

Individualistic Fallacy

With roughly one in four votes cast by nonwhites, which presidential election was the most racially diverse in U.S. history?

2008

Federally mandated affirmative action rules apply only to companies that conduct a fair amount of business with the federal government, which is about what percentage of American firms?

3 percent

Federally mandated affirmative action rules apply only to companies that conduct a fair amount of business with the federal government, which is about what percentage of American firms?

Today about ____of the breadwinners of American Families make less than $10 an hour.

Today, about _______ percent of the breadwinners of American families make less than $10 an hour.

How many citizens do sociologists estimate have been disenfranchised because they have felony convictions?

5.3 million

Applicants with "white sounding names" were ___ percent more likely to receive a callback after submitting a resume than were those with "black sounding names"

For every 100,000 black male youth, approximately how many are murdered each year?

Who's receiving food stamps?

52 Percent

Who's receiving Medicaid

63 percent of all Americans

How many companies voluntarily have an affirmative action plan

71%

How many blacks feel that AA hasn't played a role in their employment

75%

Between 1615 and 1620, approximately what percentage of the indigenous population of Massachusetts died from the plague?

90 percent

How many women feel that AA hasn't played a role in their employment

90%

Historically, racial oppression has been justified through explanations grounded in scientific language. Modern scientists tell us that we share _________ percent of the same genes with other humans and there is much greater genetic variation within traditionally defined racial groups than among them.

99.9

The clip points out that since 1492, approximately 300 Native American languages in North America have become extinct. Which of the following best explains why many these languages have been lost?

: Many languages were lost when whites sought to "civilize" America's indigenous people by forcing them to assimilate to Anglo-American society.

antiracist aesthetic

An artistic approach that seeks somehow to throw a wrench in the grinding gears of racism, forcing its audience to confront American racial history honestly and courageously. (page 287)

Assumptions about American meritocracy

People get ahead only by virtue of talents, skills, and work ethic The wealthy do not benefit unduly Employment practices without affirmative action are more merit based

According to social scientists, what is one result of affirmative action?

People hired through affirmative action policies do just as well as those not hired through affirmative action policies.

segmented assimilation

the outcome of immigrants and their descendants moving in to different classes of the host society. No monolithic immigrant experience

Which mindset came to greatly influence how the English would come to view indigenous people in the Americas?

the perception of the Irish as savages in need of correction

As it relates to racial domination, symbolic power is best described as:

the power to define and classify groups as normal or aberrant

Which of the following help explain why immigrants commit so few crimes?

the presence of professionals in immigrant neighborhoods, Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options. high marriage rates, Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options. a code of informal social control

Most white Americans consistently have accepted the principle of racial inclusion while rejecting many of the policy measures designed to carry it out. What is this phenomenon called?

the principle-implementation gap

As a style of music, the blues evolved from spirituals in response to what?

the racial domination of African Americans by whites

What part of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) was Ella Baker critical of?

the style of charismatic (masculine) leadership

African American gains in economic power and political power resulted in whites creating news stories and laws to slow or reverse those gains.

true

Charles A. Gallagher is the author of "Ten Simple Things You Can Do to Improve Race Relations"

true

Compared to other abused women, black women who are raped are more likely to face pressure to stay silent about their attackers.

true

Hypodescent is the practice of determining the classification of a child of mixed-race ancestry by assigning the child the race of his or her more socially subordinate parent.

true

Identity cannot exist apart from of a group.

true

Identity is a combination of internal self-identification and the external perceptions of others.

true

People can find their identity by 'affiliating' with an abstract collectivity which does not exist as an interacting group. That group collectivity can be mythic or real, contemporary or historical.

true

Social construction defined as "something we build and maintain, something we learn and come to understand, but not something objective that exists in the world"?

true

The author of this week's article suggests looking at the website Southern Poverty Law Center in order to become more politically informed and aware of who is running for political offices.

true

The constructionist approach to representation states that meaning is constructed through language.

true

What proportion of all Americans collects means-tested public assistance during some point in their lives?

two in three

What were the two goals of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee's (SNCC's) 1964 Freedom Summer?

voter registration and quality education

split labor market

workers split along racial-ethnic, gender, age, or any other lines; this split is exploited by owners to weaken the bargaining power of workers

The #MeToo movement began in October 2017 as a way to draw attention to sexual harassment in Hollywood.

false

Taft-Hartley Act (1947)

legalized the right-to-work laws and stopped feather bedding and closed shop practices

In 1960, what percentage of Mississippi's black adults was registered to vote?

less than 2 percent

Before the _________ century, race as we know it today did not exist.

sixteenth

A system wherein workers are the property of their masters and are not paid for their labor. (page 57)

slavery

According to the textbook, in 2013, if black women were paid as much as white men with similar credentials they would earn an average of how much more per year?

$7000

How much money did the United States spend in social benefits

$95 billion

Place the racial groups in order from lowest to highest drug usage rates.

- Asian americans, hispanics, whites, african americans, american indians

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the rise of the American prison population.

- Between 1925 and 1975, the American prison population averaged around 150,000 people. By 2000, the prison population had reached 1.4 million people. This represents approximately 686 out of every 100,000 people.

Despite the fact that crime was not considered a major problem, the political focus on crime had many important social impacts. What were some of these effects?

- Voters became more concerned about crime. - Federal spending on drug control increased by a factor of nine. -Poverty was essentially made a crime.

Match each bill to its impacts on immigrants.

- denied noncitizens many basic civil rights, Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options.2001 PATRIOT Act Correct label:2001 PATRIOT Act - extended the list of criminal actions that warranted deportation for noncitizens, Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options.Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act Correct label:Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act - denied legal immigrants numerous public benefits, Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options.1996 Welfare Reform Act Correct label:1996 Welfare Reform Act

There is significant academic evidence showing that media violence (especially in video games) causes violence in real life.

- false

During the prison boom, politicians increasingly sought to frame themselves as strong "law and order" advocates. Match each president to his contribution to this political development.

- first to dramatically expand the "war on drugs", Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options.Ronald Reagan Correct label:Ronald Reagan won the presidency, in part, by painting his opponent as "soft on crime", Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options.George H. W. Bush Correct label:George H. W. Bush launched the "war on crime", Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options.Richard Nixon Correct label:Richard Nixon passed the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options.Bill Clinton Correct label:Bill Clinton

Consider these two scenarios: First, a corporate executive ignores environmental regulations and dumps chemicals near a city's water supply, which results in three deaths. The executive is fired but does not face a criminal trial. Second, a man robs a convenience store and, while trying to escape, he hits a car and kills three people. The man serves 20 years in jail. What do these differences tell us about criminalization processes?

- how we define crime is connected to system of power

Based on the current violence and increasing power of drug cartels in Mexico, what is likely to happen to future immigration into the United States?

- immigrants will continue seeking legitimate jobs in the United States

Three Pathways of Segmented Assimilation

-Acculturation and parallel integration into the white middle class -Descent into poverty and assimilation into the underclass -Economic advantage with deliberate preservation of the immigrant communities values and solidarity

What are the major predictors of how well immigrants will do in the US

-How the economy is structured -class privileges brought along with them -existences of ethnic enclaves with semiautonomous economies -racial privileges brought along with them

Who's receiving cash assistance ?

13 Percent

In 2013, the unemployment rate for whites was 6.4 percent. What was the unemployment rate for blacks?

13.2 percent

Approximately ______ percent of first-year students enrolled in America's top universities are white students who failed to satisfy their universities' minimum requirements.

The term "white trash"—a derogatory term for rural, impoverished whites—began circulating in newspapers and books during what time period?

1850s

Over the entire span of U.S. history, 1,895 people have been elected to the Senate. Of these senators, only what percent were nonwhite?

It costs about______1____ thousand per year to incarcerate a person. This means the United States spends over _____2______ billion per year on prisons and an additional_______3_____billion on policing, legal processing, court fees, and all other criminal justice expenses. At the individual level, being an ex-convict means that one's chances of getting a job are reduced by at least ________4_______ Ex-convicts also earn approximately -_________5_____ less each year than people with the same job skills and education.

1. $30 thousand 2. $60 billion 3. $50 billion 4. 50% 5. 35%

Members of each racial group have different likelihoods of being a victim of a homicide. In 2008, the victimization ratio for white adults was ____1____ out of every 100,000 people. For African American adults, the ratio was ____2____ per 100,000. When we focus on young people (ages 10-24), the victimization ratio for white boys was____3_____ for every 100,000 people. The comparable rates for Hispanic male youth was _____4_____ and for African American male youth was _____5______

1. 4.5 2. 27.8 3. 3 4. 13.5 5. 52

In the months and years following September 11, non-Arab Americans' interpersonal racism toward Arab Americans _____1____, and today, the average American is _____2____ likely to harbor anti-Arab prejudices than in 2001. According to recent polls, _____3____of Americans harbor "unfavorable" views of Muslim Americans; _____4____ believe that Arab Americans are "more sympathetic to terrorists"; and _____5______ confess to having less trust in Arab Americans after September 11.

1. grew 2. more 3. 25% 4. 33% 5. 44%

Racial conflict unfolded at a high school in Jena, Louisiana, with protests over the "Jena 6." Place the events in the order from first to last.

A black student sat under the "white tree."White students hung three nooses on the tree.A group of black students beat a white student unconscious.Black students were charged with attempted murder.Black students were charged with "aggravated battery" and the tennis shoes they wore were considered dangerous weapons.

Racial Terrorism

A form of ethnic violence which continued in the United States even after the end of slavery, often in the form of lynch mobs. (page 177)

Minstrelsy

A form of popular entertainment that ruled the American stage between 1830 and 1910, in which whites performed in blackface and purported to represent authentic African-American life. Minstrel shows featured a collection of stock characters that portrayed blacks as lazy, ignorant, subservient, buffoonish, and childish. (page 282)

Education Gap

A gap in educational opportunities that separates whites and Asians, on the one hand, and African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans, on the other. (page 259)

Narrowcasting

A kind of artistic segregation, in which television producers target specific racial or ethnic groups with programs supposedly designed to speak to those groups' unique needs and lifestyles, where 'black programs' are pitched at black viewers, 'Jewish programs' at Jewish viewers, 'Hispanic programs' at Hispanic viewers, and so forth. (page 304)

Split Labor Force

A labor market in which there are at least two groups of workers whose price of labor differs for the same work, or would differ if they did the same work. (page 154)

glass ceiling

A metaphor alluding to the invisible barriers that prevent minorities and women from being promoted to top corporate positions.

White Flight

A migratory process whereby many whites, fearing racial integration, sold their houses in the city and fled to the suburbs. (page 176)

Single Motherhood

A mother not living with a spouse or partner, who has most of the responsibilities in raising her child or children. At least since the presidency of Ronald Reagan, single mothers have been stereotyped as immoral delinquents who have more children in order to collect bigger welfare checks. But the truth is that single mothers are 'a remarkably diverse group who have arrived at single parenthood through divergent, and often class-segregated paths.' (page 375)

Stereotype Threat

A negative stereotype about a racial group can make members of that group conscious of the fact that any of their actions that happen to align with that stereotype end up verifying the stereotype, making it more real in the eyes of others and, perhaps, even of themselves; being at risk of confirming, as self-characteristic, a negative stereotype about one's group. (page 269)

Which of the following is an example of the deterrent effect?

A person considers selling drugs to earn money, but chooses not to because of the possible penalty

Eugenics

A program set forth in the nineteenth century by Francis Galton to ensure genetic purity by attempting to 'solve' the 'natural inferiority of the lower races' through such extreme measures as forced sterilization. (page 82)

Racial Polarization

A relationship between the racial identity of a voter and the way in which the voter votes. For example, the American electorate is racially polarized: the majority of whites tilt toward the Republican Party while the majority of nonwhites support the Democratic Party. (page 108)

White Affirmative Action

A series of exceptions, put forth by the southern arm of the Democratic party, which precluded a large majority of nonwhites from benefiting from Roosevelt's New Deal by disqualifying certain jobs (those dominated by nonwhite workers) from the policy. (page 130)

white affirmative action

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Gerrymandering

A set of processes by which elected politicians redraw and manipulate the borders of political districts to secure political advantage. (page 113)

principle-implementation gap

A set of processes by which elected politicians redraw and manipulate the borders of political districts to secure political advantage. (page 113)

Ethnicity

A shared lifestyle informed by cultural, historical, religious, and/or national affiliations.

Ethnicity

A shared lifestyle informed by cultural, historical, religious, and/or national affiliations. (page 26)

Bobby makes fun of Ralph, whose family is American Indian, for being poor. According to Bobby, all American Indians should be "rich" from casino money. What is one thing that Bobby should know to reassess his assumption?

A small group of American Indian tribes profit from casinos.

Color Blindness

A society in which racial differences exist but no one pays them heed, a world in which race no longer serves as the basis for social stigmatization, discrimination, inequality, or injustice. (page 395)

Racial Demography

A society's racial categories

Slavery

A system wherein workers are the property of their masters and are not paid for their labor. (page 57)

industrial restructuring 60's-70's

A term used to refer to the alternating phases of growth and decline in industrial activity. It emphasizes changes in employment between regions and links these with changes in the world economy. Manufacturing decreased—

Americans have been grappling with the question of whether immigration makes the country safer or less safe. Do people's perceptions match reality in this case? Fill in the blanks to complete the passage.

According to a recent Gallup poll, 45% of Americans believe that immigrants make "the crime situation" in America worse. The data shows that as immigration increases, homicide rates decrease

The severe spatial and social segregation of the ghetto's residents, marked by their amputation from America's economic prosperity, national security, collective imagination and memory, and state services. (page 189)

Advanced Marginality

Which of the following groups of workers might company executives refer to as "strike insurance"?

African American workers who replace striking workers

Identify the true and false statements about racial profiling during traffic stops.

African Americans have grown so used to being pulled over by the police that many speak of being stopped on account of DWB: "driving while black.", Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options. Black and Hispanic drivers are more likely to be searched, fined, and arrested than are their white counterparts., Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options. Many police officers intentionally target blacks and Latinos.

The claim that racism and inequality in American history, including slavery and colonialism, do not matter today. (page 9)

Ahistorical Fallacy

Men in the United States have different likelihoods of going to prison. Drag the demographic group to their corresponding lifetime likelihood of attending prison.

All men: 1 in 9 White men: 1 in 17 Black men: 1 in 3 Latino men: 1 in 6

What do sociologists study?

All of above Social Structures Group Life and Organizations Those that share a common culture

Lowbrow art

Also known as 'popular culture,' comprises art forms that are considered more ordinary and associated with the tastes and lifestyles of 'the masses,' and which is more or less bereft of cultural capital. (page 305)

Consequences of Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

Altered scope and composition of immigration Asian and Latin America immigration especially pronounced Changed the face of American Society

Which of the following is true about America's welfare programs ?

America spends a smaller portion of its wealth on antipoverty programs than almost any other developed country.

The young people featured in the clip are attempting to relearn their native language as a part of their education with Native elders. According to the text, why would this type of education been unlikely before the Civil Rights Movement?

American Indians did not regain full control over the education of their children until the Civil Rights Era.

double consciousness

An insider's vantage point, which suggests that nonwhites have a double vision as part of a racial survival strategy used to navigate white America. (page 378)

Nonwhite Affirmative Action

An umbrella term referring to a collection of policies and practices designed to address past wrongs, institutional racism, and sexism by offering people of color and women both employment and educational opportunities. (page 160)

Appropriating another group's culture but refusing to use the art to further racial domination is an example of what?

Anti Racist Cultural Appropriation

Fear of crime

Anxiety about becoming a victim of a crime as opposed to the actual probability of becoming a victim of a crime. (page 214)

Environmental Racism

Any environmental policy, practice, or directive that disproportionately disadvantages (intentionally or unintentionally) nonwhite communities. (page 196)

Race impacts how women experience violence. Drag each demographic group to the appropriate blank.

Approximately 50 percent of Asian women are beaten during their lifetimes. Compared with black women, white women have almost double the chance of being murdered by an intimate partner. The racial group that is abused the most of any group are Native American women. When it comes to sentencing male sex offenders, men receive the lightest penalty when they rape black women.

Identify the true and false statements about violence against women.

Approximately 50 percent of rape victims are assaulted below the age of 18., Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options. Twenty-five percent of all rapes take place on college campuses., Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options. Three women are killed by their husbands or boyfriends every day.

In the film clip from Race: The Power of an Illusion, Sociologist Melvin Oliver argues that "the things that we identify as the racial markers mean nothing unless they are given social meaning and unless there is public policy and private action that act upon those characteristics." Which of the following examples from the text best illustrates his argument?

Arabs and Indian Americans have been classified as "white" at some points in time and "not white" at other points.

Identity Policies

Arising in the wake of the Civil Rights Movement, identity politics refers to political action intended to address the unique interests and hardships of groups (such as nonwhites, women, and gays) who historically have faced oppression and who continue to be excluded from mainstream society. (page 332)

According to the figure below, "Electoral Shifts in 2011," which state experienced the most dramatic increase in Republican voting since the 2004 election?

Arkansas

Collective action

As history attests, bold reform and transformative social change also are brought about (perhaps most consequentially) through public protest: through strikes, sustained boycotts, public demonstrations, civil disobedience, and racial uprisings. To participate in collective political action -- to employ the time-honored methods of public protest -- is to engage as fully and completely as possible in civil society and to refuse to 'become victims in a democratic society.' (page 418)

Boarding Schools

As part of the white agenda to Anglicize America's indigenous population at the beginning of the twentieth century, American Indian parents were forced to send their children to boarding schools run by Christian missionaries and, later on, by the federal government. (page 246)

Racial Privilege for Asians

Asian Poverty decreases by the 3rd Generation

Wealth

Assets that make money (stocks, bonds, savings accounts, real estate, businesses, farms)

Legalistic Fallacy

Assumption that abolishing racist laws it automatically leads to the abolition of racism in everyday life.

Tokenistic Fallacy

Assumption that presence of people of color in influential positions (ex. Obama) is evidence of complete eradication of racial obstacles.

Fixed Fallacy

Assumption that racism is fixed, it's immutable, constant across time & space, and doesn't develop in any way.

In order to determine if and how discrimination affects hiring decisions, sociologists conduct studies in which they send paired actors to apply for real jobs. The actors are equal in every way aside from race. What are these studies called?

Audit Studies

What does the concept "homosocial reproduction" mean?

Authorities tend to fill positions of power with people like themselves.

What was one outcome of the New Deal?

Because many jobs and industries that predominantly employed people of color were excluded from its programs, the benefits of the New Deal were disproportionately applied to whites.

Why were many nonwhites denied benefits ?

Because their occupation was not covered by the New Deal

Authenticity

Being true to one's ethnic or racial heritage, including in that discussion the choice of some whites to reject whiteness for an alternative ethnic identity. (page 382)

______ women are more likely to return to welfare than white women for many reasons, including the fact that ____________.

Black and Hispanic; women of color face more obstacles in the labor market

White terrorism, as described in the film clip, along with literacy tests and "grandfather clauses," worked together to enforce

Black disenfranchisement

Racial Privileges for Blacks

Black poverty increased by 26% by the 3rd generation Poorer than their Caribbean or African immigrant grandparents

Ahistorical Fallacy

Bold claim that most U.S. history, including legacies of slavery & colonialism, is inconsequential today.

Post War Industrialization

Boom Times for American Manufacturing Many nonwhites benefited from the social programs of the 03's-50's Found jobs in the rising manufacturing sector

1.According to the text and the clip, which of the following statements best describes the majority of American Indian Reservations in the United States, including the Pima tribe in Arizona?

By and large, American Indian reservations are plagued by dire poverty, joblessness, and poor living conditions.

According to the text and the clip, which of the following statements best describes the majority of American Indian Reservations in the United States, including the Pima tribe in Arizona?

By and large, American Indian reservations are plagued by dire poverty, joblessness, and poor living conditions.

According to the film clip and text, how were people of both black and white heritage classified in the slavery era?

By and large, people of white and black descent were considered black

According to the film clip and text, how were people of both black and white heritage classified in the slavery era?

By and large, people of white and black descent were considered black.

Religious Associations

By and large, religious associations do not overcome racial divides; in fact, the opposite is true. Religious life is racialized to a high degree. Certain religions, denominations within religions, and places of worship within denominations correspond to certain racial and ethnic groups. (page 344)

Based on evidence presented in this chapter, we should conclude which of the following?

C: - Politicians sometimes manipulate knowledge about crime for personal gain. - Facts often contradict conventional wisdom. - People often respond emotionally about race and crime. F: - There is no relationship between race and crime.

Throughout the nineteenth century, whites and nonwhites lived relatively close together, interacting with one another on a daily basis, but the rise of industrialism brought thousands to live in crowded, dilapidated slums. As the twentieth century marched forward, prosperous European immigrant families were able to move out of the slums and assimilate into the white American mainstream. Meanwhile, those who wore the badge of otherness—the "racial uniform," in the words of American sociologist Robert Park—were forbidden by law and custom to live anywhere else. (page 183)

Causes and Consequences of Segregation

Culture Appropriation

Cultural appropriation occurs when members of one ethnic or racial group adopt a cultural product associated with another. (page 308)

Out of wedlock births

Children who are born to parents who are not married at the time of the birth. In 2011, out-of-wedlock births accounted for 41% of all births in the United States. Out-of-wedlock births have increased steadily over the last few decades. In fact, the number of American children living in single-parent homes nearly doubled between 1960 and 2010. In 1970, only 12% of all children lived with one parent; in 2000, 25% of children did. Today, a third of all American children are not being raised by two parents, the majority of whom live in single-mother households. (page 371)

Which of the following factors help explain why blacks and whites are arrested at such different rates?

Cities with larger black populations have more police per resident., Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options. Poor nonwhite neighborhoods have higher rates of violent crime., Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options. "Stop and frisk" policies target blacks.

Indirect allusions to physical appearance, class upbringing, or sexual attractiveness; code words that give voice to dormant racialized dispositions (such as "welfare queen," "urban unrest," "illegal immigrants," "Islamic terrorists" ). (page 124)

Coded Language

_________ occurs when a foreign power invades a territory and establishes enduring systems of exploitation and domination over that territory's indigenous populations. (page 50)

Colonialism

Colonialism occurs when a foreign power invades a territory and establishes enduring systems of exploitation and domination over that territory's indigenous populations. (page 50)

Who do the federal mandates apply to?

Companies that conduct a fair amount of business with the federal government 3% of US Firms which Emely 20% of the countries workforce

Mass Incarceration

Comparatively and historically high rates of imprisonment in the United States, predominantly of African-American men. (page 207)

From 1980 through the early 2000s, the prison population exploded. Identify the reasons for this dramatic increase.

Correct: - People who used drugs were more likely to get arrested. - Drug offenses were given harsher penalties. False: - Overall crime rates increased. - Drug usage rates among black men and women steadily rose.

In both politics and the media, Arab people and Americans are often portrayed in us-and-them terms. Identify the true and false statements about this dichotomy and its effects.

Correct: -Arabs are portrayed as freedom-hating and Americans as freedom-loving. -It shows how racial identity can often trump national identity. False: -Americans who identify as Republicans and Democrats have equally unfavorable views of Arab Americans. -Fewer than 25 percent of Americans now report having a "favorable" view of Muslim Americans.

While police have unjustly used deadly force against African Americans, the author cautions us from simply blaming "racist" police and demanding their resignation. Which argument(s) do the authors use to support their position?

Correct: -Simply attacking the police as racists ignores our complicity in a system that facilitates racially motivated violence. -Focusing only on the officers obscures the complexity of these circumstances. False: -It ignores the violent crimes that each of the individuals committed.

The American legal system is heavily biased against the poor and people of color. Identify the true and false statements about how this system disadvantages these groups.

Correction: - Young black offenders are more likely to be viewed as "inherently criminal" by their parole officers. - They are more likely to rely on public defenders. False: - They are less likely to receive plea deals. - Nonwhite juvenile offenders are less likely to be tried as adults.

Mass incarceration has many costs to society. Which of the following accurately depict these costs?

Correction: - higher unemployment - fewer marriages False: -higher divorce rates - high taxpayer dollars spent on job retraining programs

culture and social capital

Cultural capital refers to the sum total of one's knowledge of established and exalted cultural activities and practices, while social capital includes all the resources one accrues by virtue of being connected to a network of people. (page 261)

Contemporary welfare programs tend to focus on changing individual behavior—teaching clients to be more responsible, productive workers—rather than on addressing systemic inequality. In what tradition do such programs follow?

Daniel Patrick Moynihan's report, The Negro Family

Income inequality between white and nonwhite people is _______, and wealth inequality between white and nonwhite people is ______.

Decreasing;increasing

Legal History of Affirmative Action

FDR in 1941 JFK in 1961 Civil Rights Act on 1964 Johnsons Executive Order 11246 & Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs Nixon 1969 & Executive Order 11625 in 1971

The argument that prisons discourage would-be criminals from committing crimes. (page 240)

Deterrent Effect

To deprive a group or an individual of certain privileges. Practices, which often mirror, in a softer and shrewder form, techniques deployed by southern whites during the mid-twentieth century to deter voters and revoke voting rights among racial minorities, such as voter ID laws. (page 119)

Disenfranchisement

(1) While affirmative action creates opportunities for the better trained, talented, and educated segments of the minority population, (2) a large proportion of nonwhites lacking qualification - a good education, job training, network connections - are virtually unaffected by affirmative action.

Does affirmative action in employment help those it was intended to help?

Whiteness

Dominant racial category which normalizes racial domination & reproduces many cultural, political, economic, & social advantages. Disadvantages for nonwhite people.

The film clip discusses how white supremacists designed a targeted campaign to inspire white resentment and fear of black men by claiming that they were a danger to white women. Who would ultimately be one of the most well-known victims of this legacy of propaganda many years later?

Emmett Till

Any environmental policy, practice, or directive that disproportionately disadvantages (intentionally or unintentionally) nonwhite communities. (page 196)

Environmental Racism

A shared lifestyle informed by cultural, historical, religious, and/or national affiliations. (page 26)

Ethnicity

A program set forth in the nineteenth century by Francis Galton to ensure genetic purity by attempting to "solve" the "natural inferiority of the lower races" through such extreme measures as forced sterilization. (page 82)

Eugenics

model minority

Ever since the nineteenth century, white America has regarded its Asian inhabitants as constituting a 'model minority.' That is, 'more obedient and industrious' than other minorities. (page 266)

Interpersonal Racism

Everyday interactions & practices; either overt (old fashioned bigotry). People act out their prejudices & give direct expression to their negative attitudes guided by stereotypes of others.

Interpersonal Racism

Everyday interactions and practices; either overt, as in old-fashioned bigotry, wherein people act out their prejudices and give direct expression to their negative attitudes guided by demeaning stereotypes of others, or covert, wherein it is found in the habitual, commonsensical, and ordinary practices of our lives. (page 11)

Nearly all new immigrants to the United States follow the acculturation and parallel integration path into the middle-class.

FALSE

4.Southern whites, like those described in the clip, were prolific in creating associations and organizations in the postwar era (compared to northern whites and blacks), motivated in large part by their desire to exclude African Americans and reestablish the racial order.

False

In the 1970s, the prison population started to rise. At that time, experts in the field of criminal justice generally agreed that using the threat of incarceration would be an effective deterrent to crime.

False

Race is the genetic difference between groups of people in society

False

Studies have shown that people are more likely to favor harsher punishments to black people convicted of white-collar crimes.

False

Anxiety about becoming a victim of a crime as opposed to the actual probability of becoming a victim of a crime. (page 214)

Fear of Crime

industrial restructuring-after the 70's

Fewer jobs for unskilled workers but increasing opportunities for skilled and educated workers

Place the countries in order from lowest to highest incarceration rate.

Incarceration Chart (pg. 192) Norway, China, Russia, and United States

The assumption that racism is fixed, that it is immutable, constant across time and space, and that it does not develop in any way, often defining racism only by its most heinous forms, such as racial violence. (page 9)

Fixed Fallacy

A set of processes by which elected politicians redraw and manipulate the borders of political districts to secure political advantage. (page 113)

Gerrymandering

What is the term for the unspoken obstacles to advancement experienced by white women and people of color?

Glass Ceiling

Welfare

Government provisions intended to help disadvantaged people, including those who are poor, elderly, war veterans, unemployed, and disabled. (page 157)

Which of the following best describes the opinion of Judge Bazile in Mildred and Richard Loving's case?

He argued that God did not intend for different races to intermarry.

Johann Blumenbach published a typology of humanity that divided humans into five groups that correspond to different geographical areas—Caucasians, Mongolians, Ethiopians, Americans, and Malays. Why was his research fundamentally flawed?

He did not gather data to support his research.

Based on what you know from the clip, what would most likely be Tim Wise's perspective on the color-blind racial ideal described in the text?

He would argue that the color-blind perspective ignores the many ways that white people are privileged.

Which statement best describes the racial order of the Aztec empire following Spanish colonization?

High rates of miscegenation resulted in racial categories becoming blurry and numerous.

What is one factor that might complicate the assumption that the percentage of Hispanic voters will grow in direct proportion to their population growth?

Hispanics may increasingly consider themselves white, which would increase the percentage of white voters

(1) Most poor whites live in areas where the majority of their neighbors are not poor. (2) In the black ghetto poverty is more concentrated and (3) everyday establishments, such as banks, grocery stores, pharmacies, restaurants, and childcare centers, are scarce.

How has contemporary institutional racism extended significant income gaps between whites and nonwhites?

Banks impede nonwhites' access to homeownership through three mechanisms: by (1) disproportionately denying loans to nonwhite applicants; by (2) charging nonwhites higher interest rates; and by (3) devaluing homes in nonwhite neighborhoods.

How has contemporary institutional racism extended significant wealth gaps between whites and nonwhites?

Some sociologists have connected job status, wages, and race in a single equation, claiming that (1) when a job becomes associated with a dominated racial group— just as domestic service is equated with Latinas or New York City taxi driving is equated with Arab American men—that job loses status. (2) Once a job's status declines, so too do its wages.

How has historical institutional racism extended significant income gaps between whites and nonwhites?

In whites' healthy assets, as compared to the sparse wealth of most people of color, we see (1) the legacies of slavery, colonization, and "the Indian Problem"; we see (2) the hundred years that ran from the Civil War to the Civil Rights Movement, during which people of color were barred from participating completely in business or commerce; we see (3) government policies that uplifted poor whites while leaving poor nonwhites behind; and we see (4) decades of meager wages, bad schools, and sharecropping.

How has historical institutional racism extended significant wealth gaps between whites and nonwhites?

Race Is a Social Reality

Idea by James Baldwin. Race is not a biological reality, rather a political reality, or social construction.

Marriage and Divorce

If the U.S. has a fairly high marriage rate, it has an enormously high divorce rate, ranking second only to Aruba in the number of divorces per 1,000 people. Divorce rates have risen since the 1970s, but like marriage rates, they fluctuate widely across race. (page 355)

racist aesthetic

If the white aesthetic seeks to normalize whiteness, the racist aesthetic seeks to depict people of color in negative ways. If the white aesthetic ignores people of color, the racist aesthetic represents them -- but never in their full humanity. Rather, it distorts and stereotypes; it infantilizes and demonizes. (page 287)

white aesthetic

Images of whiteness often are understated and subtle. They rely on an unspoken edict that treats the white body and the white experience as normal, an edict that, for some of us, connects with our innermost presuppositions about the world. (page 287)

The process of entering and establishing permanent residence in a place other than one's country of origin; during the mid-nineteenth century, immigrants flocked to America by the millions. (page 75)

Immigration

According to the film clip, in the postslavery era, when some newly freed slaves were beginning to gain some political power, white supremacists were determined to end black political power. Which of the following examples from the text most clearly signifies white supremacists' success in stifling the political power of black Americans at this time?

In 1960, fewer than 2 percent of Mississippi's black adults were registered to vote.

brave new families

In 1967, the Supreme Court ruled antimiscegenation laws unconstitutional in Loving v. Virginia, marking a significant civil rights victory. Today the United States is home to over 4.8 million interracially married couples; that's one in twelve. (page 358)

Coded Language

Indirect allusions to physical appearance, class upbringing, or sexual attractiveness; code words that give voice to dormant racialized dispositions (such as 'welfare queen,' 'urban unrest,' 'illegal immigrants,' 'Islamic terrorists' ). (page 124)

homosocial reproduction

In sociology, this term refers to a process were authorities tend to fill positions of power with people like themselves. This process is practiced by whites and nonwhites alike. However, because they are disproportionately represented in positions of power, only white men can do so with some regularity.

Racial Democracy

In the abstract, racial justice means that persons of all racial groups draw returns on societal resources commensurate with the value they themselves have added to them; moreover, all are recognized in their full humanity as contributors to the social whole. (page 403)

President Barack Obama is often referred to as the nation's first black president, not as the nation's first biracial president. What does this tell us about racial categories in the United States?

In the eyes of many, blackness remains a totalizing racial category.

The clip from White Like Me delineates several government policies that have been instrumental in giving white people opportunities for advancement. To address those types of privileges and attempt to even out the "playing field" would require change at what level?

Institutional

Systemic white domination of people of color, embedded and operating in corporations, universities, legal systems, political bodies, cultural life, and other social collectives. (page 11)

Institutional Racism

The clip from Crips and Bloods: Made in America focuses on police harassment of young black men and women in Los Angeles in the 1960s. According to the text, such racial targeting is caused in large part by

Institutional racism is policing

Racial domination manifested in everyday interactions and practices. (page 11)

Interpersonal Racism

The split labor market can cause

Interpersonal Racism

cultural labor

Interracial relationships require each person to engage in a fair amount of cultural labor, which involves learning the history and culture of one another's racial and ethnic identities. Cultural labor requires broadening your cultural competence, stepping out of your comfort zone, and trying as much as possible to adopt another perspective on the world. (page 369)

The overlapping system of advantages and disadvantages, wherein racism intersects with other forms of domination, such as those based on gender, class, sexuality, religion, nationhood, ability, and so forth. (page 16)

Intersectionality

Not necessarily, because research shows that skills, abilities, and talent are not the only considerations employers or admissions officers consider when selecting candidates.

Is affirmative action an affront to the American ideal of meritocracy?

The 1875 Page Law, which intended to bar Chinese prostitutes from the United States, had what effect?

It barred virtually all Chinese women from American shores.

According to social scientific evidence, what has been the impact of affirmative action policies on white men?

It can help white men in cases where qualified white men are given more of a chance against candidates who would have landed a job through old-boy networks and cronyism.

Changing Institutions

It is difficult to imagine changing patterns of racial interaction in any far-reaching way without also reconstructing the institutional frameworks within which they unfold. (page 416)

Why did dominant understandings of affirmative action change after the era of the Civil Rights Movement?

It is nonwhite and nonmale now

2.Gentrification is a contentious issue in many cities throughout the United States, such as San Francisco and Washington, DC. Based on the findings in the clip from My Brooklyn, we would conclude which of the following about gentrification in these other cities?

It is not an inevitable process, but is driven by political factors and government policy

What was one of the outcomes of the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

It organized the black clergy as a political force.

Aside from limiting professional options for nonwhite models, what is one consequence of the overrepresentation of white models in the fashion industry?

It reinforces the features of white women as the standards of beauty.

3.Which of the following organizations referenced in the text is most similar to the Mardi Gras balls introduced in the clip?

Jack and Jill of America

According to the film clip, which of the following is true about Jim Crow laws in the American South?

Jim Crow laws emerged as a backlash to the increasing political power of some African American communities.

In the film clip from Race: The Power of an Illusion, Historian James Horton states, "You give me the power, I can make you any race I want you to be." In the history of race in the US, who has played the largest role in dictating racial categories, as we understand them today?

Judges

In the film clip from Race: The Power of an Illusion, Historian James Horton states, "You give me the power, I can make you any race I want you to be." In the history of race in the United States, who has played the largest role in dictating racial categories, as we understand them today?

Judges

GI Bill of Rights

Law Passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher education

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

Law that changed the national quota system of limits for Eastern and Western immigrants per year

The assumption that abolishing racist laws automatically leads to the abolition of racism in everyday life. (page 8)

Legalistic Fallacy

Homophily

Literally meaning 'love of the same,' homophily refers to the practice of associating with people like you. (page 327)

The nineteenth century belief that it was God's will that the United States conquer the American continent. (page 69)

Manifest Destiny

What were the limitations of the GI Bill

Many blacks and Latinos were denied access because of those persons that were in charge. They couldn't start new businesses, buy new homes, go to the ame colleges and universities as white. They could only get jobs for menial unskilled worker

Eurocentric Curriculum

Many educators favor Eurocentric knowledge and cultural styles over non-Eurocentric ones, even if the latter are not avowedly anti-intellectual. (page 255)

Interracial unions

Marriages between individuals of different racial or ethnic groups. Racism can shape-shift and adjust to demographic changes. It can make -- and has made -- room in its wide enterprise for degrading multiracial people. Some parents, white and nonwhite alike, actively discourage their children from interracial dating, many times cloaking their own prejudices or ethnic chauvinism in a concern over mixed-race children or 'other people's' racism. (page 358)

Comparatively and historically high rates of imprisonment in the United States, predominantly of African-American men. (page 207)

Mass Incarceration

By the end of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee's (SNCC's) 1964 Freedom Summer, many volunteers had been violently attacked, arrested, and even killed, indicating what?

Mississippi was still a very dangerous place for black Americans in 1964

By the end of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee's (SNCC's) 1964 Freedom Summer, many volunteers had been violently attacked, arrested, and even killed, indicating what?

Mississippi was still a very dangerous place for black Americans in 1964.

What are the three structural causes of poverty that are highlighted in the text?

Modern Day Capitalism DeIndustrialization worsened poverty conditions Small portion ofsocial spending dedicated to welfare programs

income

Money obtained from work, retirement, or government aid

Whites convicted of selling drugs are ___ likely to lan a job than blacks with no criminal history

Multiculturalism

Much like color blindness, multiculturalism aspires to a world in which all persons' inherent dignity as human beings is recognized. But in contrast to color blindness, which hopes to abolish race as a relevant criterion in law, public policy, and everyday social practices, multiculturalism envisions a society in which racial diversity is taken fully into account and valued for its own sake. (page 398)

The category by which many Americans identify, claiming heritages from two or more ethnicities or races. (page 85)

Multiethnic Heritage

Which dominant black protest organization, which preceded the modern Civil Rights Movement and was founded in 1909 by black and white intellectuals, primarily battled racial domination in the courts?

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about arrest rates.

National statistics show that blacks and whites are arrested at very different rates. According to statistics released by the FBI, 13 blacks in 100 are arrested annually, whereas only 5 whites in 100 are.

Native American Poverty

Native American unemployment is about 50% on reservations Poverty is almost twice the national average Tribal Sovereignty is how to fix poverty growth

Which group proved most influential in solidifying racial taxonomies?

Natural historians, precursors to modern-day biologists

When it comes to poverty in America:

Nearly one third of American "breadwinners" are among the nation's working poor.

What are the origins of the term "redlining"?

Neighborhoods with 5 percent or more African Americans were colored red on a map and made ineligible for government-backed loans.

Which of the following statements about institutional racism and interpersonal racism is accurate?

Neither institutional nor interpersonal racism is necessarily overt; both forms of racism often operate in the habitual commonsense and largely unconscious practices of daily life.

end of industrialization

No manufacturing jobs from the northwestern and Midwest in 80's Factories gave way to service economy

Does Affirmative action hurt white men ?

No: 40% of American feel that whites being. Diasadvantaged by AA at work is a bigger problem that blacks being disadvantaged by race based discrimination. Not supported claim, just fears

White Collar Crime

Nonviolent and often financially motivated crimes committed by more privileged members of society, such as computer hacking, fraud, identity theft, environmental law violations, tax evasion, bribery, counterfeiting, money laundering, and embezzling. (page 224)

Nonwhite Affirmative Action

Without the ability to grow crops and provide for themselves, the Pima began to depend on aid from the U.S. government. What was one major result from this dependence?

Overall levels of health decreased.

Intersectionality

Overlapping system of advantages and disadvantages, wherein racism intersects with other forms of domination, such as those based on gender, class, sexuality, religion, nationhood, ability, and etc.

Many studies have been conducted that evaluate Americans' perceptions of crime and violence. Which of the following illustrate the findings of these studies?

Perceived racial composition of a neighborhood is a better predictor of one's fear of crime than the actual crime rate., Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options. As the percentage of blacks and Hispanics in a neighborhood increases, fear of crime in that neighborhood increases., Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options. Hispanics living in predominately white areas perceive less crime than Hispanics living in more racially mixed neighborhoods.

The film clip from Race: The Power of an Illusion shows that racial classifications are based in part on the way we look (skin color, eye shape and color, hair texture and color, etc.). Which of the following terms from the text refers to these physical differences?

Phenotype

Highbrow art

The collection of art forms associated with an upper-class taste and lifestyle, which is rich in cultural capital. (page 305)

Between 1880 and 1930, lynch mobs murdered over 2,300 black men, women, and children whom we know of. What were the justifications given for the lynching of black men?

Sexual assaulting a white woman. Winking at a white woman Being too "uppity"

Police State

Refers to the heightened surveillance and police repression, such as curfews, found in nonwhite metropolitan areas. (page 231)

Police State

The clip from The Loving Story and the text make the case that strict racial segregation was ultimately about

Sex and sexuality

Compared with whites, police are much more likely to use deadly force on an African American. Match each individual to the circumstances of his death at the hands of police.

Police beat, tortured, and sodomized him with a broomstick., Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options.Abner Louima Correct label:Abner Louima Police were investigating a strip club, where he was celebrating his last hours as a bachelor; when he walked out, police shot him, his car, and nearby houses., Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options.Sean Bell Correct label:Sean Bell Police believed him to be holding a gun and shot him several times, but he was merely hanging onto his wallet., Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options.Amadou Diallo Correct label:Amadou Diallo

"Cadillac Driving Welfare Queens"

Policy makers and the media use racially coded language to "blacken" Welfare 59% of white believe that blacks would rather collect welfare than work 46%^^Latinos 18^^ Asians 3%^^Whites

The activity of integrating citizen perspectives and concerns in the public policy making process. Very few nonwhites are elected at the national, state, and local levels, resulting in the underrepresentation of nonwhite perspectives and concerns. (page 112)

Political Representation

1980 Refugee Act

Political asylum for refugees and asylees victimized on the basis of their race, religion, nationality, political affiliation, or group membership

When George Wallace, Democratic governor of Alabama, stood in 1963 on the steps of the University of Alabama to block the entrance of two black students to the all-white university, he taught politicians two strategic lessons. The first was that politicians who opposed racial justice could garner great support from white voters. What was the second?

Politicians can support white supremacy as long as they do not do so explicitly.

Racial Privilege for Whites and Hispanics

Poverty stays the same by the third generation

The New Deal anti-poverty programs were initiated by ?

President Franklin Roosevelt

Since the Civil Rights Movement, opinion polls have shown that most white Americans consistently have accepted the principle of racial inclusion while rejecting any of policy measures designed to carry this out. (page 118)

Principle-Implementation Gap

Author Michelle Alexander recently coined the term "the new Jim Crow" to discuss the rapid rise of mass incarceration among the black population in the United States. What might Jim Crow and mass incarceration have in common?

Prisons and Jim Crow laws are both dramatic examples of segregation.

Underground Economy

The combined forms of enterprise classified as criminal under current law, as well as any other economic activity that is unrecorded and untaxed by the government. (page 224)

The idea, as put forth by James Baldwin, that race is not a biological reality, but rather a political reality, or social construction. (page 32)

Race is a Social Reality

A society's racial categories. (page 79)

Racial Demography

The concept that, due to historical and current circumstances, certain racial groups have more income and wealth than others as a result of their race. On average, a white worker will make more than a black or Hispanic worker, even if all these people work exactly the same hours, possess exactly the same work experience, and hold exactly the same educational credentials. (page 134)

Racial Disparities in Income and Wealth

Racial Polarization

Aside from the structure of the economy, the class privileges (or lack thereof) of immigrants, and ethnic enclaves, what else does the textbook say impacts how well immigrants fare in America?

Racial Privileges

A form of ethnic violence which continued in the United States even after the end of slavery, often in the form of lynch mobs. (page 177)

Racial Terrorism

The rise of industrialism, which facilitated the rise of cities, attracted thousands of people—immigrants, blacks, Mexicans, whites, Asians—to roiling metropolises. As they poured into cities, some ethnic groups tended to cluster together in neighborhoods, many living in crowded, dilapidated slums. (page 170)

Racialization of Neighborhoods

Individualistic Fallacy

Racism assumed to belong to the realm of ideas and attitudes; racism is only the collection of nasty thoughts a 'racist individual' has about another group

Individualistic Fallacy

Racism assumed to belong to the realm of ideas and attitudes; racism is only the collection of nasty thoughts as "racist individual" has about another group.

Teters and others who opposed the University of Illinois Chief Illiniwek mascot would consider the mascot a form of what the text terms

Racist appropriation

Hate Groups

Racist hate groups present a threat to a multiracial democratic society and are often closely tied with white nationalist organizations, which believe whites to be superior to African Americans and Hispanics and vie for a separate, exclusively white country. (page 336)

Following the recent economic recession that began in 2008, many Tea Party Republican politicians proposed cutting taxes for the wealthy as a way to boost the economy. In doing so, which tradition are they following?

Reaganomics

What explains racial income disparities?

Segregated labor force Low wages in majority minority jobs

Achieving commercial success at the expense of a political message or an artist's authenticity is often referred to as what?

Selling Out

What was the famous march in which activists walked along a stretch of land in which no black people were registered to vote?

Selma-to-Montgomery March

In the clip from In Whose Honor? Charlene Teters, a Native American, was interviewed about her attitude about the Chief Illiniwek mascot. She held which of the following positions on the mascot?

She opposed the mascot because it symbolized that people in power controlled and owned Illiniwek culture.

Why did Harriet Jacobs, author of Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, say that slavery "is terrible for men; but it is far more terrible for women"?

Since slave children increased a master's wealth, slave women were often the victims of rape.

A system wherein workers are the property of their masters and are not paid for their labor. (page 57)

Slavery

Which of the following terms is defined as "something we build and maintain, something we learn and come to understand, but not something objective that exists in the world"?

Social Construction

Persistent patterns of behavior and interaction between people

Social Structure

A(n) ____________________ necessitates being able to think ourselves away from the familiar routines of our daily lives.

Sociological Imagination

Political Correctness

Some commentators have suggested that American civil society is now guided by an ethic of 'political correctness,' which discourages free thought and honest debate, because people are afraid to offend their fellow citizens or, worst of all, to be labeled as 'racists.' In its most recent incarnation, political correctness usually refers to discourse that, while designed to minimize offense to marginalized groups, ends up censoring certain speech or attitudes deemed off-limits. (page 334)

Civil Society

Some critics believe identity politics is responsible for splintering civil society, but in post-Civil Rights America, civil society has widened to include a cacophony of voices and opinions. (page 332)

A national homebuilder developing a new home community needs to hire framers, plumbers, painters, electricians, and other construction workers. There are plenty of qualified, unionized, nonimmigrant job applicants, but the builder chooses to hire mostly Mexican immigrants. According to sociologist Edna Bonacich, this choice reflects the existence of:

Split Labor Market

Digital Divide

Studies have shown that nonwhite citizens disproportionately are less likely to own computers and to have regular access to the Internet than their white peers, which results in many nonwhites being excluded from virtual associations, on account of them not having regular access to the Internet. (page 340)

A stark critic of Booker T. Washington's "compromise," W. E. B. Du Bois argued that Washington perpetuated what by not opposing white supremacy?

Symbolic Violence

Institutional Racism

Systemic white domination of people of color, embedded & operating in corporations, universities, legal systems, political bodies, cultural life, & other social collectives.

institutional racism

Systemic white domination of people of color, embedded and operating in corporations, universities, legal systems, political bodies, cultural life, and other social collectives. (page 11)

What was one result of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 and the 1980 Refugee Act?

Tens of thousands of Vietnamese refugees relocated to the United States in the mid-1970s.

The Civil Rights Movement

That collection of organizations and people who carried out political acts aimed at abolishing racial segregation, nonwhite disenfranchisement, and racial economic exploitation. (page 89)

The Civil Rights Movement

What is a result of cases like Shaw v. Reno (1993) and Miller v. Johnson (1995), which outlaw only race-based gerrymandering?

The Court fails to recognize white majority districts as white districts, and whiteness is rendered invisible.

How did the GI Bill, more than other program, create the American middle class?

The GI bill helped people get houses, go to college, finance small businesses and purchase farmland

The text points out that historically, police officers "have served as the primary guardians of white supremacy" (p. 233). The clip shows that, in 1965, this was still true in some important ways. What example from the film clip best illustrates these racially motivated injustices?

The LAPD used force to keep black residents away from white neighborhoods.

Separate is not equal

The case put forth by Thurgood Marshall and the NAACP in 1954 that racially segregated schools were separate but anything but equal; the Supreme Court ruled on behalf of the NAACP, dismantling the legal basis of racial segregation. (page 251)

Multiethnic heritage

The category by which many Americans identify, claiming heritages from two or more ethnicities or races. (page 85)

Political Representation

Deterrent Effect

The argument that prisons discourage would-be criminals from committing crimes. (page 240)

Legalistic Fallacy

The assumption that abolishing racist laws (racism in principle) automatically leads to the abolition of racism in everyday life (racism in practice). (page 8)

Fixed Fallacy

Ahistorical Fallacy

The bold claim that most United States history, including the legacies of slavery and colonialism, is inconsequential today.

Which of the following provides a structural explanation for why a young black man might resort to violence in a ghetto community?

The community is a long distance from legitimate jobs and it is necessary to succeed in the underground economy.

Racial Disparities in Income and Wealth

Reflexivity

The defensive reaction many privileged whites have to being confronted with societal racism. (page 409)

Whiteness

The dominant racial category which normalizes racial domination and reproduces many cultural, political, economic, and social advantages and privileges for white people and withholds such advantages and privileges from nonwhite people. (page 25)

For the last 25 years, the United States has experienced a drop in crime, which has coincided with the prison boom. Based on existing evidence, which of the following best explains this relationship?

The effect of mass incarceration on crime is weak

Interaction order

The face-to-face domain of social life, the mezzanine level between large-scale structure and individual psychology. (page 377)

Race is a Social reality

The idea, as put forth by James Baldwin, that race is not a biological reality, but rather a political reality, or what we might call a social construction. (page 32)

According the text, "Racist appropriation can be used to exoticize the nonwhite groups and, therefore, to contribute to their status as Other" (p. 311). How does this statement relate to the University of Illinois Chief Illiniwek mascot controversy?

The mascot could be understood as presenting Native Americans as an ancient people, not a community that still exists today.

The NAACP was banned in several Southern states after refusing to release the contact information of its members. What was the effect of the weakening of the NAACP?

The movement grew to include people like sharecroppers, teachers, students, and even children.

Manifest destiny

The nineteenth century belief that it was God's will that the United States conquer the American continent. (page 69)

According to the text, which of the following statements best describes the history of interracial relaionships like Mildred and Richard Loving's?

The number of interracial relationships declined after the fall of slavery.

The film illustrates a disagreement between younger and older generations about how to collectively respond to police brutality after the incidents that led to the Watts riots. Which of the following best describes this disagreement?

The older generation felt that reserved, nonviolent protest was preferable.

.Associations are essential to a healthy democracy. However, as the text points out, associations can also work to exclude people. Which of the following best describes how the association detailed in the clip from By Invitation Only is exclusionary?

The organization was based in racial exclusion and that legacy lives on.

Intersectionality

Immigration

The process of entering and establishing permanent residence in a place other than one's country of origin; during the mid-nineteenth century, immigrants flocked to America by the millions. (page 75)

Why were many nonwhite denied access into the new deal ?

The program disqualified certain jobs that nonwhites were more likely to have.

What was the problem with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which promised U.S. citizenship rights to Mexicans in ceded lands?

The promise was never fulfilled.

The textbook authors point out that asking "Why did Africans sell fellow Africans into slavery?" is an inaccurate question. Why?

The question assumes there were such things as "Africa" and "Africans" during the slave trade.

Racialization of Neighborhoods

The rise of industrialism, which facilitated the rise of cities, attracted thousands of people -- immigrants, blacks, Mexicans, whites, Asians -- to roiling metropolises. As they poured into cities, some ethnic groups tended to cluster together in neighborhoods, many living in crowded, dilapidated slums. (page 170)

Compared with white youth, black youth who live outside predominantly black neighborhoods, have _________ of crime.

The same rates

Advanced Marginality

A group of students argue with their professor that their assigned history text is inadequate because it ignores the influence of slave revolts in achieving emancipation. According to Prudence Carter, how should we understand their behavior?

The students are resistant to a curriculum that does not adequately represent their heritage.

What is sociology?

The study of social groups and the relationships between human groups.

According to sociologist Georg Simmel, what happens when lower classes begin to copy the fashions of the upper class?

The upper class abandons the style and finds something new.

In the early 20th century, American nativists and many scientists argued that the new European immigrants were "lower races of Europe." Their poverty and lower social status was understood as inheritable and immutable. Which of the following examples from the text relates most closely to this understanding of race?

There is a common understanding that African American are superior athletes

In the early twentieth century, American nativists and many scientists argued that the new European immigrants were "lower races of Europe." Their poverty and lower social status was understood as inheritable and immutable. Which of the following examples from the text relates most closely to this understanding of race?

There is a common understanding that African American are superior athletes.

Native American Affluence

There is an elite group of tribes who have succeeded through casinos and anti poverty programs

In what way are the young people featured in The Young Ancestors similar to many of Native American youth of the Indian boarding schools era described at the beginning of Chapter 7?

They are resisting the demise of their tribal languages and cultures.

What role did many real estate agents play in "white flight"?

They exploited whites' fears of racial integration and encouraged them to sell their homes fast.

What was the purpose of "grandfather clauses"?

They extended the right to vote to those whose relatives were enfranchised before the end of the Civil War, namely whites.

Juliana, whose parents are immigrants from the Dominican Republic, was the first person in her family to go to college. Her parents, who recently retired after years of work as domestic servants, like to tell their friends that the family is wealthy now that their daughter has graduated from medical school. Why is their boast about their family wealth not quite accurate?

They forget that most wealth is passed down through family generations and that having a high income is not the same thing as having wealth.

If most Americans benefit from government welfare at some point in their lives, why do Americans generally have such negative attitudes about it?

They see it as a racialized policy and there is a lazy sterotype attached to people that are on it.

What do Emmett Till, Charlie Lang, Ernest Green, and Henry Bedford all have in common?

They were all victims of white terrorism.

In 2015, thirteen students were arrested at the University of Minnesota when they conducted a sit-in at the president's office in an attempt to protest the lack of diversity in the faculty. These protestors most clearly followed in the tradition of which group?

Third World Liberation Front

What was the name of the multiracial organization founded on the campuses of the University of California-Berkeley and San Francisco State College, which challenged these campuses' Eurocentric curricula?

Third World Liberation Front

Welfare Reform Act of 1996

This act established the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program in place of the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program (AFDC) and tightened Medicaid eligibility requirements. This greatly reduced the width of welfare, and imposed strict employment requirements on the states. Promised to end welfare as we know it Clinton

racial disparities in income

This chart shows that, in the United States, despite working the same hours, white workers make more than their black and Hispanic peers. This shows evidence of what?

racial disparities in wealth

This chart shows that, over the past 20 years in the United States, the white/nonwhite wealth gap has grown. This shows evidence of what?

The assumption that abolishing racist laws automatically leads to the abolition of racism in everyday life. (page 8)

legalistic fallacy

nonwhite affirmative action

This is an umbrella term referring to a collection of policies and practices designed to address past wrongs, institutional racism, and sexism by offering people of color and women both employment and educational opportunities.

split labor market

This term refers to a labor market that contains at least two groups of workers whose price of labor differs for the same work, or would differ if they did the same work.

white affirmative action

This term refers to a series of exceptions, put forth by the southern arm of the Democratic party, which precluded a large majority of nonwhites from benefiting from Roosevelt's New Deal by disqualifying certain jobs (those dominated by nonwhite workers) from the policy.

welfare

This term refers to government provisions intended to help disadvantaged people, including those who are poor, elderly, war veterans, unemployed, and disabled.

Employers are _____ more likely to offer whites a job than equally qualified blacks or Hispanics

Three to four times

Cause and Consequence of Segregation

Throughout the nineteenth century, whites and nonwhites lived relatively close together, interacting with one another on a daily basis, but the rise of industrialism brought thousands to live in crowded, dilapidated slums. As the twentieth century marched forward, prosperous European immigrant families were able to move out of the slums and assimilate into the white American mainstream. Meanwhile, those who wore the badge of otherness -- the 'racial uniform,' in the words of American sociologist Robert Park -- were forbidden by law and custom to live anywhere else. (page 183)

Disenfranchisement

Fill in the blank to complete the sentence about murder rates and black youth.

To explain why black youth are murdered at such high rates, social scientists point to structural disadvantage.

The assumption that the presence of people of color in influential positions is evidence of the complete eradication of racial obstacles. (page 8)

Tokenistic Fallacy

During and after World War II , the economic gap between whites and nonwhites increased

True

Most theorists agree that identity exists, not solely within an individual or category of individuals but through the difference in the relationship with others.

True

The author suggests that one of the ten things you can do to help improve race relations is "Be a Good Citizen - Vote in every election. Take time to find out candidates' positions on policies that have implications for race relations. Don't support politicians who are racially divisive or manipulate people's fears."

True

The author suggests that we be introspective and ask ourselves these questions to help change race relations in our society: How can we live our lives so that social or peer pressure do not push us toward racist, prejudiced, or bigoted beliefs or actions? If you find yourself being prejudiced, ask yourself why you acted or behaved that way. If you are a bystander and did nothing, ask yourself why.

True

In middle class occupations, blacks are ______ as likely to be laid off as whites

Twice

The combined forms of enterprise classified as criminal under current law, as well as any other economic activity that is unrecorded and untaxed by the government. (page 224)

Underground Economy

Following the September 11 terrorist attacks, immigration officials stopped making "voluntary returns," in which someone caught crossing the border illegally would be bussed back across without going through a formal deportation proceeding. What was the impact of this policy change?

Undocumented immigrants were now officially labeled as criminals.

In the first half of the 1900s, why did the use of convict labor dramatically decrease?

Unions protested it

Government provisions intended to help disadvantaged people, including those who are poor, elderly, war veterans, unemployed, and disabled. (page 157)

Welfare

Affirmative Action policies are designed to redress specific people who have been victimized by discrimination.

What are affirmative action policies designed to do?

Research shows that white Americans (1) consider blacks and Hispanics to be welfare dependent and (2) incorrectly assume that welfare is a policy that benefits only nonwhites.

What are the prevailing racial attitudes regarding welfare in the United States?

(1) Unemployment: A natural side effect of market capitalism is the fact that the number of people willing to work far exceeds the number of job vacancies. (2) Deindustrialization: Midlevel occupations, such as factory work, have sharply declined, resulting in an economy shaped like an hourglass, with opportunities at the very top and at the very bottom but little sustainable work in the middle. (3) Decline of social spending: food stamps, housing subsidies, aid to needy families, Medicaid, and Social Security has been rolled back in recent years.

What are three structural causes of poverty in the United States?

(1) By income, we mean wages and salaries earned from employment, retirement, or government aid. (2) By wealth, we mean owned assets that yield monetary return, such as stocks and bonds, savings accounts, houses and real estate, and business and farm ownership. (3) Income comes from your job, while most wealth comes from intergenerational transfers (that is, passed down from one generation to the next).

What is the difference between income and wealth?

The media is one explanation for why Americans have such a great fear of crime. Fill in the blanks to complete the passage.

When asked why they felt America had a crime problem, more than 75% of survey respondents referred to stories they had seen in the media. Between 1990 and 1998, America's murder rate fell by 20%, but during this time, the number of stories about murder airing on network newscasts increased by 600%.

What caused affirmative action to become controversial?

When president Kennedy issues Executive Order 10925

ethnic nationalism

When racial integration did not lead to liberation but only to more oppression for many nonwhites, racial segregation and complete independence from whites was the only answer. Ambassadors of ethnic nationalism resist cultural and social assimilation and instead champion self-determination, race pride, separatism, and, in some cases, the creation of an independent nation based on racial identity. (page 322)

Consider the figure below, "Effects of Stereotype Threat." What should we understand from this graph?

When students are made to feel that their performance must counter stereotypes, they are less likely to perform to the best of their ability.

White Affirmative Action

A migratory process whereby many whites, fearing racial integration, sold their houses in the city and fled to the suburbs. (page 176)

White Flight

Who have been the biggest beneficiaries of Affirmative Action

White Women.

Who was in charge of distributing the benefits of the GI Bill

White state and local authorities

White-Collar Crime

Whiteness

Sociologist Devah Pager conducted an audit study of hiring practices and found that

Whites convicted of selling drugs were more likely to land a job than were blacks with no criminal history

What conclusion is shown in the figure below, "2009 Median Household Income by Race"?

Whites make more money than other racial/ethnic groups, even when they work the same hours.

Based on what you learned from the clip and the text, which of the following most accurately describes the response to the increase in black political power after the fall of slavery?

Whites often responded with fear and violence with the goal of returning the racial order to one based on white supremacy.

Why is American Welfare the size it is?

Whites turned away from the Democratic Party Backlash against integration brought resistance to fair housing and public spending Johnsons War on Poverty led to continuous cuts in welfare spending

Two-thirds of all Americans collect means-tested public assistance during some point in their lives, 63 percent of them receiving Medicaid, 52 percent food stamps, and 13 percent cash assistance.

Who benefits the most from the welfare system in the United States?

Who was a social-conflict sociologist who studied the power structure within the United States. In his work The Power Elite, Mills explained how just a few individuals within the government, military and corporate worlds held most of the wealth and power within the country.

Who is C. Wright Mills?

(1) At the very moment when a wide array of public policies was providing most white Americans with valuable tools to advance their social welfare—insure their old age, get good jobs, acquire economic security, build assets, and gain middle-class status—most black Americans were left behind or left out. (2) Affirmative action then was white."

Why did President Franklin D. Roosevelt's antipoverty programs fail to decrease the economic division between whites and nonwhites?

Racialization matters because it is always implicated in the community.

false

(1) At the end of the twentieth century, manufacturing jobs, that employed large numbers of semiskilled black workers, were moved in large numbers from the central city to the suburbs. (2) In the past, many blacks who wanted to leave the ghetto and who had the means to do so simply couldn't because of entrenched racial segregation and the virtual absence of fair housing policy enforcement. (3) However, the Civil Rights Movement broke down legally enforced barriers to residential mobility, and many middle-class black families moved out of the central city.

Why did inner-city poverty in ghetto neighborhoods become more severe and more concentrated during the latter decades of the twentieth century?

(1) Racially Biases hiring: Research shows qualified Hispanics and blacks seeking jobs are passed over for white applicants. (2) Homosocial reproduction: authorities tend to fill positions of power with people like themselves.

Why does racial discrimination persist in today's job market?

(1) During the development of New Deal policies, the southern arm of the Democratic Party was a powerful force in the House and Senate. (2) By securing a disproportionate number of committee seats and flexing their political muscle, southern Democrats forced northern Democrats into a bargain: "Either you design New Deal policies in such a way that Jim Crow remains perched atop his roost, or we will align with the Republicans and veto them." (3) Northern Democrats gave in, barring nonwhites access to social spending programs.

Why were most black Americans left behind or left out of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs?

Who does Affirmative action increases employment for?

Women and NONwhite men

All women ar less likely to hold positions of power but _______ experience greater disadvantages

Women of color

In the fifteenth century, Spain began to create an "imagined community" by binding people together inside artificially created borders. What else might constitute an "imagined community"?

a political party

What is an "ethnic enclave"?

a semiautonomous economy, large or small, that is owned, operated, and managed by members of the same immigrant or ethnic community

ethnic enclave

a small area occupied by a distinctive minority culture

From where did the term "Jim Crow" originate?

a song called "Jump Jim Crow" by a white man who popularized minstrel shows

White terrorism, as described in the film clip, along with literacy tests and "grandfather clauses," worked together to enforce

black disenfranchisement

a split labor market

Meritocracy

a system in which promotion is based on individual ability or achievement

One of the fundamental tenets of the _________________________ is that history does not structure our experiences and that these experiences can either compound as advantages—or privileges—or increase barriers to opportunities. What type of fallacy best describes such thinking?

ahistorical fallacy

The claim that racism and inequality in American history, including slavery and colonialism, do not matter today. (page 9)

ahistorical fallacy

While many people assume that "obvious physical differences" explain racial categories, this logic fails to appreciate:

all of these: that classificatory schemes are not rigidly linked to skin tones, physical traits vary enormously among those who are classified as the same race, classification schemes vary widely both historically and across national boundaries

What is affirmative action?

an action or policy favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination, especially in relation to employment or education; positive discrimination. Does not allow quotas

Little Italy in New York City, where a number of Italian Americans have lived and owned businesses for generations, is an example of what?

an ethnic enclave

Boarding schools that attempted to strip Native Americans of their culture and tradition by requiring them to speak English can be considered an example of what type of infliction brought by colonialism?

an infliction of their spirits

Consider the following scenario: School board members are debating a policy change that would increase the police presence at the local high school. What course of action might a sociologist recommend before making a decision?

analyzing the factors that are of concern, including social and historical patterns

Which policy attempted to prevent people of different skin tones from marrying or having sexual intercourse?

antimiscegenation

Tokenistic Fallacy

assumes that the presence of people of color in influential positions is evidence that racism no longer exists

audit studies

Stephen Jay Gould argues that ________________ reappears, even when disproven, during eras of political retrenchment or during times when elites are fearful of changes to their status.

biological determinism

Two friends are arguing over the results of a recent NBA draft. Alex tells Jorge that his favorite team should have picked more black players because they naturally have more athletic skill and everyone knows "white men can't jump." Jorge calls Alex out for basing his argument on:

biological determinism

___________ is best described as the argument that social and economic differences between races are the result of immutable, inherited, and inborn distinctions.

biological determinism

Race is often described with reference to __________, but there is much more genetic variation within _______________ groups than between them.

biological markers; traditionally-defined racial groups

The fact that a person with both white ancestry and black ancestry will most likely be understood as __________ in the United States makes clear that we are still influenced by the legacies of the "one-drop rule."

black

Descriptions and terms that appeal to prejudiced ideas about a certain group without explicitly naming that group. (page 89)

coded language

The practice whereby a foreign power invades a territory and establishes systems of exploitation and domination over that territory's indigenous populations. (page 50)

colonialism

The process by which a foreign power invades a territory and establishes enduring systems of exploitation and domination over that territory's indigenous populations is called what?

colonization

How did plantation owners strive to convince poor whites to overlook how they were exploited by the slave economy?

convincing poor white families to take pride in their whiteness

What is the definition of "substantive representation"?

correspondence between the goals of nonwhite representatives and those of nonwhite citizens

Which of the following concepts from the text is most clearly represented in the film clip from Crips and Bloods: Made in America?

criminalization of dark skin

Which of the following racial-ethnic groups is most likely to vote Republican?

cuban americans

For the Native Americans, the process of white colonialism brought inflictions on their bodies, their spirits, and their land. What is one example given in the textbook of how Native Americans experienced violence "on their spirits"?

cultural reeducation

According to the historian Mae Ngai, laws and policies that made ethnic or racial identity a determining factor in the opportunity to immigrate during the 1920s resulted in:

decreasing racial identification for white immigrants

Jarrod is a 48-year-old wealthy, African American CEO. Which political party is he most likely to vote for?

democrat

Match each bill to its impacts on immigrants.

denied noncitizens many basic civil rights, Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options.2001 PATRIOT Act Correct label:2001 PATRIOT Act denied legal immigrants numerous public benefits, Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options.1996 Welfare Reform Act Correct label:1996 Welfare Reform Act extended the list of criminal actions that warranted deportation for noncitizens, Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options.Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act Correct label:Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act

What is one thing that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed?

discrimination on the basis of race in restaurants

To deprive a group or an individual of certain privileges, such as voting. (page 119)

disenfranchisement

In the United States, whiteness is the _______________ racial category, that with which all other categories are compared and contrasted.

dominant

Gangs are associated with drug trafficking and other criminal activity. Why do people join gangs?

economic opportunity, Press Alt+DownArrow to open the options. social belonging

2.Diverting the Gila River away from the Pima Indians in order to benefit white communities is best described as

economic racism

Diverting the Gila River away from the Pima Indians in order to benefit white communities is best described as

economic racism

Which two countries are most responsible for the racial classification system we know today?

england and spain

A person's ___________________ is his or her family lineage, which often includes tribal, regional, or national affiliation.

ethnicity

In the United States, __________ often creates distinctions and identities within _____________. For instance, four people may be considered white, yet they may each have ancestry and cultural traditions originating from different countries, including Poland, Ireland, England, and Norway.

ethnicity; racial groups

A program set forth in the nineteenth century by Francis Galton to ensure "genetic purity" often through such extreme measures as forced sterilization. (page 82)

eugenics

From the end of the nineteenth century to the 1970s, thousands of Native Americans and African Americans, as well as people deemed mentally retarded or criminal, were sterilized against their will. This phenomenon was an example of what?

eugenics

5.Identity claims in Native American communities are not influenced by economic and political structures.

false

Nonwhite urban neighborhoods like the ones described in the film have seen a DECREASE in surveillance and police repression since the era of Civil Rights protest.

false

César Chávez, one of the most important Mexican American activists, led the 1965 Delano grape strike. What was the purpose of this action?

gaining better wages for grape workers

A set of processes by which the borders of political districts are redrawn and manipulated to secure political advantage. (page 113)

gerrymandering

1.Based on the clip from My Brooklyn, white flight after the Great Depression was driven by which of the following?

government incentives encouraging whites to move to the suburbs

Raul is an African American, but he has many other social identities in addition to his racial identity. He is also a young, middle-class college student who identifies as bisexual. Rather than thinking of any particular racial group as a monolithic category, scholars who take an intersectional approach pay attention to:

how multiple dimensions in individual lives intersect

According to the film, the assignment of mixed race children to the race that is considered subordinate or inferior is called __________. For black Americans in the United States, this process was also known as __________.

hypodescent; the one-drop rule

Immigrant women are especially vulnerable to abuse. Indicate why legal requirements exacerbate this problem.

immigrant women have difficulty documenting partner abuse

According to the textbook, Mexican immigrants who work in Nebraskan meatpacking plants primarily contend for jobs with:

immigrants from Somalia

The process of establishing permanent residence in a place other than one's country of origin. (page 75)

immigration

Those who argue that employment disparities can be improved by simply providing people of color with better work training promote their belief in:

impersonal market forces

. In 1967, the Supreme Court ruled antimiscegenation laws unconstitutional in Loving v. Virginia. At the time of the decision, interracial marriage was illegal

in 16 states

After the Loving decision, the rates of interracial marriage

increased

The H-2A guest worker program brings tens of thousands of people to the United States to work in manual labor sectors. But because these workers are bound to the companies that request them, some critics have called this practice an example of modern-day _________.

indentured servitude

The assumption that racism is only the collection of prejudiced ideas and attitudes that "racist individuals" have about other groups. (page 7)

individualistic fallacy

Which of the following best summarizes the process by which systemic white domination of people of color occurs?

insitutional racism

Systemic white domination of people of color, embedded and operating in corporations, universities, legal systems, political bodies, cultural life, and other social collectives. (page 11)

institutional racism

According to the textbook, what are two key forms of racial domination?

institutional racism and interpersonal racism

Miscegenation, which helped blur the racial categories after Spain's conquest of the Aztec empire, can be defined as:

intermarriage and sexual intercourse between people with different skin tones

Spanish colonizers of the Americas encouraged miscegenation, while the United States government outlawed the practice for many years. What is miscegenation?

intermarriage between people with different skin tones

Racial domination manifested in everyday interactions and practices. (page 11)

interpersonal racism

intersectionality

Maryland's 1904 law that required all railroad companies to provide separate train cars for black and white passengers is an example of what?

jim crow laws

judges

A person's ___________________ is his or her physical appearance, including skeletal structure, height, hair texture, eye color, and skin tone.

phenotype

The activity of integrating citizen perspectives and concerns in the public-policy-making process. (page 112)

political representation

Beginning in the late 1960s and into the 1970s, politicians began focusing on crime as the main problem plaguing America, even though most Americans did not view it as a major problem. Why did they do this?

politicians wanted to take the energy out of the civil rights movements

Thousands of blacks were lynched during Reconstruction and throughout the mid-twentieth century. These acts of violence can be described as ________________.

preplanned events that drew large crowds of onlookers

Banks that are more likely to lend money to whites than to nonwhites and banks that charge higher mortgage rates to nonwhites are examples of

present-day institutional racism

The discrepancy between the acceptance of racial inclusion in principle and the rejection of any policy measures designed to carry this out. (page 118)

principle-implementation

The idea, as put forth by James Baldwin, that race is not a biological reality, but rather a political reality, or a social construction. (page 32)

race is a social reality

In an attempt to resist stigma, some people of color, especially new immigrants, may highlight their ethnicity and resist American _________________.

racial categories

Based on what you learned from the clip from White Like Me, Tim Wise's reflections on whiteness align most closely with which "racial ideal" discussed in the chapter?

racial democracy

A society's racial categories. (page 79)

racial demography

Interpersonal Racism

racial domination manifest in our dispositions, interactions, and practices

A _____________________ is a social and symbolic hierarchical system of classification and social division that organizes people into rigid groups.

racial hierarchy

The process whereby a population is divided along racial lines. For example, by different voting tendencies along racial lines. (page 108)

racial polarization

Aside from the structure of the economy, the class privileges (or lack thereof) of immigrants, and ethnic enclaves, what else does the textbook say impacts how well immigrants fare in America?

racial privileges

3.The clip from My Brooklyn documents redlining in some neighborhoods but not others. What was the result of this process of redlining?

racial residential segregation

The current _______________ in the United States delineates five major groups.

racial taxonomy

Which of the following terms is defined as "assigning racial meaning to a previously unclassified relationship, social practice, or group"?

racialization

In the mid-1950s, civil rights organizing shifted away from a ______ organization and toward a focus on _________ groups?

religious; secular

Audit Studies

research carried out by social scientists to measure the extent to which hiring practices are discriminatory.

High neighborhood crime facilitates a "cycle" that causes more crime. Drag each step to its corresponding box within this cycle.

residents lack trust in one another, community relationship unravel, informal social breaks down

Well into the mid-twentieth century, white planters gave blacks a small piece of land on which to grow crops and live (often in squalid shacks). In return, blacks gave white planters a portion of their crops. This process was called what?

sharecropping

Today white families are, on average, _____ times more wealthy than black and Hispanic families.

six

How did the United States acquire the land that today is New Mexico, California, Utah, Nevada, parts of Arizona, and disputed areas of Texas?

the treaty of guadalupe hidalgo

Wealth Inequality

the unequal distribution of assets within a population

Between 1984 and 2009, what happened to the wealth gap between white and black families?

the wealth gap nearly tripled

According to the text, what was the main purpose of Indian boarding schools in the first few decades of the twentieth century?

to force Native Americans to assimilate to into Anglo-American society and strip them of their Indian culture

Sometimes speakers invoke examples of individuals—say, Madame C. J. Walker, Oprah Winfrey, or Barack Obama—to suggest that if these individuals were able to triumph over racial barriers, the path is clear for everyone. What type of fallacy best describes such thinking?

tokenistic fallacy

The assumption that the presence of people of color in influential positions is evidence of the complete eradication of racial obstacles. (page 8)

tokenistic fallacy

Which of the following was a catalyst for Europe's emerging racial worldview?

trade routes

Unlike serfs from European countries such as Germany, France, and England, when African slaves were emancipated they _____________.

were denied definite rights in the land

Which group prospered most following World War II?

white Americans

__________ is the collection of unearned cultural, political, economic, and social advantages and privileges possessed by people of Anglo-European descent or those who pass as such.

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