5-6

Which one of the following is the most efficient long-term source of ATP for muscle cells? A) creatine phosphate B) ready-made ATP in the cell C) aerobic respiration of glucose D) fermentation of glucose E) aerobic respiration of proteins

C

Which one of the following separates neighboring vertebrae and also functions as shock absorbers? A) ribs B) palatine bones C) intervertebral disks D) intravertebral disks E) osteons

C

Cartilage-forming cells are referred to as chondroblasts. Indicate whether the statement is true or false

True

Muscles produce and resist movement. Indicate whether the statement is true or false

True

A young man is brought to an emergency room; his diagnosis is a broken cheek bone. Which one of the following bones has been affected? A) zygomatic B) mandible C) frontal D) sphenoid E) temporal

A

At the end of the contractile period, energy from the breakdown of ATP is used to A) transport calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. B) repair any muscle damaged during contraction. C) digest energy sources to generate new ATP for the next round of contractions. D) produce lactic acid. E) unlink the troponin-tropomyosin complexes.

A

Bones are connected to other bones across a joint by A) ligaments. B) tendons. C) osteocytes. D) cartilage. E) trabeculae.

A

Bones continue to lengthen throughout childhood and adolescence because A) a growth plate is present in each epiphysis until the late teens. B) the production of cartilage for a lengthening bone occurs primarily on the inside of the growth plate. C) ossification cannot occur until after puberty. D) primary ossification occurs until death. E) the activity of osteoblasts cannot be reduced until adulthood.

A

Cardiac muscle differs from skeletal muscle in that A) all cardiac muscle is under involuntary control. B) cardiac muscle is capable of relaxation. C) cardiac muscle contracts in response to an electrical or chemical signal. D) cardiac muscle is excitable and can shorten. E) cardiac muscle gets longer rather than shorter when excited.

A

Contraction of a skeletal muscle cell is initiated by the A) release of acetylcholine by a neuron terminating at the neuromuscular junction. B) release of calcium ions by the neuron into the neuromuscular junction. C) electrical current traveling from the neuron directly into the muscle cell. D) hormones delivered by the blood supply to the nearby tissue. E) release of sodium ions by the neuron into the neuromuscular junction.

A

In characterizing cartilage, which one of the following is CORRECT? A) Cartilage is found where support under pressure is required. B) All types of cartilage are produced by osteocytes. C) Cartilage functions to link muscles to bone. D) Cartilage fibers make up ligaments. E) Cartilage is flexible due to a spongy network of trabeculae.

A

Osteoporosis is a common condition that essentially results when homeostasis cannot be maintained in ________ and ________. A) osteoclasts; osteoblasts B) osteoblasts; osteons C) chondroblasts; osteoclasts D) canaculi; chondroblasts E) canaculi; osteoclasts

A

The following events are associated with muscle contraction. Which one of the following best describes the order in which these events occur, following the initiation of a contraction by a nerve impulse? 1. T tubules transmit electrical impulses throughout the muscle cell. 2. Myosin contacts actin and pulls it toward the center of the sarcomere. 3. Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the muscle. 4. Troponin-tropomyosin complex shifts to expose myosin binding sites. 5. Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. A) 3, 1, 5, 4, 2 B) 1, 3, 5, 2, 4 C) 3, 5, 1, 2, 4 D) 4, 2, 1, 3, 5 E) 3, 5, 1, 4, 2

A

Which one of the following statements correctly describes the origin and insertion of a muscle? A) The insertion is pulled toward the origin during contraction. B) The origin is pulled toward the insertion during contraction. C) The origin of a muscle is generally distal (farther from the body's midline) relative to the insertion. D) The origin and insertion refers to the growth pattern of a muscle during development. E) There is always a ligament at the origin of a muscle and a tendon at the insertion.

A

Bones of trained athletes may be visibly thicker and heavier than those of nonathletes because A) athletes have lower blood calcium levels than nonathletes. B) weight-bearing exercise increases bone mass and strength. C) nonathletes have a low parathyroid hormone rate. D) athletes produce more growth plates. E) nonathletes produce fewer osteoids.

B

In which of the following bones are the teeth anchored? A) mandible and zygomatic bones B) mandible and maxilla C) maxilla and zygomatic bones D) mandible and sphenoid bone E) sphenoid bone and maxilla

B

In which one of the following would one expect to find motor units made up of only a few muscle cells?A) arm muscles B) eye muscles C) chest muscles D) thigh muscles E) lower-leg muscles

B

Muscle cells produce lactic acid when they have an inadequate supply of A) protein. B) O2. C) calcium. D) actin and myosin. E) glycogen.

B

Which one of the following disorders of the skeletal system results from the "wearing out" of the cartilage that covers the ends of bones? A) bursitis B) osteoarthritis C) tennis elbow D) rheumatoid arthritis E) sinusitis

B

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding bone repair? A) Fibrocartilage degenerates where the two broken ends of the bone were once together. B) Osteoblasts convert cartilage to bone in the injured area. C) Immediately after breaking a bone, a hematoma breaks free from the injured area. D) Bones heal more quickly as individuals age. E) The repaired area of a bone is much thinner than the original bone.

B

Which one of the following is characteristic of an isotonic muscle contraction but not an isometric muscle contraction? A) generates a force B) moves an object or part of the skeleton C) helps an individual maintain an upright position D) requires energy E) helps an individual maintain posture

B

Which one of the following statements CORRECTLY describes the location of compact bone and spongy bone? A) Spongy bone is located at the ends, and compact bone is located in the core of the shaft of the bone. B) Compact bone covers the ends of the bone and forms the shaft, and spongy bone is inside the ends, under the compact bone. C) Spongy bone is found on the outside of the shaft, and compact bone forms the hard core of the shaft. D) Spongy bone is found throughout the shaft and ends, covered by a thin layer of compact bone. E) The ends of long bones are solid compact bone, and the shaft is predominantly spongy bone.

B

Which one of the following statements correctly describes activities of muscles? A) All muscles produce movement. B) All muscles shorten when they contract. C) All muscles are under conscious control. D) All muscles are attached to bones. E) All muscles are synergistic.

B

A myogram is a recording of A) the electrical activity of muscle cells. B) the electrical activity of nerves at neuromuscular junctions. C) the activity of muscle cells. D) blood pressure changes resulting from muscle contraction. E) the movement of myosin filaments.

C

An individual with the condition of myasthenia gravis is faced with an autoimmune disorder in which the body defenses attack acetylcholine receptors on muscle cells. What would be the expected effect on calcium levels near contractile proteins, following the arrival of an electrical impulse at those neuromuscular junctions? A) a rapid decrease in concentration due to uptake by sarcoplasmic reticulum B) a rapid increase in concentration due to release by sarcoplasmic reticulum C) small or no increases in concentration due to weak responses by acetylcholine receptors D) a large decrease in concentration that occurs slowly E) a large increase in concentration that occurs slowly

C

Even before organs begin to form, rudimentary versions of the shapes of bones begin to form in a fetus due to the A) activity of growth hormone. B) formation of secondary ossification sites. C) activity of chondroblasts. D) formation of an osteoclast. E) breakdown of hyaline cartilage.

C

In which one of the following locations would one find a cartilaginous joint? A) between the frontal and parietal bones B) in a hinge joint C) between the lower ribs and sternum D) between the scapula and humerus E) in a ball-and-socket joint

C

Skeletal muscle groups that work together to create the same movement are referred to as A) involuntary. B) antagonistic. C) synergistic. D) sarcomeres. E) myofibrils.

C

Which one of the following activities would fast-twitch fibers be most useful for? A) distance running B) swimming C) lifting weights D) biking E) cross-country skiing

C

Which one of the following is characteristic of cardiac and smooth muscle, but not skeletal muscle? A) voluntary contraction B) striated appearance C) presence of gap junctions D) presence of actin and myosin in muscle cells E) contraction is initiated by motor neurons

C

Which one of the following is found within a sarcomere? A) the muscle cell nuclei B) muscle fibers C) the actin and myosin filaments D) fascicles E) fascia

C

Which one of the following is the correct classification of vertebrae, from the skull to the pelvis? A) sacral, coccygeal, lumbar, thoracic, cervical B) cervical, thoracic, lumbar, coccygeal, sacral C) cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal D) coccygeal, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, cervical E) coccygeal, thoracic, lumbar, cervical, sacral

C

A clear fluid lubricates A) ligaments. B) suture. C) fibrous joints. D) synovial joints. E) hyaline cartilage.

D

Following intense exercise, the human body attempts to overcome oxygen debt by A) sweating. B) elevating heart rate. C) producing ATP. D) taking deep breaths. E) inhibiting contractions of smooth muscle.

D

In the lower leg, the gastrocnemius muscle bends the foot away from the knee, as in pointing one's toes. The tibialis anterior muscle flexes the foot toward the knee. These two muscles are A) synergistic. B) homeostatic. C) mutualistic. D) antagonistic. E) cooperative.

D

Once a muscle cell has depleted its small supply of ready-made ATP, what will it use next for energy? A) fats B) phospholipids C) proteins D) creatine phosphate E) glycogen

D

The type of cell responsible for the production of red and white blood cells in bone marrow is the A) osteon. B) osteocyte. C) osteoclast. D) stem cell. E) canaliculi.

D

Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding parathyroid hormone (PTH)? A) It stimulates the release of growth hormone. B) It is released when blood calcium levels are high. C) It has the same function as calcitonin. D) It causes the breakdown of bone. E) It causes decreased activity of osteoclasts.

D

A typical long bone has an epiphysis at each end, which can be thought of as A) yellow bone marrow. B) a cylindrical hollow shaft. C) a tough layer of connective tissue. D) a site of water storage. E) an enlarged knob.

E

Each of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton EXCEPT which one? A) ribs B) vertebrae C) sternum D) maxilla E) clavicle

E