6.1-2 KUHN

Kuhn acknowledged, philosophers no longer search for ............ verification, since no theory can be tested exhaustively; rather, they calculate the probability of a theory's verification. According to ........... verification, every imaginable theory must be .......... with one another vis-à-vis the available data.

Absolute Probabilistic Compared

Kuhn's conclusion - Science does not ............ a body of evidence shared across different evidence. If we can't disentangle our scientific theories from our data, then the picture we have cannot be correct. Science is not .......... in the way we intuitively thought it was. - Different paradigmatic assumptions cannot be neatly weighed up against a ..... ...... of evidence (the paradigms 'talk past each other'- they're incommensurable- so we can't ........ hypothesis in a standard way)

Accumulate Cumulative Shared body Compare

According to traditional image, science is a repository of ............ .........

Accumulated facts

Most newly suggested theories do not survive. Much work is required before the new theory can display sufficient .......... and scope to generate widespread conviction. Such development requires a decision process which permits rational men to .........- cannot happen if there is a shared algorithm. Shared algorithm would mean 'all confirming scientists would make the same decision at the same time' and no rational individual would be inclined to try out a new theory, science would not develop.

Accuracy Disagree

Theoretical virtues are insufficient for theory choice. For example, ............ is 'most nearly decisive of all the criteria' but theories cannot always be discriminated in terms of accuracy. Moreover where one theory 'matched evidence better in one area, the other in another' (for example ........ theory accounting for observed weight relations in chemical reactions vs phlogiston theory accounting for metals' being much more alike than the ores from which they were formed) To choose between competing theories on the basis of accuracy, scientists would need to decide the area in which accuracy was more ............ Therefore, accuracy by itself is seldom or never a sufficient criterion for theory choice.

Accuracy Oxygen Significant

1) ............. : Consequences deducible from a theory should be in demonstrated agreement with the ........ of existing experiments and observations

Accuracy Results

Neither the geocentric nor the heliocentric view could ....... ......... for all the evidence, therefore .......... cannot account for the paradigm shift. There was nothing rationally inescapable about choosing one model over another.

Adequately account Rationality

Why are accuracy, consistency and scope like values? They are ............ in application but they specify what each scientist must consider in reaching a decision and what they can ........ as the basis for choice he made. Changing the list will result in different particular choices.

Ambiguous Basis

BOBL - Evidence (E) is compatible with S {H1, H2, H3} IBE: Accept that H which best explains E ...............: More likely than not, S contains a true hypothesis Problem is that we have no ......... .......... to accept this background assumption and empirical evidence tells us that the assumption is .......

Assumption Positive grounds False

The Ptolomaci, geocentric view: The Sun, Moon and Planets orbit the Earth. This accounts well for our core ............. .......... and cohered with prominent religious and philosophical beliefs.

Astronomical observations

Problems with IBE: BOBL objection (IBE pushes us to accept the best hypotheses in a set of competing hypotheses IBE asks us to accept the one among that set that ........ ........ our data) ........... concerning the nature of explanation

Best explains Ambiguity

We must go ........ the list of shared criteria to explain why particular men made particular choices at particular times, to look at the .......... of individual who made the choice For example some differences result from an individual's previous ........... as a scientist, or result from different functions of personality

Beyond characteristics Experience

What does the ace of hearts eample demonstrate? The cultural influence of exposure to standard playing cards has a 'top-down' effect on .perceptual experience. This demonstrates the ........... .......... of perception

Cognitive penetrability

A common misconception of Kuhn's theory is that since two incommensurable theories cannot be states in a common language, then they cannot be .......... to one another. Only a handful of terms are .............. Kuhn argues though there is no common ....... to compare terms that change their meaning during a scientific revolution, there is a partially common language composed of the invariant terms that do permit some semblance of comparison

Compared Incommensurable Language

Communication amongst community members holding ......... theories is partial. This means that ultimately reasonable evaluation of the ....... ........ is not compelling for theory choice

Competing Empirical evidence

Normally science is conservative and seeks .............., minor adjustments and detail. Scientists work within ........... and evidence which is ........... tends to be dismissed or adjustments are made to incorporate it. When science is in this conservative realm, scientists tend to seek confirmation of pre-existing hypotheses and work within pre-established paradigms.

Confirmation Paradigms Anomalous

There are difficulties encountered when we use shared criteria for choosing because individually the criteria are 'imprecise' and when deployed together they repeatedly ........... with one another

Conflict

3) Broad scope: ........ should extend beyond observations, laws, sub-theories initally designed to explain

Consequences

The role of scientists: -Some people are .......... and cautious -Some people are ......... and contrarians For Kuhn, the history of science depends on ........... between scientists of these different sorts.

Conservative Risk-takers Interplay

Previously scientists confined the subjective to the ......... .... ........, while restricting the objective to the context of justification. Kuhn insisted that this distinction does not fit with ........... of scientific practice For Kuhn, since subjective factors are present at the discovery phase of science, they should also be present at the .......... ...........

Context of discovery observations Justification phase

Kuhn argues the work of scientists is ............. on psychology, society and identity. The evidence and our responses to it are .......... to our place in history. This makes the '.............' of science difficult to account for

Contingent Relative Progress

Kuhn contents that scientists do not choose a theory based on objective criteria alone but are ......... based on subjective values

Converted

In the ........ .........., the geocentric model was ....... by the helio-centric model. Simplistic way of understanding history is to say there was hypothesis and resistence to this hypothesis was ........ belief- but Kuhn argues this is too simplisitc

Copernican revolution displaced religious

2) Consistent: with both itself and other ......... ......... theories

Currently accepted

Paradigms as incommesurable: Everything alters as move to a new paradigm, it changes all of our understanding of the ........ We cannot ........ concepts from one paradigm to another because the very concepts we are making use of are the things that change

Data Inherit

The radical difference between old and new paradigms, such that the old cannot be ........ from the new, is the basis of the ........... thesis. In essence, there is no common measure or standard for the two paradigms.

Derived Incommensurability

'When scientists must choose between competing theories two men fully committed to the same list of criteria for choice may nevertheless reach .......... .............'

Different conclusions

We can distinguish between contexts of ........ and contexts of justification and by doing so we can distinguish Kuhn's historical, descriptive account for the nature and ............ of the theories themselves

Discovery Grounds

We can distinguish between the context of?

Discovery and justification

Kuhn uses the card example to break down the ............ between experience and theory to show that theories are .............: - They infect even perception of our environment. If can argue theory affects perception, then has the .......... to effect all of our observations - Card example is one where background information/ belief makes a .......... to environment. It demonstrates that perceptual experience is cognitively penetrable.

Distinction Observations Capacity Difference

We can distinguish the claim that observations are theory-laden from Kuhn's claims about the subjectivity of theory choice. These can be ........... as separate arguments. It is undermining the theory-observation distinction that makes Kuhn ........., and puts a strain on our ability to think of scientific theories as ........

Distinguished Radical Comparable

IBE and underdetermination Even if H1 and H2 are ..... ........ with the data, they are unlikely to be equally ........... of it

Equally compatible Explanatory

'These five characteristics - accuracy, consistency, scope, simplicity, and fruitfulness - are all standard criteria for .............. the adequacy of a theory... I agree entirely with the traditional view that they play a ..... ..... when scientists must choose between an established theory and an upstart competitor'- provide a ........... basis for theory choice.

Evaluating Vital role Shared

Kuhn argues previous ........ is important becuase it influences what a scientist sees when making an observation. Therefore for Kuhn the change revolution brings about is more than simply observing a different world, it also involves ........... in a different world

Experience Working

IBE: The view that we select that hypothesis which best ......... our evidence

Explains

According to Kuhn, ........... is the basis for conversion, especially faith in the potential of the new paradigm to solve future puzzles.

Faith

Kuhn proposed an alternative image of science based on the new approach to the history of science. He introduced the notion of conceptual ......... and drew from psychology to defend the advancement of science

Frameworks

Scientists share ............ ........ agreement concerning theory construction (accuracy, intra- and inter-theoretical coherence, generality, simplicity (parsimony), predictive success) ] These are just 'theoretical virtues'. Kuhn's point is that by accepting these criter, we do not get provided with an '............ for theory selection'

Fundamental methodological Algorithm

IBE and Goodman's riddle IBE provides a way of solving Goodman's riddle. That all emerald are ........ does not explain our evidence of emeralds' ..... ........... properties

Grue Light reflectance

Kuhn argued that the .......... of science could be instructive for identifying the process by which creative science .......... Focussing of the finished product covers over the ......... ........ that leads to the laws in the first place

History advances Creative process

According to traditional philosophers of science, the objective features of a good scientific theory include accuracy, consistency, scope, simplicity, and fecundity. However, these features, when used individually as criteria for theory choice, argued Kuhn, are .......... and often conflict with one another. Although necessary for theory choice, they are insufficient and must include the characteristics of the scientists making the choices. These characteristics involve ...... ........... so theory choice relies upon a theory's objective features but also on individual scientists' subjective ...............

Imprecise Personal experiences Characteristics

'If my critics introduce the term "subjective" in a sense that opposes it to judgement - thus suggesting that I make theory choice ..............., a matter of taste - they have seriously mistaken my position'

Indiscussable

'Though idiosyncrasy must be invoked to explain why Kepler and Galileo were early converts to Copernicus's system the gaps filled by their efforts to perfect it were specified by shared values alone'

Kuhn basically saying that a combination of shared values and idiosyncratic features is essential for theory choice.

'........' For Newton: An intrinsic, conserved, basic quality of matter For Einstein: A ........... between matter, the speed of light and a reference frame The definition has changed. The very ....... .......... of word has changed along with our theory

Mass Relation Semantic content

'If my critics introduce the term "subjective" in a sense that opposes it to judgement - thus suggesting that I make theory choice indiscussable, a matter of taste - they have seriously .............. my position'

Mistaken

'every individual choice between competing theories depends on a ........... of objective and subjective factors, or of shared and individual .......' (Kuhn 1977) (theoretical virtues)

Mixture Criteria

Kuhn allows for ........ valid answers but IBE makes it seem like there should be one explanation that always rules out. What Kuhn is showing us is that there are good reasonable norms that ....... to the context of discovery. It is reasonable to disagree about which hypotheses to reject. Now we have some norms for theory selection, a ......... for preferring some hypotheses to others- eg. Because display theoretical virtues and are simpler

Multiple Relate Reason

Kuhn argues that in order to understand the ......... of science we should look to the ........ of science.

Nature History

Kuhn showed that logic is .......... but insufficent for justifying scientific knowledge. Logic cannot guarantee the traditional ...... of science as the progressive accumulation of scientific facts

Necessary Picture

IBE and the ravens That all ravens are black does not explain our evidence of nonblack nonravens- now that we have an explanatory aspect to our understanding of induction we have understanding of why non-black non-ravens have ...... ........ on the claim that all ravens are black

No bearing

For Kuhn, justification of scientific knowledge is not simply a logical or ........ affair, but also includes non-logical or subjective factors

Objective

What are Kuhn's different interpretations of subjective? - Opposite of ........... (how you got to that decision comes down to personal taste) - Matter of ............ Most people assume Kuhn means the first but he actually means the second. 'When they compain I deprive science of objectivity, they ....... that second sense of subjective with the first'

Objective Judgement Conflate

For Kuhn ........ ........ function as values which do not dictate theory choice but rather ......... it Values help explain scientists' behaviour and account for disagreement over theories.

Objective criteria Influence

Subjectivity (as opposed to .............) raises separate issues. The report that I liked the film will be objective unless I have lied. When critics say Kuhn deprives theory choice of objectivity, they are saying bias and personal likes or dislikes .......... instead of the actual facts. But this sense of subjective does not fit with the process Kuhn has been describing.

Objectivity Function

The Heliocentric View: The Earth, moon and planets ........ the Sun This provides a ......... account of the perceived positions of the planets

Orbit Simpler

'Every individual choice between competing theories depends on a mixture of objective and subjective factors, or of shared and individual criteria' Individual criteria have not .......... figured in POS. Belief in these criteria has distracted critics from the .......... of objective criteria also.

Ordinarily Inclusion

For Kuhn, a ......... allows scientists to ignore concerns over a discipline's fundamentals and concentrate on solving its puzzles.

Paradigm

Kuhn argues that only after ............ ...... are scientists in the position to commence with the practice of normal science Though scientists rely on rules to guide research, these rules do not ......... paradigms

Paradigm consensus Precede

There are difficulties resolving scientific revolutions because communication among members is only .............. Members of competing ............ talk past eachother

Partial Paradigms

Scientists seek to understand and .......... how the universe works. We are trying to find principles that allow us to understand why some hypotheses are .......... to make. It's natural to think our scientific endeavours are producing more and more ........ hypotheses.

Predict Reasonable Predictive

The ....... in terms of Kuhn's new image of science is that a theory is tested with respect to a given ..........., and such a restriction precludes access to every imaginable theory.

Problem Paradigm

Kuhn argues that scientific ........ is not the linear process in which scientific facts are stockpiled in a warehouse. Rather, it is the repeated ........... and replacement of scientific theories

Progress destruction

In his book, Kuhn wrote that the ways scientists are brought to abandon one time-honoured theory or paradigm in favour of another 'cannot be resolved by ........'. To discuss their mechanism is to talk about "techniques of .........., or about argument and counterargument in a situation in which there can be no proof" Hence life-long resistance to a new theory is not a violation of scientific standards, there is no point at which resistance becomes ......... or unscientific.

Proof Persuasion Illogical

Kuhn proposed a new image of science that differed ........... from the traditional one

Radically

Kuhn's argument 1) The nature of scientific change is not explicable in ............ terms- there is no rationally compelling evidence that pushes people towards a new paradigm 2) There is no neat distinction between .............. and theory

Rational Observation

Introducing a role for subjectivity in theory choice, Kuhn describes how 2 people can both be ........... and have reasons for accepting hypotheses they accept. Not just a matter of taste, you can argue with fellow scientists about which ........... you hold over one another Conversely if it were just a matter of taste then no one has any .......... for accepting the hypotheses they accept. But putting things this way we can see that there is reason involved.

Reasonable Criteria Reasons

Ambiguity of the nature of explanation: Can the theoretical virtues lead us to objectively good hypotheses? It is unclear why these provide .......... ........... for accepting the truth of a particular hypotheses.

Reasonable grounds

Occasionally a period of instability leads to a scientific revolution. - Previous paradigmatic assumptions are ........... - Different evidence and procedures become ......... This 'new science' is ............ with the old. We cannot compare a new scientific paradigm to an old one, cannot say that one explains the evidence better.

Rejected Relevant Incommensurable

With different paradigms, different measurements become .......... (eg. there is no reason to collect data as to perceived shifts in position of stellar bodies at different time until Einstein's 'relativity')

Salient

Kuhn is suggesting that theory choice can be explained only in part by a theory which attributes the ..... .......... to all scientists who do the choosing. Process only properly understood by recourse to the features with respect to which men may .......... while still remaining scientists'. These are features vital to the process of ....... but features that philosophers of science, before Kuhn, denied are central to problem of justifying theory choice.

Same properties Differ Discovery

Kuhn argues it has been difficult to construct algorithms for theory choice because it is not possible to entirely ........... the context of justification from the context of discovery. Subjective ............ do play a role in determining a theory choice

Separate Differences

It can be argued that Kuhn was not '..........' about incommensurability in the way followers and critics have suggested. Perhaps in scientific languages even if terms change, can rescue data and understand ......... in terms of new theoretical framework.

Serious Framework

Paradigm ......... cannot be explained either in terms of: - Our ........... responses to evidence - ....... .........

Shift Rational Our evidence

4) ...........: Bringing order to phenomenon

Simple

When we look at the history of science we find a sequence of ......... and revolution. From this we can draw conclusions about the nature of .......... .......

Stability Scientific reasoning

Undermining the theory-observation distinction does however put serious ..... on: Our ability to think of scientific theories as comparable Hence our ability to think of theory selection as ....... And with it, our assumption that there are ...... ........ to hold scientific practice up against

Strain IBE Objective standards

Responses to BOBL objection - .......... the premises in abductive reasoning (eg. H best explains E + H is satisfactory) - Weaken the conclusion (just because something is best ......... to a set doesn't mean it's good) H1 is (probably) closer to the truth than H2, H3 etc We are making a conclusion based on ........... values of the hypotheses but the conclusion we come to is a relative conclusion

Strengthen relative Explanatory

'I continue to hold that the algorithms of individuals are all ultimately different by virtue of the .......... .......... with which each must complete the objective criteria before any computations can be done'

Subjective considerations

Alone, accepting a role for '..........' in theory selection does not make science subjective. In accepting role of subjectivity all Kuhn is saying is that there is some ...... to scientific discovery and progress (think context of discovery)

Subjectivity art

Kuhn and objectivity Under Kuhn's account, there seems an extent to which what science is is determined by our own ...... on things. But science is intended to be a description of how things actually work, ......... by our particular perspectives.

Take Uninfluenced

Standard application of 'subjective' is to matters of ......... Critics suppose this is what Kuhn meant with theory choice but critics are missing out on this standard ............

Taste Distinction

What are the characteristics of a good scientific theory? (....... .........)

Theoretical virtues Accuracy, consistency, broad scope, simple, fruitful of new research findings

Copernican revolution didn't just change our ........ but our concepts of motion and rest were altered and hence whether we were ............ objects in motion or at rest also altered. This means Ptolomaic and Copernican models are incomparable: ................

Theory observing incommensurable

To explain how science seems to progress, Kuhn gave 'a number of characteristics that scientists share by virtue of the .......... which licenses their membership to a community of specialists' Kuhn argued that in the absense of criteria we should trust the ............ judgement of scientists trained in this way.

Training collective

'we may.. have to relinquish the notion, explicit or implicit, that changes of paradigm carry scientists and those who learn from them closer and closer to the .......' (Kuhn SSR 1962)

Truth

For Kuhn, progress in science is not directed activity towards some goal like ............. rather it is evolutionary

Truth

Kuhn gives the analogy of inter-paradigm comparisons as 'translation' to challenge his assumption that discussions surrounding theory choice are ............. Proponents of different theories are like speakers of different languages. Though vocabulary of two theories might be identical and most words function the same way in both, some words do function ........ The limits to what proponents of different theories can communicate make it impossible for an individual to ....... both theories. Similarly in translation some things only make sense in one language, so cannot get point across completely.

Unproblematic Differently Compare

Kuhn suggests his criteria of choice function as .......... which influence choice. Values and norms provide clear examples of giving effective guidance. In application the two often ........ but they rarely result in charges that values have no function or calls for their abandonment. Men committed to the same values may nonetheless make different choices, but this doesn't suggest that the values they ....... are any less critically important

Values Conflict Share

The features with respect men may differ while still remaining scientists are vital to the process of discovery, but Kuhn is arguing that they are also ......... to the problem of justifying theory choice. A stark ......... between process of discovery and process of justification is therefore implausile.

central Distinction

Kuhn on progress: Given the absense of 'binding criteria for scientific ..........', why does the number of ......... scientific problems increase so 'markedly with the passage of time'?

choice solved

Kuhn argues that choice between competing theories does not ........... only on shared criteria but also on '.......... factors dependent on individual biography and personality' (these are factors critics call subjective) Criteria that influence decisions without ........ what those decisions must be are familiar in many aspects of human life'- but ordinarily these are called norms or values

depend idiosyncratic specifying

We can distinguish ........ questions about the history of science and the psychology of scientists from ........... questions about the justification of inductive inference and explanatory value of hypotheses. ......... is going to say that we can't do this.

descriptive normative kuhn

Using IBE we have asummed that we can speak ........ between paradigms but can't. We can find IBE within a paradigm but we cannot go between them. Different theories are ............ so we don't have an adequate way of comparing two hypotheses. If Kuhn is serious about 'partial communication' then Kuhn's theory is .......... with IBE accounts of induction

directly incommensurable Incompatible

5) Fruiful of new research findings: it should .......... new phenomena or previously unnoted relationship among those already known

disclose

How do we explain paradigm shifts? Kuhn argues paradigm shifts cannot be explained in terms of our rational responses to evidence or in terms of our ............. Instead the work of scientists is .......... on psychology, society and identity. The nature of the evidence and our reponses to it are ........... to our place in history.

evidence contingent relative

Each scientist working towards explaining a phenomenon often represents a school working from different .............. Operating under these conditions, scientists share few theoretical concepts, experimental technique. Consequently all facts seem ...... ....... to the problem- Kuhn called this immature science

foundations equally relevant

Kuhn's argument implies there is no 'logic' of induction. There is no .......... from data to hypothesis. However it is not a surpise there is no logic of inductive, regardless of Kuhn's argument we might ........... given up on this (Goodman and Hume's problem of induction)

function independently

Purposeful that Kuhn's list of values guiding scientific choice is ......... with the tradition's list of ............ dictating choice. The rules are intrinsically incomplete so individuals must flesh out the rules before they are guided by them, and each will do this in a ......... way.

identical rules different

Consistency and simplicity compared for heliocentric and geocentric systems: Heliocentric ........... with existing sceintific explanation of phenomena so consistency spoke unequivocally for geocentric tradition. But ........... favoured heliocentric becuase in terms of mathematic apparatus Copernican theory was simpler. This illustrates the ........... of applying standard criteria are typical.

inconsistent Simplicity Difficulties

Kuhn's description of theory choice allocates an ........ ....... for judgement- no objective algorithm telling you how to weigh up the relevant theoretical virtues. There's an element of judgement ........... with ethical theories

ineliminable role parallel

Accepting a new paradigm, argument and reason alone are ............. Aesthetic or ........ factors also play an important role in paradigm shift

insufficient Subjective

The context of discovery- Descriptively, scientists ......... hypotheses for all sorts of reasons (eg. period table came to Mendeleev in a ......, but dreams don't justify invention. If Mendeleev was justified in explaining hypothesis then justification must be .......... from psychological process)

invent dream extricable

Kuhn maintained that critics .......... his position on theory choice as subjective. For them the term denoted a matter of taste that is not .......... discussable

misinterpreted rationally

Kuhn's view has been met with a number of critisisms: It makes theory choice a 'matter for ...... .........' say the choice for a scientific group to adopt a new paradigm is based on 'mere ........... displays' But Kuhn claims that to argue this is to totally misunderstand Kuhn's view

mob psychology persuasive

The context of justification- whether or not we are justified in holding a hypothesis is an ........ .......... (can depend upon the formal relations between hypothesis and explanation, or the explanaotry value of H)

objective matter

Does the invocation of the distinction between contexts of discovery and of justification provide 'even a ........ and useful idealization'? Kuhn doesn't think so. Kuhn argues considerations relevant to the context of discovery are .......... to justification as well (for example scientists who share concerns of individual who discovers new theory are likely to be one of the theories first ..........) This is why it has been difficult to construct algorithms for theory choice

plausible revelant supporter

Previous philosophers have searched for 'an algorithm able to dictate rational, unanimous choice' but its results all ........... individual criteria of choice can be unambiguously stated and if more than one criteria is relevant, an appropriate weight function' can be constructed. Little progress has been made towards this so philosophers therefore regard this traditionally sought algorithm as no longer the '....... .......' - Kuhn agrees

presuppose attainable ideal

Kuhn gave as explanation of scientific knowledge as the finished ........... to a historical narration and description of scientific ............. by which a community of practitioners produces scientific knowledge

product knowledge

If we accept Kuhn's more radical claims, about the collapse of the theory-observation divide, then we lose sight of the sense in which science .............. We need to think about whether Kuhn is right about this If subjectivity infects not only the context of discovery but also our ......... and the context of ............ then science seems dangerously subjective

progresses evidence justification

We accumulate date and in order to account for that data we occasionally have to discard and ........... core theoretical assumptions (paradigms) However, Kuhn argues this is not .............. We cannot adequately distinguish between ....... and observation. For example, observations made within the Ptolomaic framework were laden with Ptolomaic theory

replace possible theory

Despite untranslateabilty of theories, no translation is required to apply 'value criteria' to its .........., meaning a set of impressive concrete results will persuade individuals to discover how such results are .......... For this they must learn to translate.

results achieved

Factors that led individuals to ....... conversion are the same ones that underwrote theory choice

risk

When scientists must choose between competing theories, two men fully committed to the ........ ......... of criteria may reach different conclusions. Kuhn's introduction of subjectivity can explain why particular men made particular choices at particular times. Different choices must be fleshed out in ways that ........... from one individual to another Differentiating factors like this are described by Kuhn's critics as '.............' and are contrasted with Kuhn's 'original criteria'

same list differ Subjective

Kuhn on theoretical virtues: they are 'necessarily permanent, for abandoning them would be abandoning .......'

science

Why does Kuhn think of theory change more as a 'conversion' than a choice? More of a conversion than a choice because 'choice' implies an ability to hold both theories in the mind ......... and compare them point by point, but Kuhn argues this is ............. because theories are not inter-translatable. Rather, a theory's concrete results will persuade individuals to discover how such results are achieved and for this they must learn to .............. Exposures may not result in adoption of theory, but scientists will find that at some point in the language learning process they will have ceased to translate and began to speak the language like a .......... No process like ....... has occured but speaking new language

together impossible translate native choice

Kuhn assumes that the criteria or values deployed in theory-choice are fixed, .......... by their transition from one theory to another. They are ...... ..........of science Kuhn listed 5 permanent values (TV): accuracy, consistency, scope, simplicity, fruitfulness

unaffected permanent attributes

Matters of taste are ............, but in choices of theory 'our difference is one of judgement not taste' For example, one cannot disagree with the report that I disliked the film for that is a matter of taste, but can disagree with my ........ that the film was a potboiler because in that case 'our difference is one of judgement' not of taste. Kuhn is claiming scientists judgements are of this sort. They are ........... and are expected to be discussable in order to be taken seriously

undiscussable Judgement discussable