6.2-6.5: Cell Structure and Function
transport vesicle
vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another
phagocytosis
way in which cells eat by engulfing smaller organisms or food particles
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
ER that lacks ribosomes on its surface. Carries out synthesis of lipids, detoxification of drugs and poisons, and stores calcium ions
granum
a stack of thylakoids
plastid
a type of plant organelle that includes chloroplasts
prokaryotic cell
a cell in which the DNA is concentrated in a region that is not enclosed by a membrane, called the nucleoid.
mitochondrial matrix
area closed in by the inner membrane of a mitochondrion, contains enzymes for cellular respiration and the mitochondrial DNA
chromosome
carry genes in the form of DNA
eukaryotic cell
cell in which DNA is in the nucleus, bound by a double membrane. Also have membrane-bound structures, are the larger type of cell, and have internal membranes that divide the cell into compartments (organelles)
chromatin
complex of DNA and proteins that make up chromosomes
ribosome
complexes that make proteins according to instructions from the genes, made of rRNA, not membrane bounded, can be free or bound. In cytosol, they function mainly to create enzymes as catalysis; when bound, they create proteins for packaging
rough endoplasmic reticulum
creates secretory proteins, creates new membrane by adding membrane
nuclear envelope
encloses the nucleus to separate it from the cytoplasm. A double membrane, it consists of 2 lipid bilayers with proteins and it covered in pores
stroma
fluid outside the thylakoids
food vacuole
formed by phagocytosis, fuses with a lysosome to digest the food contained within this
central vacuole
found in mature plant cells, contains a solution called cell sap that is the plant cell's main repository of inorganic ions. Also absorbs water, playing a major role in the growth of plants.
contractile vacuole
found in unicellular eukaryotes, organelle that pumps excess water out of the cell, maintaining the correct concentration of ions in the cell
cristae
infoldings within the inner membrane of the mitochondria, which divides mitochondria into two internal compartments
cytoplasm
interior of all types the cell, region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
nuclear lamina
lines the nuclear side of the nuclear envelope, netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus.
nucleolus
mass of densely stained granules adjoining some of the chromatin, creates ribosomal RNA, where proteins imported from the cytoplasm are assembled with rRNA into ribosomes
vesicle
membrane segments that relate parts of the endomembrane system to each other
lysosome
membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that are used to digest macromolecules. Carries out phagocytosis and can use enzymes to recycle a cell's own organic material
peroxisome
metabolic compartment, bounded by one membrane, contain enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms from substrates and produce H2O2. This process is used to break down fatty acids, detoxify compounds, and can initiate the conversion of fatty acids to sugar in plant seeds.
endomembrane system
nuclear envelope, goilgi apparatus, lysosomes. Carries out synthesis of proteins, transport of proteins, metabolism, and detoxification.
nucleus
organelle that contains most of the genes in the eukaryotic cell
golgi apparatus
organelle where products of the ER are modified, sent, and stored. Consists of flattened membranous cisternae and has two sides, the cis and trans side. The cis face receives and the trans face sends out products.
glycoprotein
proteins with carbs covalently bonded to them. Most secretory proteins fall within this group
nucleoid
region of a cell where DNA is concentrated, not membrane-bound
plasma membrane
selective barrier, allows passage of gasses, waste, and nutrients
cytosol
semifluid, jellylike substance inside all cells
chloroplast
site of photosynthesis, converting solar energy to chemical energy by absorbing sunlight and using it to drive the synthesis of oraganic compounds
mitochondria
sites of cellular respiration,have two membranes enclosing it
thylakoid
the membranous system in the form of flattened interconnected sacs, found within the chloroplasts of plants