6.2-6.5: Cell Structure and Function

transport vesicle

vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another

phagocytosis

way in which cells eat by engulfing smaller organisms or food particles

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

ER that lacks ribosomes on its surface. Carries out synthesis of lipids, detoxification of drugs and poisons, and stores calcium ions

granum

a stack of thylakoids

plastid

a type of plant organelle that includes chloroplasts

prokaryotic cell

a cell in which the DNA is concentrated in a region that is not enclosed by a membrane, called the nucleoid.

mitochondrial matrix

area closed in by the inner membrane of a mitochondrion, contains enzymes for cellular respiration and the mitochondrial DNA

chromosome

carry genes in the form of DNA

eukaryotic cell

cell in which DNA is in the nucleus, bound by a double membrane. Also have membrane-bound structures, are the larger type of cell, and have internal membranes that divide the cell into compartments (organelles)

chromatin

complex of DNA and proteins that make up chromosomes

ribosome

complexes that make proteins according to instructions from the genes, made of rRNA, not membrane bounded, can be free or bound. In cytosol, they function mainly to create enzymes as catalysis; when bound, they create proteins for packaging

rough endoplasmic reticulum

creates secretory proteins, creates new membrane by adding membrane

nuclear envelope

encloses the nucleus to separate it from the cytoplasm. A double membrane, it consists of 2 lipid bilayers with proteins and it covered in pores

stroma

fluid outside the thylakoids

food vacuole

formed by phagocytosis, fuses with a lysosome to digest the food contained within this

central vacuole

found in mature plant cells, contains a solution called cell sap that is the plant cell's main repository of inorganic ions. Also absorbs water, playing a major role in the growth of plants.

contractile vacuole

found in unicellular eukaryotes, organelle that pumps excess water out of the cell, maintaining the correct concentration of ions in the cell

cristae

infoldings within the inner membrane of the mitochondria, which divides mitochondria into two internal compartments

cytoplasm

interior of all types the cell, region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane

nuclear lamina

lines the nuclear side of the nuclear envelope, netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus.

nucleolus

mass of densely stained granules adjoining some of the chromatin, creates ribosomal RNA, where proteins imported from the cytoplasm are assembled with rRNA into ribosomes

vesicle

membrane segments that relate parts of the endomembrane system to each other

lysosome

membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that are used to digest macromolecules. Carries out phagocytosis and can use enzymes to recycle a cell's own organic material

peroxisome

metabolic compartment, bounded by one membrane, contain enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms from substrates and produce H2O2. This process is used to break down fatty acids, detoxify compounds, and can initiate the conversion of fatty acids to sugar in plant seeds.

endomembrane system

nuclear envelope, goilgi apparatus, lysosomes. Carries out synthesis of proteins, transport of proteins, metabolism, and detoxification.

nucleus

organelle that contains most of the genes in the eukaryotic cell

golgi apparatus

organelle where products of the ER are modified, sent, and stored. Consists of flattened membranous cisternae and has two sides, the cis and trans side. The cis face receives and the trans face sends out products.

glycoprotein

proteins with carbs covalently bonded to them. Most secretory proteins fall within this group

nucleoid

region of a cell where DNA is concentrated, not membrane-bound

plasma membrane

selective barrier, allows passage of gasses, waste, and nutrients

cytosol

semifluid, jellylike substance inside all cells

chloroplast

site of photosynthesis, converting solar energy to chemical energy by absorbing sunlight and using it to drive the synthesis of oraganic compounds

mitochondria

sites of cellular respiration,have two membranes enclosing it

thylakoid

the membranous system in the form of flattened interconnected sacs, found within the chloroplasts of plants