711 Week 4 - Motivation Theory

Describe Alderfer's ERG Theory of Needs. What are the three stages?

Alderfer's model condenses Maslow's five human needs into three categories: Existence (material and physiological), Relatedness (social and external esteem) and Growth (internal esteem and self actualisation). Existence Relatedness Growth

Describe Adams' Equity Theory

Equity theory states that people seek to maintain a balance between their inputs and the outcomes they receive, also in relation to the outputs of others. Fair treatment creates motivation. It adds a crucial additional perspective to motivation theory, of comparison with 'referent' others (people we consider to be in a similar situation).

Describe McClelland's Theory of Needs

McClelland's acquired needs theory states that an individual's specific needs are acquired over time according to one's life experiences. He described three types of motivational need: achievement motivation (n-‐ach), authority/power motivation (n-‐pow) and affiliation motivation (n-‐affil). Need for Achievement - drive to excel Need to Affiliation - linked and accepted Need for Power - influence

What are the different types of reinforcement in reinforcement theory?

Positive, negative, punishment and extinction

What are some issues with Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs theory?

The original study was based on primates, it does not take into account everything people need, it does not consider individual gender/age/needs, cultural context, not universal

Describe Vroom's Expectancy Theory

Vroom's theory separates effort from performance and outcomes. It works on perceptions, and assumes that behavior is the result of conscious choices among alternatives aimed at maximizing pleasuring and avoiding pain. He introduces the concepts of Expectancy (increased effort will lead to increased results), Instrumentality (if you perform well you will receive a valued outcome) and Valence (value placed on the expected outcome).

What are the three parts of expectancy theory?

expectancy, instrumentality, valence

How does frustration regression relate to the ERG method?

if growth opportunities are not offered, they might regress to relatedness needs

Describe Herzberg's Job Design Model

Herzberg's model is the most widely replicated and used in business. It splits hygiene factors from motivation factors. Hygiene factors are related to pain-‐avoidance and lead to dissatisfaction when they're not satisfied. Motivation factors are related to the ability to achieve and experience psychological growth. The model introduces 'job enrichment' for true motivation, as opposed to 'job loading'.

How do people associate with McClelland's theory of needs and what is an example of this relationship to the method?

Individuals have different levels of each area (achievement, affiliation and power) Example; US Presidents

Describe Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory. What are the five stages?

Maslow's theory states that people have a pyramide hierarchy of needs that they will satisfy from bottom to top. There are deficiency needs, that will stifle any other movement if they're not satisfied, and growth needs, that can be progressively satisfied once the basics have been covered. Psychological, safety, social, esteem, self-actualisation