9.5 Types of Movements at Synovial Joints

. Another example is movement of the trunk sideways to the right or left at the waist. This movement, which occurs along the frontal plane and involves the intervertebral joints, is called

Lateral Flexion

Flexion, Extension, Lateral Flexion, and Hyperextension Flexion and extension are opposite movements. In _________________there is a decrease in the angle between articulating bones; in _________________there is an increase in the angle between articulating bones, often to restore a part of the body to the anatomical position after it has been flexed

flexion extension

Continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position is called

hyperextension

gliding joint

is a simple movement in which nearly flat bone surfaces move back-and-forth and from side-to-side with respect to one another. The intercarpal and intertarsal joints are examples of articulations where gliding movements occur.

Circumduction

is movement of the distal end of a body part in a circle . Circumduction is not an isolated movement by itself but rather a continuous sequence of flexion, abduction, extension, adduction, and rotation of the joint (or in the opposite order).

Abduction

or radial deviation is the movement of a bone away from the midline;

Adduction

or ulnar deviation is the movement of a bone toward the midline. Both movements usually occur along the frontal plane.

angular movements

there is an increase or a decrease in the angle between articulating bones. The major angular movements are flexion, extension, lateral flexion, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction. These movements are discussed with respect to the body in the anatomical position

Movements at synovial joints are grouped into four main categories:

(1) gliding, (2) angular movements, (3) rotation, (4) special movements, which occur only at certain joints.

Rotation

a bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis. One example is turning the head from side to side at the atlanto-axial joint (between the atlas and axis), as when you shake your head "no".Another is turning the trunk from side-to-side at the intervertebral joints while keeping the hips and lower limbs in the anatomical position.

Although you are moving your leg and foot laterally, the femur is rotating medially . Medial rotation of the leg at the knee joint can be produced by sitting on a chair, bending your knee, raising your lower limb off the floor, and turning your toes medially. If the anterior surface of the bone of a limb is turned away from the midline, the movement is called ________________________ (AWAY FROM THE CENTER OF THE BODY)

lateral (external) rotation

In the limbs, rotation is defined relative to the midline, and specific qualifying terms are used. If the anterior surface of a bone of the limb is turned toward the midline, the movement is called________________________rotation. You can medially rotate the humerus at the shoulder joint as follows: Starting in the anatomical position, flex your elbow and then move your palm across the chest.You can medially rotate the femur at the hip joint as follows: Lie on your back, bend your knee, and then move your leg and foot laterally from the midline.

medial (internal)