A and P 2 test 4

The first fluid expelled from the urethra during ejaculation comes from the __________.

bulbourethral gland

Fertilization normally occurs in the __________.

uterine tube

What is another name for antidiuretic hormone?

vasopressin

Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system __________.

may have a longer lasting effect

What hormone is secreted by the pineal gland?

melatonin

When comparing gamete production in males and females, males produce __________ gametes that are __________ in size.

more; smaller

The uterine tube is located between what two structures?

ovary and uterus

Secretions that affect only nearby cells are termed _________.

paracrine

What do the bulbourethral glands secrete?

A mucus-like fluid

How can a hormone have effects on some cells but not on other cells?

Because target cell receptors are unique for each hormone.

What hormone stimulates calcium deposition into bone?

Calcitonin

Why is cortisol useful in controlling inflammatory reactions?

Cortisol decreases the permeability of capillaries.

What is the action of insulin?

Decreases concentration of blood glucose

What structure does the sperm enter upon exiting the epididymis?

Ductus deferens

Which of the following events occurs in an erection?

Engorgement of erectile tissue of penis with blood

What is an action of growth hormone?

Enhances the movement of amino acids into cells

Which of the following is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla?

Epinephrine

What hormone(s) is/are mainly responsible for the development and maintenance of female secondary sexual characteristics?

Estrogens

How do exocrine glands differ from endocrine glands?

Exocrine glands secrete through ducts or tubes to a free surface.

A female patient is experiencing a hormonal imbalance that results in low estrogen production, causing her to skip menstrual periods and not to ovulate. Which of the following is most likely the imbalanced hormone?

Follicle-stimulating hormone

What are tropic hormones?

Hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones

Where are hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary synthesized?

Hypothalamus

What is the action of glucagon?

Increased blood glucose concentration

What stimulates the release of testosterone?

Increased plasma concentration of LH

Describe the composition of semen.

It includes prostaglandins and nutrients.

Jerry drinks a few beers and soon has to urinate. What effect did alcohol have on the hormonal control of urination?

It inhibited secretion of ADH.

Ovulation is triggered by a surge of _________ from the anterior pituitary gland.

LH

What controls most hormone concentrations?

Negative feedback

Why is meiosis necessary?

Otherwise the fertilized ovum will have too much genetic material.

What can cause downregulation of a target cell?

Prolonged elevated concentration of a hormone

When fertilized, what cell becomes a zygote?

Secondary oocyte

What is the function of the epididymis?

Site of sperm maturation

What cells are located in the epithelium of seminiferous tubules?

Spermatogenic cells and sustentacular cells

A man is exposed to a virus which specifically targets and kills sustentacular cells (Sertoli cells). What effect will this have on spermatogenesis?

Spermatogenic cells will starve and cease development because they won't receive the nutrients or support they need.

What hormone is responsible for the development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics?

Testosterone

The opposing roles of the thyroid and parathyroid hormones maintain the balance of calcium and phosphate ions in the blood. What will happen if the parathyroid gland develops a defect that prevents PTH secretion?

The amount of calcium ions and phosphate ions in the blood will decrease.

A man chooses to become sterilized via vasectomy. How will this affect interstitial cells?

The procedure of a vasectomy only blocks the movement of sperm through the ductus deferens and won't affect interstitial cells.

Why can undescended testes cause infertility?

The testes are exposed to a higherinternal body temperature, slowing sperm development.

What endocrine gland secretes triiodothyronine?

Thyroid gland

What is an action of the thyroid hormone?

To enhance the rate at which proteins are synthesized

Why is oxytocin administered to women during childbirth?

To stimulate uterine contractions

Molecules that are produced within one tissue that then regulate another tissue within the same organ are called _________ secretions.

autocrine

The tubular part of the uterus that extends downward into the upper vagina is the _________.

cervix

A night-shift worker experiences extreme difficulty falling asleep due to being exposed to bright lights during both night and day. The unusual pattern of light exposure is disturbing their __________, which is controlled by the hormone __________.

circadian rhythm; melatonin

The inner mucosal layer of the uterine wall is the _________.

endometrium

Where do sperm cells mature?

epididymis

The egg, or ovum, is more correctly called a(n) __________.

secondary oocyte

Undifferentiated spermatogenic cells are called _________.

spermatogonia

What is the action of cortisol?

stimulate the production of glucose from noncarbohydrates

In the reproductive cycle, estrogens __________, whereas progesterone __________.

stimulates uterine wall development; stimulates the uterine lining to become more glandular