A & P ch 11 blood
leukopenia
low WBC count is called
spleen, lymph nodes, thymus gland
lymphatic tissue is found in lymphatic organs such as
liver, spleen, red bone marrow
macrophages that phagocytize old RBCs are found in the
oxygen
major regulating factor for RBC production is the amount of ___ in the blood and tissues
vascular spasm
mechanism of hemostasis necessary in large vessels that are ruptured or cut
calcium
mineral necessary for chemical clotting
neutrophils
most abundant phagocytes
albumin
most abundant plasma protein
macrophage
most efficient phagocytic cell
bacteria, colon
most of a person's supply of vitamin K is produced by the ___ in the person's own ___
type O
no antigens present on RBCs, anti-A and anti-B antibodies present in plasma
7.35-7.45
normal pH range of blood
foreign antigens
normal purpose of HLA is to provide a comparison for the immune system to be able to recognize
0.5-1%
normal range for basophils in differential blood count
1-3%
normal range for eosinophils in differential blood count
20-35%
normal range of lymphocytes in differential blood count
3-8%
normal range of monocytes in differential blood count
55-70%
normal range of neutrophils in differential count
protein, iron
nutrients needed for RBC formation, become part of hemoglobin molecule
fibrinolysis
once a clot has accomplished its function, it is dissolved in a process called
kidney
organ that produces erythropoietin during hypoxia
alkaline
pH range of blood is slightly
globulin
plasma protein synthesized by lymphocytes or by the liver
albumin
plasma protein synthesized only by the liver
albumin
plasma protein that helps maintain blood volume by pulling tissue fluid into capillaries
globulins
plasma protein that includes antibodies
clotting factors
plasma protein that prevents blood loss when blood vessels rupture
albumin
plasma protein that pulls tissue fluid into capillaries to maintain blood volume
clotting factors
plasma proteins synthesized only by the liver
clotting factors
plasma proteins that help prevent blood loss when blood vessels rupture
globulins
plasma proteins that include carrier molecules for fats in the blood
capillaries
platelet plugs are the only effective mechanism of hemostasis for
thrombocytes
platelets are also called
red bone marrow
platelets are formed in
megakaryocytes
platelets are fragments of the large bone marrow cells called
blood cells, plasma proteins
presence of ____ and ____ makes blood more viscous than water
red bone marrow
primary hemopoietic tissue is
thrombopoietin
produced by the liver, increases the rate of platelet formation
vitamin B12
purpose of intrinsic factor is to prevent the digestion of ____ and promote its absorption in the small intestine
4.5-6.0 million cells/uL
range of a normal RBC count
5,000 to 10,000
range of a normal WBC count
38-48%
range of a normal hematocrit
12-18 g/100 mL
range of a normal hemoglobin level
150,000 to 300,000
range of a normal platelet count
4-6 liters
range of amount of blood within body
erythrocytes
red blood cells are also called
flat and irregular bones
red bone marrow is found in
prothrombic activator
result of stage 1 of clotting is the formation of
stick
rough surface of a ruptured capillary causes platelets to form a mechanical barrier over the opening because they
serotonin, damage
smooth muscle of arteries and veins responds to ____ released by platelets or to the ____ caused when vessel ruptures
platelets, damaged tissue
stage 1 of clotting involves chemical factors released by ___ and other chemicals from ____
mitosis
stem cells constantly undergo the process of
lymphocytes
stem cells of lymphatic tissue produce the WBCS called
embolism
term for a clot that dislodges and travels to another vessel
thrombocytopenia
term for a low platelet count
thrombus
term for an abnormal clot in an intact vessel
lack of oxygen
term hypoxia means
simple squamous
the ___ that lines blood vessels is very smooth and repels platelets to prevent abnormal clotting
fibrin
the clot itself is made of
oxyhemoglobin
the hemoglobin of RBCs that have picked up oxygen is called
kidneys, free hemoglobin
the most serious effects of transfusion of incompatible blood type occur in the ____, when the capillaries become clogged by ___
iron
the oxygen-carrying mineral in hemoglobin is
hemoglobin
the oxygen-carrying protein in RBCS is called
retraction, repair
the process of clot ___ pulls the edges of the break in the vessel together, which makes ___ of the area easier
rough
the stimulus for chemical clotting is a ___ surface either within a vessel or because of a break in a vessel
ABO group, Rh factor
two most important RBC types
nutrients, waste products
two types of substances that are transported in dissolved form in the plasma
WBC, RBC, platelets
types of cells formed in red bone marrow
thickness or resistance to flow
viscosity of blood refers to
K
vitamin necessary for prothrombin synthesis
dissolve
water of plasma is a solvent, which means that substances may ____ in the water and be transported
immature neutrophil
what is a band cell?
immature white blood cell
what is a band cell?
nuclei
what major cellular structure do mature RBCs lack?
smooth muscle
what tissue in arteries and veins permits them to constrict?
erythropoietin
when hypoxia occurs, the kidneys produce a hormone called
mature RBCs, oxygen
when immature RBCs are present in large numbers in circulating blood, it means that there aren't enough _____ to transport sufficient ____
jaundice
when whites of eyes become yellow due to liver disease and high blood level of bilirubin
if Rh- person receives Rh+ blood
when will anti-Rh antibodies be formed?
cells of an individual
HLA are antigens found on WBCs that represent the antigens found on
pulmonary capillaries
RBCs pick up oxygen when they circulate through
systemic capillaries
RBCs release oxygen in
lymphocyes, monocytes
agranular WBCs are
heparin
anticoagulant produced by basophils
liver, thrombin
antithrombin is produced by the ___ to inactivate excess ____
no
are anti-Rh antibodies naturally present in the plasma of a person who is Rh negative?
RBC production
erythropoietin stimulates the red bone marrow to increase rate of
vitamin B12
extrinsic factor
DNA
extrinsic factor (vitamin B12) is needed for the stem cells in red bone marrow to produce
granular, agranular
five kinds of WBCs are in two groups called
A, B, AB, O
four blood types contained in the ABO group
prevention of blood loss
function of platelets is hemostasis, which means
infectious disease, immunity
general function of WBCs is to protect body from ___ and provide ___
amino acids
globin portion of the hemoglobin is digested to
neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
granular WBCs are the
T lymphocytes
help recognize foreign antigens
bilirubin
heme portion of the hemoglobin of old RBCs is converted to ____ by RE cells
blood cells
hemopoietic tissue means a tissue in which ____ are formed
leukocytosis, infection
high WBC count is called ___ and often indicates ____
hemolysis
if a patient receives a transfusion of an incompatible blood type, the donated RBCs will rupture. This is called
whites of eyes
if blood level of bilirubin rises, these may appear yellow
eosinophils
important in allergic reactions and parasitic infections
normoblast
in RBC formation, the last stage with a nucleus is
reticulocyte
in RBC formation, the stage with fragments of the endoplasmic reticulum present is called
thrombin
in stage 2 of clotting, the prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to
fibrin
in stage 3 of clotting, thrombin converts fibrinogen to
stem cell
in the red bone marrow, the precursor cell for blood cells is called
clotting factors
include fibrinogen and prothrombin
stomach
intrinsic factor is produced by the lining of the
blood, hemoglobin
iron from old RBCs may be stored in the ___ or transported to the red bone marrow for the synthesis of new _____
120 days
life span of RBCs
type AB
A and B antigens present on RBCs, no antibodies present in plasma
type A
A antigens on RBCs, anti-B antibodies in plasma
type B
B antigens present on RBCs, anti-A antibodies present in plasma
reduced hemoglobin
after RBCs have released oxygen, their hemoglobin is called
38-48%
blood cells up make up what % of the total blood
91
blood plasma is approximately what % water
52-62%
blood plasma makes up what % of the total blood
red bone marrow
erythrocytes are made in the
vascular spasm, platelet plug, chemical clotting
3 mechanisms of hemostasis
lymphocytes
WBCS that recognize foreign antigens and produce antibodies
leukocytes
WBCs are also called
nuclei
WBCs differ from RBCs in that WBCs have what when mature
negative
a person who is Rh ____ does not have the D antigen present on RBCs
positive
a person who is Rh ____ has D antigen on RBCs
monocytes
become macrophages to phagocytize pathogens or damaged tissue
B lymphocytes
become plasma cells that produce antibodies
liver, bile
bilirubin is considered a waste product, it is removed from circulation by the ____ and excreted into ____
bicarbonate atoms
carbon dioxide is carried in the plasma in the form of
radiation, exposure to certain chemicals
causes of leukopenia
HCO3-
chemical formula for bicarbonate ions
blood plasma
clotting factors circulate in the ___ until needed in the clotting mechanism
liver
clotting factors such as prothrombin and fibrinogen are synthesized by the
feces
colon eliminates bilirubin in
basophils
contain heparin to prevent abnormal blood clotting
basophils
contain histamine, which contributes to inflammation
biconcave discs
describe the appearance of RBCS
eosinophils
detoxify foreign proteins
blood clot
during vascular spasm, the damaged vessel becomes smaller and may be covered by a
