A & P ch 11 blood

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leukopenia

low WBC count is called

spleen, lymph nodes, thymus gland

lymphatic tissue is found in lymphatic organs such as

liver, spleen, red bone marrow

macrophages that phagocytize old RBCs are found in the

oxygen

major regulating factor for RBC production is the amount of ___ in the blood and tissues

vascular spasm

mechanism of hemostasis necessary in large vessels that are ruptured or cut

calcium

mineral necessary for chemical clotting

neutrophils

most abundant phagocytes

albumin

most abundant plasma protein

macrophage

most efficient phagocytic cell

bacteria, colon

most of a person's supply of vitamin K is produced by the ___ in the person's own ___

type O

no antigens present on RBCs, anti-A and anti-B antibodies present in plasma

7.35-7.45

normal pH range of blood

foreign antigens

normal purpose of HLA is to provide a comparison for the immune system to be able to recognize

0.5-1%

normal range for basophils in differential blood count

1-3%

normal range for eosinophils in differential blood count

20-35%

normal range of lymphocytes in differential blood count

3-8%

normal range of monocytes in differential blood count

55-70%

normal range of neutrophils in differential count

protein, iron

nutrients needed for RBC formation, become part of hemoglobin molecule

fibrinolysis

once a clot has accomplished its function, it is dissolved in a process called

kidney

organ that produces erythropoietin during hypoxia

alkaline

pH range of blood is slightly

globulin

plasma protein synthesized by lymphocytes or by the liver

albumin

plasma protein synthesized only by the liver

albumin

plasma protein that helps maintain blood volume by pulling tissue fluid into capillaries

globulins

plasma protein that includes antibodies

clotting factors

plasma protein that prevents blood loss when blood vessels rupture

albumin

plasma protein that pulls tissue fluid into capillaries to maintain blood volume

clotting factors

plasma proteins synthesized only by the liver

clotting factors

plasma proteins that help prevent blood loss when blood vessels rupture

globulins

plasma proteins that include carrier molecules for fats in the blood

capillaries

platelet plugs are the only effective mechanism of hemostasis for

thrombocytes

platelets are also called

red bone marrow

platelets are formed in

megakaryocytes

platelets are fragments of the large bone marrow cells called

blood cells, plasma proteins

presence of ____ and ____ makes blood more viscous than water

red bone marrow

primary hemopoietic tissue is

thrombopoietin

produced by the liver, increases the rate of platelet formation

vitamin B12

purpose of intrinsic factor is to prevent the digestion of ____ and promote its absorption in the small intestine

4.5-6.0 million cells/uL

range of a normal RBC count

5,000 to 10,000

range of a normal WBC count

38-48%

range of a normal hematocrit

12-18 g/100 mL

range of a normal hemoglobin level

150,000 to 300,000

range of a normal platelet count

4-6 liters

range of amount of blood within body

erythrocytes

red blood cells are also called

flat and irregular bones

red bone marrow is found in

prothrombic activator

result of stage 1 of clotting is the formation of

stick

rough surface of a ruptured capillary causes platelets to form a mechanical barrier over the opening because they

serotonin, damage

smooth muscle of arteries and veins responds to ____ released by platelets or to the ____ caused when vessel ruptures

platelets, damaged tissue

stage 1 of clotting involves chemical factors released by ___ and other chemicals from ____

mitosis

stem cells constantly undergo the process of

lymphocytes

stem cells of lymphatic tissue produce the WBCS called

embolism

term for a clot that dislodges and travels to another vessel

thrombocytopenia

term for a low platelet count

thrombus

term for an abnormal clot in an intact vessel

lack of oxygen

term hypoxia means

simple squamous

the ___ that lines blood vessels is very smooth and repels platelets to prevent abnormal clotting

fibrin

the clot itself is made of

oxyhemoglobin

the hemoglobin of RBCs that have picked up oxygen is called

kidneys, free hemoglobin

the most serious effects of transfusion of incompatible blood type occur in the ____, when the capillaries become clogged by ___

iron

the oxygen-carrying mineral in hemoglobin is

hemoglobin

the oxygen-carrying protein in RBCS is called

retraction, repair

the process of clot ___ pulls the edges of the break in the vessel together, which makes ___ of the area easier

rough

the stimulus for chemical clotting is a ___ surface either within a vessel or because of a break in a vessel

ABO group, Rh factor

two most important RBC types

nutrients, waste products

two types of substances that are transported in dissolved form in the plasma

WBC, RBC, platelets

types of cells formed in red bone marrow

thickness or resistance to flow

viscosity of blood refers to

K

vitamin necessary for prothrombin synthesis

dissolve

water of plasma is a solvent, which means that substances may ____ in the water and be transported

immature neutrophil

what is a band cell?

immature white blood cell

what is a band cell?

nuclei

what major cellular structure do mature RBCs lack?

smooth muscle

what tissue in arteries and veins permits them to constrict?

erythropoietin

when hypoxia occurs, the kidneys produce a hormone called

mature RBCs, oxygen

when immature RBCs are present in large numbers in circulating blood, it means that there aren't enough _____ to transport sufficient ____

jaundice

when whites of eyes become yellow due to liver disease and high blood level of bilirubin

if Rh- person receives Rh+ blood

when will anti-Rh antibodies be formed?

cells of an individual

HLA are antigens found on WBCs that represent the antigens found on

pulmonary capillaries

RBCs pick up oxygen when they circulate through

systemic capillaries

RBCs release oxygen in

lymphocyes, monocytes

agranular WBCs are

heparin

anticoagulant produced by basophils

liver, thrombin

antithrombin is produced by the ___ to inactivate excess ____

no

are anti-Rh antibodies naturally present in the plasma of a person who is Rh negative?

RBC production

erythropoietin stimulates the red bone marrow to increase rate of

vitamin B12

extrinsic factor

DNA

extrinsic factor (vitamin B12) is needed for the stem cells in red bone marrow to produce

granular, agranular

five kinds of WBCs are in two groups called

A, B, AB, O

four blood types contained in the ABO group

prevention of blood loss

function of platelets is hemostasis, which means

infectious disease, immunity

general function of WBCs is to protect body from ___ and provide ___

amino acids

globin portion of the hemoglobin is digested to

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

granular WBCs are the

T lymphocytes

help recognize foreign antigens

bilirubin

heme portion of the hemoglobin of old RBCs is converted to ____ by RE cells

blood cells

hemopoietic tissue means a tissue in which ____ are formed

leukocytosis, infection

high WBC count is called ___ and often indicates ____

hemolysis

if a patient receives a transfusion of an incompatible blood type, the donated RBCs will rupture. This is called

whites of eyes

if blood level of bilirubin rises, these may appear yellow

eosinophils

important in allergic reactions and parasitic infections

normoblast

in RBC formation, the last stage with a nucleus is

reticulocyte

in RBC formation, the stage with fragments of the endoplasmic reticulum present is called

thrombin

in stage 2 of clotting, the prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to

fibrin

in stage 3 of clotting, thrombin converts fibrinogen to

stem cell

in the red bone marrow, the precursor cell for blood cells is called

clotting factors

include fibrinogen and prothrombin

stomach

intrinsic factor is produced by the lining of the

blood, hemoglobin

iron from old RBCs may be stored in the ___ or transported to the red bone marrow for the synthesis of new _____

120 days

life span of RBCs

type AB

A and B antigens present on RBCs, no antibodies present in plasma

type A

A antigens on RBCs, anti-B antibodies in plasma

type B

B antigens present on RBCs, anti-A antibodies present in plasma

reduced hemoglobin

after RBCs have released oxygen, their hemoglobin is called

38-48%

blood cells up make up what % of the total blood

91

blood plasma is approximately what % water

52-62%

blood plasma makes up what % of the total blood

red bone marrow

erythrocytes are made in the

vascular spasm, platelet plug, chemical clotting

3 mechanisms of hemostasis

lymphocytes

WBCS that recognize foreign antigens and produce antibodies

leukocytes

WBCs are also called

nuclei

WBCs differ from RBCs in that WBCs have what when mature

negative

a person who is Rh ____ does not have the D antigen present on RBCs

positive

a person who is Rh ____ has D antigen on RBCs

monocytes

become macrophages to phagocytize pathogens or damaged tissue

B lymphocytes

become plasma cells that produce antibodies

liver, bile

bilirubin is considered a waste product, it is removed from circulation by the ____ and excreted into ____

bicarbonate atoms

carbon dioxide is carried in the plasma in the form of

radiation, exposure to certain chemicals

causes of leukopenia

HCO3-

chemical formula for bicarbonate ions

blood plasma

clotting factors circulate in the ___ until needed in the clotting mechanism

liver

clotting factors such as prothrombin and fibrinogen are synthesized by the

feces

colon eliminates bilirubin in

basophils

contain heparin to prevent abnormal blood clotting

basophils

contain histamine, which contributes to inflammation

biconcave discs

describe the appearance of RBCS

eosinophils

detoxify foreign proteins

blood clot

during vascular spasm, the damaged vessel becomes smaller and may be covered by a


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