A and P final

A patient who experienced head trauma has lost the ability to taste spicy food. You should expect damage to cranial nerve

V.

Which cranial nerve monitors all the taste buds located on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?

VII

________ are chambers within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid.

Ventricles

White matter fibers that pass from one gyrus to the adjacent gyrus are called

arcuate fibers

All of the following are true of muscle spindles except that they

are found in tendons.

Ganglionic neurons usually synapse with preganglionic neurons in the ________ and have axons that innervate ________.

autonomic ganglia; visceral effectors

Reduction in heart rate and force of contraction is a response in which visceral reflex?

baroreceptor reflex

Within each hemisphere, deep to the floor of the lateral ventricle, you will find the

basal nuclei.

Identify the components of the cerebellar gray matter. (Module 13.6A)

cerebellar cortex and cerebellar nuclei

The presence of many large, highly-branched Purkinje cells in a sample of brain tissue indicates that it came from the

cerebellar cortex.

Overseeing the postural muscles of the body and making rapid adjustments to maintain balance and equilibrium are functions of the

cerebellum.

The ________ plexus supplies innervation to the diaphragm.

cervical

Gustatory receptors are found in the taste buds of all the following papillae except

filiform.

A tract of white matter found in the limbic system that connects the hippocampus with the hypothalamus is the

fornix.

The basic reflex motor patterns related to eating and drinking are controlled by which region of the brain? (Module 13.21B)

hypothalamus

Which brain area is considered to be the headquarters of the ANS?

hypothalamus

If a person has a crush injury to the C3-C5 spinal segments, you would expect that he

might be unable to breathe on his own.

The flexor reflex

moves a limb away from a painful stimulus.

The region of the brain responsible for predicting the consequence of events or actions is the

prefrontal cerebral cortex.

The ________ filters and relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex.

thalamus

The statement "Its ganglia are usually near or within the end organ" is

true only for the parasympathetic nervous system.

The olfactory receptor cell can be activated by as few as ________ odorant molecules.

4

Define nerve plexus, and list the major nerve plexuses. (Module 12.7A)

A nerve plexus is a complex, interwoven network of nerves; cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral

________ is a temporary cerebral disorder accompanied by abnormal movements, unusual sensations, and/or inappropriate behavior.

A seizure

Define stretch reflex. (Module 12.13A)

A stretch reflex is a monosynaptic reflex that provides regulation of skeletal muscle length.

Define baroreceptors. Where are baroreceptors located within the body? (Module 14.10A)

Baroreceptors are stretch receptors that detect changes in pressure. They are located along the digestive tract, within the walls of the urinary bladder, in the carotid and aortic sinuses, and in the lungs.

The spinal tract that relays information concerning pain and temperature to the CNS is the

lateral spinothalamic.

Damage to the lateral geniculate bodies of the thalamus would interfere with what particular function? (Module 13.8A)

Damage would interfere with the flow of visual information and thus affect the sense of sight.

How would decreased diffusion across the arachnoid granulations affect the volume of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles? (Module 13.3C)

Decreased diffusion across the arachnoid granulations would increase the volume of CSF in the ventricles because less CSF would reenter the bloodstream.

________ is the term used to describe the crossing over of a tract to the side of the nervous system opposite to where the axons originated

Decussation

Compare nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors. (Module 14.6B)

Nicotinic receptors are acetylcholine receptors on the surface of sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglionic cells. Muscarinic receptors are acetylcholine G protein-coupled receptors located at all parasympathetic neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions, and at a few sympathetic neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions.

The cranial nerves that innervate the eye muscles are

III, IV, and VI.

Which of the following is true for the craniosacral division?

It is also called the parasympathetic division of the ANS

Compare olfactory receptors with receptors for the other special senses. (Module 15.1C)

Olfactory receptors are the dendrites of specialized excitable olfactory neurons, whereas the receptors for the other special senses are receptor cells with inexcitable membranes and form synapses with the processes of sensory neurons.

Where does the simplest processing occur? (Module 12.11C)

PNS and the spinal cord

Define referred pain. (Module 13.22A)

Referred pain is a sensation felt in a part of the body other than its actual source.

Define reinforcement as it pertains to spinal reflexes. (Module 12.15A)

Reinforcement is an enhancement of a spinal reflex through the facilitation of motor neurons involved in reflexes.

Identify somatic effectors and visceral effectors. (Module 14.7C)

Somatic effectors are skeletal muscle. Visceral effectors are smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and adipose tissue.

Where do the special senses originate? (Module 15.1A)

Special senses originate at the sensory receptor.

Compare the SNS with the ANS. (Module 14.1A)

The SNS provides conscious and subconscious control over skeletal muscles. The ANS controls the visceral effectors: smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle, and adipocytes.

Describe the brachial plexus. (Module 12.9A)

The brachial plexus is a network of nerves formed by branches of spinal nerve segments C5-T1.

Describe the insula. (Module 13.11B)

The insula is an island of cerebral cortex located medial to the lateral sulcus.

Which is a characteristic of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

The location of PNS ganglia is typically intramural.

During a withdrawal reflex of the foot, what happens to the limb on the side opposite the stimulus? What is this response called? (Module 12.14B)

The opposite side is extended. This is called the crossed extensor reflex.

Give the functions of the superior colliculi and inferior colliculi. (Module 13.7B)

The superior colliculi control the reflex movements of the eyes, head, and neck in response to visual stimuli. The inferior colliculi control the reflex movements of the head, neck, and trunk in response to auditory stimuli.

Which of the following is a characteristic of chemoreceptors of the aortic bodies?

They are sensitive to changes in the pH, PCO2, and PO2 in arterial blood.

Which neurotransmitter is released at the sympathetic chain ganglia?

acetylcholine

Specialized ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream are found within the

adrenal glands.

Neurons that use norepinephrine as a transmitter are called

adrenergic.

When does the activation of a motor neuron occur in a stretch reflex?

after information processing in the CNS

Cell bodies of preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located

both in the brain stem and in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord.

Each peripheral nerve provides ________ innervation to peripheral structures.

both motor and sensory

Control of the diameter of the respiratory passages depends upon

both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation.

Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving

both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation.

Which is likely to be more sensitive to continuous deep pressure: a lamellar corpuscle or a bulbous corpuscle? (Module 13.18B)

bulbous corpuscle

Name the plexuses innervated by the vagus nerve. (Module 14.4B)

cardiac, celiac, inferior mesenteric, and hypogastric plexuses

Sensations of burning or aching pain

cause a generalized activation of the reticular formation and the thalamus.

Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons lying along either side of the spinal cord are called sympathetic ________ ganglia.

chain

The corpus callosum is composed of

commissural fibers.

Splanchnic nerves

consist of axons that synapse in collateral ganglia.

During sympathetic activation, which of the following would not occur?

constriction of pupil

Which of the following is improperly paired?

corpus callosum — thick tract of gray matter that connects the two cerebral hemispheres

While evaluating a motorcycle accident victim, a doctor strokes the side of the patient's foot, eliciting an extension of the hallux, and fanning of the toes. This indicates __________.

damage to the central nervous system is likely

Which of the following is an example of a parasympathetic visceral reflex?

defecation reflex

The parasympathetic nervous system is especially active during which physiological state(s)?

digestion

Injury to the neurons of a collateral ganglion would affect the function of the

digestive tract

In a ________ neuronal pool, one neuron synapses on several postsynaptic neurons.

diverging

The layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual axons within a peripheral nerve is termed the

endoneurium.

Which of the following is sometimes called "prickling pain"?

fast pain

Identify the lobes of the cerebrum, and indicate the basis for their names. (Module 13.11A)

frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes; they are named for the overlying bones of the skull

The postganglionic fibers that connect an sympathetic ganglion and carry fibers that innervate glands and smooth muscle of the body wall or limbs are the

gray rami communicans.

The ________ is important in storage and recall of new long-term memories.

hippocampus

Stimulation of the reticular formation results in

increased consciousness.

Reflexes that activate muscles on the same side of the body as the stimulus are called

ipsilateral.

The link between peripheral receptor and cortical neuron is called a

labeled line.

Male brains are typically ________ compared to female brains.

larger

Spinal nerves from the sacral region of the cord innervate the ________ muscles.

leg

The putamen and globus pallidus are considered subdivisions of the

lentiform nucleus.

Regarding ANS motor control, which CNS structure(s) is/are involved in emotions, memory, and behavior?

limbic system

Motor neurons whose cell bodies are within the spinal cord are called ________ neurons.

lower motor

The ________ relay(s) auditory information to the auditory cortex.

medial geniculate nuclei

The cardiovascular reflexes are based in the

medulla oblongata.

Each gustatory cell extends ________ (or taste hairs) into the surrounding fluids through a narrow taste pore.

microvilli

The tract that links the cerebellum with the pons is the

middle cerebellar peduncle.

Damage to the ________ nerve would result in near paralysis of the eye.

oculomotor

Some neural tissues retain stem cells and thus the capacity to divide and replace lost neurons. Which of these special senses can replace its damaged neural receptors?

olfaction

Nicotinic receptors

open chemically gated sodium ion channels.

The cerebral area posterior to the central sulcus is the

parietal lobe.

The layer of connective tissue that surrounds a fascicle within a peripheral nerve is the

perineurium

The nerve crucial for breathing that originates within the cervical plexus is called the ________ nerve.

phrenic

The brachial plexus gives rise to all of the following nerves except the

phrenic.

A(n) ________ reflex has at least one interneuron placed between the sensory and motor neurons.

polysynaptic

The primary motor cortex is the surface of the

precentral gyrus.

The surface of the postcentral gyrus contains the ________ cortex.

primary sensory

All of the following are a function of the hypothalamus except

projecting visual information to the visual cortex

The basal nuclei

provide the general pattern and rhythm for movements such as walking.

The pons contains all of the following structures except the

pyramids that contain motor tracts originating in the cerebral cortex.

Which nerve arises from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus?

radial nerve

Your uncle was just diagnosed with a heart attack. One of his major symptoms is left arm pain. You are not surprised because you are familiar with the phenomenon of ________ pain.

referred

Complex motor activities such as riding a bicycle

require the coordinated activity of several regions of the brain.

What part of the midbrain influences the activity of the entire nervous system? (Module 13.7D)

reticular activating system (RAS), a part of the reticular formation

In ________, axon collaterals extend back toward the source of the impulse and further stimulate the earlier neurons.

reverberation

As the ________ nerve approaches the knee, it divides into two branches, the fibular nerve and the tibial nerve.

sciatic

In the condition ________, a virus infects posterior root ganglia, causing a painful rash whose distribution corresponds to that of the affected sensory nerves as seen in their dermatomes.

shingles

Name the two types of motor pathways. (Module 14.7B)

somatic and visceral

Which of the following is an effect of sympathetic activation?

stimulation of the medial and lateral pathways associated with a general elevation in muscle tone

What contains a spider web-like network of cells and fibers through which cerebrospinal fluid flows?

subarachnoid space

Activity in the basal nuclei is regulated by which component of the midbrain?

substantia nigra

Identify two major divisions of the ANS. (Module 14.2A)

sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

A tactile receptor composed of highly coiled dendrites that are surrounded by modified Schwann cells and a fibrous capsule is a

tactile (Meissner) corpuscle.

Which embryonic brain vesicle develops into the largest region of the adult brain? (Module 13.1C)

telencephalon

Terry suffers from dissociation of memories from their emotional content as the result of an automobile accident. What system of the brain is probably damaged?

the limbic system

Which EEG waves may appear transiently during sleep in normal adults but are most often observed in children and in intensely frustrated adults?

theta waves

Thalamic neurons that travel to the primary sensory cortex are ________ neurons.

third-order

The statement "There is always a synapse in a peripheral ganglion between the CNS and the effector organ" is

true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

The statement "It sends its preganglionic fibers to terminal or intramural ganglia" is

true only for the parasympathetic nervous system.

The CNS interprets the ________ of stimulus entirely on the basis of the labeled line over which it arrives.

type

Almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the ________ nerve(s).

vagus

Damage to the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex would directly affect

voluntary motor activity.

The preganglionic fibers that carry visceral motor fibers and connect a spinal nerve with an sympathetic ganglion form the

white rami communicans.