A and P Respiratory System

In ventilation-perfusion matching, increased

CO2 causes bronchioles to dilate and decreased O2 causes pulmonary arterioles to constrict

Alveolar ventilation refers to the movement of

air into and out of the alveoli

The total lung capacity is best described by the sum of

all lung volumes

The direction and magnitude of air flow during breathing is determined by changes in __________ pressure.

alveolar

Which of the following structures can allow gas exchange?

alveoli

Which of the following terms is the best choice for "the cessation of breathing"?

apnea

Hypoventilation is best described as

decreased alveolar ventilation rate

Put the events of inspiration in the correct order:

diaphragm and intercostals contract, intrapleural pressure decreases, trans pulmonary pressure increases, intra-alveolar pressure decreases to less than atmospheric pressure

Airway resistance is decreased by

epinephrine and elevated carbon dioxide

Treatments for obstructive pulmonary diseases such as asthma might include

epinephrine and steroids

If a person were to breathe out a normal tidal volume, and then forcefully breathe out as much air as they could, the extra volume that they breathe out (not including the tidal volume) would be the

expiratory reserve volume

The magnitude of lung volumes can depend on

gender, posture and activity level

Structures within the conducting zone include

glottis and terminal bronchioles

The functions of the respiratory system include

helping maintain blood ph, defense against pathogens and enabling vocalization.

When a person has increased his or her breathing rate and/or depth in response to an increase in metabolism, the observed change in respiration in known as

hyperpnea

The extra volume of air that can be brought into the lungs after an inspiratory tidal volume is taken is known as the

inspiratory reserve volume

Which of the following volumes allow(s) additional lung capacity so that when experiencing an increase in metabolism, tidal volume can increase?

inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume

In an active, or forced, expiration, which of the following muscles contract?

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

The amount of air reaching the alveoli per minute depends on the

intra-alveolar pressure, lung compliance, and the amount of surfactant in the alveoli

Which of the following is the lowest pressure at rest following a quiet expiration?

intrapleural

If a person has increased his/her respiratory rate and/or depth without the presence of an increased metabolic rate, he/she

is hyperventilating

John has an upper respiratory infection (URI). This means that his infection is not in his

lungs or trachea

The cells and structures that defend against bacteria and foreign particles entering the lungs include the

mucus escalator, goblet cells, and macrophages

Which of the following statements about expiration is correct?

normally, expiration is a passive process

Functional residual capacity and total lung capacity increase in

obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and emphysema

Arrange these airways in the order that a breath of inhaled air would encounter them:

pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronci, bronchioles

The air in the lungs that will never be eliminated despite the efforts to eliminate it would be the

residual volume

The lung volume or capacity that cannot be measured by spirometry is _

residual volume (RV)

Which of the following is not categorized as an obstructive disease?

respiratory distress syndrome

Airway resistance is increased by

smooth muscle contraction, mucus secretion, and asthma

In a premature newborn with respiratory distress syndrome, lung compliance will likely improve with an increase in

the amount of surfactant inside the alveoli

Alveolar ventilation (VA) is different from minute ventilation (VE) in that

the equation for VA subtracts the volume of air inside the dead air space from the volume of minute ventilation

Functional residual capacity =

the lung volume when the intra-alveolar pressure equals the atmospheric pressure, lung volume at rest between breaths, and ERV + RV

External respiration processes do not include

the production of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

Where does the most airway resistance in our respiratory system occur?

the trachea and the bronchi

According to Boyle's law,

the volume of a container of gas and the pressure of the gas within are inversely related

Which of the following volumes is the volume that represents quiet breathing and normal breathing during an inspiratory and expiratory cycle?

tidal volume

Which of the following best represents the inspiratory capacity?

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

Lung compliance is decreased in

tuberculosis and respiratory distress syndrome

The total amount of air that can be moved between the lungs and the atmosphere is known as the

vital capacity

Tidal volume = 500 mls Vital capacity = 5500 mls Respiratory rate = 12 breaths/minute Dead air space = 100 mls Alveolar ventilation = __________.

4800 mls/min

Tidal volume = 400 mls Vital capacity = 4000 mls Respiratory rate = 10 breaths/minute Dead air space = 150 mls Minute ventilation = __________.

4000 mls/min

Which of the following statements is not correct?

Airway resistance during inspiration increases.

Which of the following statements is true about surfactant?

Surfactant equalizes surface tension between large and small alveoli.