A and P Respiratory System
In ventilation-perfusion matching, increased
CO2 causes bronchioles to dilate and decreased O2 causes pulmonary arterioles to constrict
Alveolar ventilation refers to the movement of
air into and out of the alveoli
The total lung capacity is best described by the sum of
all lung volumes
The direction and magnitude of air flow during breathing is determined by changes in __________ pressure.
alveolar
Which of the following structures can allow gas exchange?
alveoli
Which of the following terms is the best choice for "the cessation of breathing"?
apnea
Hypoventilation is best described as
decreased alveolar ventilation rate
Put the events of inspiration in the correct order:
diaphragm and intercostals contract, intrapleural pressure decreases, trans pulmonary pressure increases, intra-alveolar pressure decreases to less than atmospheric pressure
Airway resistance is decreased by
epinephrine and elevated carbon dioxide
Treatments for obstructive pulmonary diseases such as asthma might include
epinephrine and steroids
If a person were to breathe out a normal tidal volume, and then forcefully breathe out as much air as they could, the extra volume that they breathe out (not including the tidal volume) would be the
expiratory reserve volume
The magnitude of lung volumes can depend on
gender, posture and activity level
Structures within the conducting zone include
glottis and terminal bronchioles
The functions of the respiratory system include
helping maintain blood ph, defense against pathogens and enabling vocalization.
When a person has increased his or her breathing rate and/or depth in response to an increase in metabolism, the observed change in respiration in known as
hyperpnea
The extra volume of air that can be brought into the lungs after an inspiratory tidal volume is taken is known as the
inspiratory reserve volume
Which of the following volumes allow(s) additional lung capacity so that when experiencing an increase in metabolism, tidal volume can increase?
inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume
In an active, or forced, expiration, which of the following muscles contract?
internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
The amount of air reaching the alveoli per minute depends on the
intra-alveolar pressure, lung compliance, and the amount of surfactant in the alveoli
Which of the following is the lowest pressure at rest following a quiet expiration?
intrapleural
If a person has increased his/her respiratory rate and/or depth without the presence of an increased metabolic rate, he/she
is hyperventilating
John has an upper respiratory infection (URI). This means that his infection is not in his
lungs or trachea
The cells and structures that defend against bacteria and foreign particles entering the lungs include the
mucus escalator, goblet cells, and macrophages
Which of the following statements about expiration is correct?
normally, expiration is a passive process
Functional residual capacity and total lung capacity increase in
obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and emphysema
Arrange these airways in the order that a breath of inhaled air would encounter them:
pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronci, bronchioles
The air in the lungs that will never be eliminated despite the efforts to eliminate it would be the
residual volume
The lung volume or capacity that cannot be measured by spirometry is _
residual volume (RV)
Which of the following is not categorized as an obstructive disease?
respiratory distress syndrome
Airway resistance is increased by
smooth muscle contraction, mucus secretion, and asthma
In a premature newborn with respiratory distress syndrome, lung compliance will likely improve with an increase in
the amount of surfactant inside the alveoli
Alveolar ventilation (VA) is different from minute ventilation (VE) in that
the equation for VA subtracts the volume of air inside the dead air space from the volume of minute ventilation
Functional residual capacity =
the lung volume when the intra-alveolar pressure equals the atmospheric pressure, lung volume at rest between breaths, and ERV + RV
External respiration processes do not include
the production of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation
Where does the most airway resistance in our respiratory system occur?
the trachea and the bronchi
According to Boyle's law,
the volume of a container of gas and the pressure of the gas within are inversely related
Which of the following volumes is the volume that represents quiet breathing and normal breathing during an inspiratory and expiratory cycle?
tidal volume
Which of the following best represents the inspiratory capacity?
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
Lung compliance is decreased in
tuberculosis and respiratory distress syndrome
The total amount of air that can be moved between the lungs and the atmosphere is known as the
vital capacity
Tidal volume = 500 mls Vital capacity = 5500 mls Respiratory rate = 12 breaths/minute Dead air space = 100 mls Alveolar ventilation = __________.
4800 mls/min
Tidal volume = 400 mls Vital capacity = 4000 mls Respiratory rate = 10 breaths/minute Dead air space = 150 mls Minute ventilation = __________.
4000 mls/min
Which of the following statements is not correct?
Airway resistance during inspiration increases.
Which of the following statements is true about surfactant?
Surfactant equalizes surface tension between large and small alveoli.