AAAA RESEARCH Midterm

The more a person drinks and drives the more likely they are to be pulled over for DUI. This is an example of:

A Hypothesis That Results in a Positive Relationship

Gender and race are both examples of:

A Variable

Agreed on knowledge that others give us is known as:

Agreement Reality

Sources of distinction between "right and wrong" include:

All of the Above

Attempts to guard against harm to the participants in the simulated prison were accomplished by all of the following except:

Allowing Participants To Select Their Preferred Role (Prisoner or Guard)

Defensible Space is:

An Attempt to Understand the Link Between Urban Design and Crime

Dr. Quinn is interested in who is least likely to show up for their trial; those who bond out of jail with the help of a bondsman or those placed in a court sponsored pre-trial release program. ---- This study is an example of what type of research?

Applied Research

If a trial is the independent variable, then which of the following is the dependent variable?

Attorney

Characteristics or qualities that describe an object are known as:

Attributes

The "Chicago School" was noted for the study of crime in various sections of the city of Chicago. Which of the following was used to study where crime happened?

Concentric Zones

Immunity as part of federal protection from legal action requires:

Confidential Information to be Protected

Deductive reasoning moves you from:

General to Specific

Illogical reasoning is best illustrated by which of the following?

I have lost at gambling for hours now, so if I just pay a little longer, I will win back what I have lost.

Operationalization involves which of the following?

Identifying How You Will Measure A Variable

Ethical Issues in CRJS research can be challenging for researchers because the discipline's research questions frequently address:

Illegal Behavior That People Want To Conceal

During observation, if you choose to follow "the exception that proves the rule," you have made what error?

Illogical Reasoning

Socrates is mortal and observing a number of other people. All the observed people are mortals. All people are mortal. This is an example of what type of logic?

Inductive

Why is a survey the most appropriate method for studying general concern and fear for personal safety?

It allows for understanding of what cannot be observed directly.

Why is using Google Scholar a good idea when conducting Internet research

It narrows the search to scholarly books and articles

In order for there to be no ethical considerations in doing CRJS research, the researcher must do all of the following except

Make Each Subject Fully Aware of Purpose, Reasons, and Outcomes of the Research

In an inductive approach to policy development, the final step is:

Monitoring Results

The major distinction between quantitative and qualitative data is the distinction between?

Numerical and Nonnumeric Data

In order to protect prisoners since they are a special population, researchers should do all of the following except:

Offer the Prisoners Money to Participate

Selective observation can be a result of:

Overgerneralization

The Humphrey's study involved:

Participant Observation Involving Human Deviance

Prediction can be made better by observation and remembering regular:

Patterns

According to the text, most criminal justice professionals (especially supervisors) routinely review:

Performance Reports and Statistical Tabulations

A promise of anonymity is unlikely to be extended in which of the following techniques?

Personal Interviews

The National Crime Victimization Survey prevents researchers of the public from having information on a victim's:

Place of Residence

In Humphrey's research on anonymous homosexual acts in public bathrooms, he was:

Playing One of the Roles, A Lookout Known as a "Watch Queen"

Paradigm shifts are:

Previously Agreed On Paradigms That Are Discarded in Favor of New Ones

Social regularities represent:

Probabilstic Patterns

Conclusions drawn about the relationships among concepts, based on the logical interrelationship among the axioms is:

Proposition

Crime surveys where respondents are asked about their experiences a victims of crime have the potential to cause:

Psychological Harm

Greater detail and meaning is found in what type of data?

Qualitative

Prisoners are considered as a special population because they are:

Readily Accessible for Experimentation and Interviews

Inductive reasoning moves you from:

Specific to General

Operationalization means:

The Procedures We Go Through to Identify and Measure Variables

Ethical issues surrounding the prison simulation include all of the following except:

The Project Utilized Only 21 Participants

If a researcher uses only those subjects who volunteer for a study, then which of the following may result?

The Results Could Not Be Generalized To A Larger Group of People

Research into crime is related to ideology and politics in the following manner:

The Study of Crime Can Lead to Policies That Enhance the Functioning of the CRJS System

Critics of Humphrey's "Tearoom Trade" cited all but which of the following as potential ethical issues?

The Value of the Study

Why are websites not reliable literature sources?

They are rarely reviewed or refereed.

In the authors' example of proposed legal education research, a questionnaire would be administered at the time the bar exam was taken. This technique was deemed unethical because:

Those Taking the Bar Had Not Consented to Take the Questionnaire

Social science cannot settle debates on:

Values

Social science involves the study of

Variables and Attributes

One way social science differs from our casual day-to-day inquiry is that it is

a conscious activity

A great place to start when conducting a literature review is:

a library

The first part of most scholarly journal articles is:

a research abstract

Gender and race are both examples of:

a variable

Agreed on knowledge that others give us is known as:

agreement reality

Traditional beliefs about patrol effectiveness, response time, and detective work are examples of:

agreement reality

The research process starts with

an idea

Your college has implemented a new policy on campus regarding underage drinking. You want to evaluate its effects. The purpose of your research is:

application

When we trust the judgments of people who have special training, such as a doctor or a lawyer, we are accepting their:

authority

Which of the following describes the role of politics in social science/CJ research?

can play a role

Brainstorming and specifying all the concepts to be discussed in the research project is known as:

conceptualization

What is the proper work flow for creating a research project?

conceptualize, observe, analyze, apply

You observe police activity in your city for one week, and then you describe what you observed. What type of study have you preformed?

descriptive

What is the science of knowing?

epistemology

What method is known as the science of finding out?

epistemology

What are the two major types of applied research?

evaluation and problem analysis

Things we know from direct experience are a direct result of which type of reality?

experiential

A research project concerning law enforcement that produces an alternative view of a practice represents:

experiential reality

Stepping on a thorn for the first time and realizing that it is painful before anyone tells you it is painful is an example of:

experiential reality

When we attempt to answer questions about why something happens, the purpose of our research is?

explanation

When we do a study to determine why people have different opinions on the same topic, what is the purpose for the study?

explanation

When we attempt to gather baseline data, usually because of new technology or some new law, the purpose of our research is:

exploration

What are the four purposes of research?

exploration, description, explanation, application

When a policy change is being considered, the most appropriate study would be:

explorative

If a researcher wishes to determine how an innovative approach in policing in one district compares to other districts, he is undertaking what type of research?

exploratory research

Which of the following would be the best example of the potential for inaccurate observations in the criminal justice system?

eyewitness testimony

Which of the following is not a budget consideration for a research proposal?

gathering references

During observation, if you choose to follow "the exception that proves the rule," you have made what error

illogical reasoning

When taking conscious and deliberate steps to insure that what you are looking at is what you intended to look at, you avoid:

inaccurate observation

Overgeneralization can lead to misrepresentation and:

justification

Two pillars of science are:

logic and observation

Scientists must have two types of support before they will agree on something they haven't personally experienced. These types are:

logical and empirical

What aspect of the research proposal is not included in the abstract?

major references cited in the study

Concrete steps that are used to measure specific concepts are referred to as:

operationalization

Samantha has concluded that living in a co-ed residence hall makes residents more alike. As she continues her research, she tends to focus on events and situations that fit this pattern. Which error in inquiry is reflected?

overgeneralization

Selective observation can be the result of:

overgeneralization

When there is pressure to reach a general understanding, there is a tendency toward:

overgeneralization

Prediction can be made better by observation and remembering regular:

patterns

According to the text, most criminal justice professionals (especially supervisors) routinely review:

performance reports and statistical tabulations

Social regularities represent:

probabilistic patterns

Astor repeated a study to determine if she would obtain similar results to those that were found in her original study, and thereby engaged in:

replication

When you repeat a study to see if you achieve similar results, you are doing

replication

If you have concluded that a particular pattern exists and have developed a general understanding of why, you may be tempted to ignore facts in the future that don't fit. This is:

selective observation

Which of the following is an important element that is often not thought of when creating a research project?

the budget

When we rely on authority to get information about the world around us, which of the following is most likely?

the information can both help inquiry and hinder it

Research into crime is related to ideology and politics in the following manner

the study of crime can lead to policies that enhance the functioning of the criminal justice system

What are three major aspects of the overall scientific enterprise?

theory, data collection, data analysis

As we learn about the world around us we use personal inquiry and direct experience. However, what other sources of knowledge do we rely on?

tradition and authority

When we rely on the "truths" of our culture, we are accepting knowledge derived from the majority, and this is called acceptance of:

traditions

Social science cannot settle debates on:

values

Social science involves the study of:

variables and attributes

Human inquiry attempts to answer what two questions

what and why

When is an Internet search is good for getting ideas about potential research topics?

when specialized tools are used