A&P 1 - Mid Term
Within ___(1)___, the structural unit of compact bone, cells called ___(2)___ live in small spaces called ___(3)___ and communicate with each other through numerous small channels called ___(4)___.
1)Osteons, 2)Osteocytes, 3)Lacunae, 4)Canaliculi
How much of the body's mass is made up of water?
55-60%
What is a Lysosome?
A digestive enzyme
An intervertebral foramen contains:
A spinal nerve
The chemical energy used by all cells.
ATP
At the hip joint, the head of the femur is received by the:
Acetabulum
Main neurotransmitter at parasympathetic postganglionic neurons:
Acetylcholine (ACh)
what is the role of the hypothalamus in creating the stress response.
Activation of the Sympathetic nervous system, secretion of epinephrine / norepinephrine and Glucocorticoid (cortisol)
The chromatids separate and a cleavage furrow forms in:
Anaphase
A tumor induces blood vessels to grow toward it in:
Angiogenesis
Toward the front of the body :
Anterior / ventral
Another name for the forearm
Antibrachial
Bones touch other bones at the:
Articular cartilage
Carbon-14, a radioactive isotope of carbon, has 6 protons, 8 neutrons, and 6 electrons. What is its atomic number? What is its mass number?
Atomic number = 6 Mass number = 14
The building blocks of elements are:
Atoms
The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are both branches of what?
Autonomic NS
The dens is part of:
Axis (C2)
What is the transition involved in transitional epithelium?
Between stretched and relaxed states
What types of tissues are considered to be connective tissue:
Blood, bone and fat
Another name for the heel
Calcaneal
The heel bone, largest and strongest tarsal :
Calcaneus
Largest carpal bone :
Capitate
Which four elements, making up 96% of the mass, are the most common in the body?
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
Separate and form spindles for chromosomes during mitosis :
Centrosomes
Another name for the head
Cephalic
Convex curves in the spine are found in the ______ spine:
Cervical and lumbar
This molecule is found in all body tissues, is essential to cell membrane structure and brain function, and is the molecule all other steroids in the body are made from.
Cholesterol
This molecule is the basis for all steroids made in the body:
Cholesterol
The cell responsible for the growth in length of long bones:
Chondrocyte
This epithelium lines the upper respiratory tract and secretes mucus. The nuclei are at many levels, and all cells are attached to the basement membrane.
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar
The most abundant protein in the body, making up over one quarter of all the body's protein:
Collagen
The suture connecting the parietal bones to the frontal bone:
Coronal
All of the following are more dominant during alarm stage than resistance stage except: The sympathetic NS; Cortisol & Aldosterone; The adrenal medulla, Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
Cortisol & Aldosterone
Another name for the hip
Coxal
Which body cavities are in the dorsal cavity?
Cranial, spinal
Three of these wedge-shaped bones in the anterior tarsals :
Cuneiform
Most cellular activities and organelles here :
Cytoplasm
Filaments and tubules providing scaffolding, support, transport, and communication :
Cytoskeleton
Put in order the organelles or molecules involved in protein synthesis.
DNA -> RNA -> Ribosome -> Golgi apparatus -> Secretory vesicle
During the stress response, digestion will:
Decrease
During the stress response, growth will:
Decrease
During the stress response, reproduction will:
Decrease
During the stress response, urine production will:
Decrease
Bone resorption ______ with weight-bearing exercise and ______ with aging.
Decreases; increases
Away from the body's surface :
Deep
Macromolecule units such as glucose or amino acids polymerize (combine to form larger chains), releasing water, in which type of reaction?
Dehydration synthesis
The hormone calcitonin encourages the body to remove calcium from the blood and put it in the bones. This is ______ and is done by ______.
Deposition; osteoblasts
The shaft or body of a long bone:
Diaphysis
A growth hormone secreting pituitary tumor in childhood results in giantism, with an accelerated increase in body height. In adulthood, the same tumor results in acromegaly, with larger organs, ring sizes, shoe sizes, and facial features, but no increase in height. Based on what you know about ossification, why would height increase in giantism but not in acromegaly?
Epiphyseal plate open in childhood, epiphyseal line closed in adulthood
All of the following tissues are vascularized (have a direct blood supply) except: Nervous; Connective; Muscle; Epithelial
Epithelial
Tissue with the greatest capacity for regeneration during tissue repair:
Epithelial
Osteoporosis is more common in older women because of a decrease in:
Estrogen secretion
Anterior cranial floor, between orbits, cribriform plate and nasal conchae :
Ethmoid
What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?
Exocrine = secretion through ducts, endocrine = secretion into bloodstream
All of the following bring material into the cell except: Endocytosis; Phagocytosis; Pinocytosis; Exocytosis
Exocytosis
Cancer becomes more likely as:
Exposure to carcinogens increases and Immune function decreases
When blood calcium ______, parathyroid hormone increases, resulting in calcium moving ______ the bones.
Falls; out of
Longest, heaviest, strongest bone in body:
Femur
Dense regular connective tissue differs from dense irregular based
Fiber direction
Strongest type of cartilage, with thick bundles of collagen, found in the pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, and menisci:
Fibrocartilage
Collagen is a(n):
Fibrous Protein
The lateral maleolus is part of which bone?
Fibula
Sperm move by using:
Flagella
Cranial bones, the sternum, ribs, and scapulae are examples of what type of bone:
Flat
What structures are found in the carpal tunnel?
Flexor tendons and Medial Nerve
"Pedal edema" refers to swelling in the:
Foot or ankle
Another name for the forehead
Frontal
In anatomical position, a ______ plane would include both hands and both feet.
Frontal
Part of the shoulder joint where the head of the humerus sits:
Glenoid cavity
Starch in plants is similar in structure and function to ______ in animals.
Glycogen
Triage, sorting, distribution :
Golgi apparatus
Another name for the great toe:
Hallux
"Noble gases" like helium and neon are inert because they:
Have full outer valence shells
Treatment for osteoporosis associated with stroke, blood clots, heart disease, breast cancer, and dementia:
Hormone replacement therapy
The deltoid tuberosity is found on the:
Humerus
The most common type of cartilage, found in the larynx, ribs, nose, trachea, and the entire fetal skeleton:
Hyaline cartilage
The stress response begins in the:
Hypothalamus
What do the letters HPA in "HPA axis" stand for? Which hormones do each of the three produce to activate the axis?
Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Adrenal cortex - CRH, ACTH and Cortisol
During the stress response, blood clotting will:
Increase
During the stress response, blood glucose will:
Increase
During the stress response, blood pressure will:
Increase
During the stress response, heart rate will:
Increase
During the stress response, metabolism will:
Increase
During the stress response, respiration will:
Increase
The term Caudal is synonymous with what anatomical direction?
Inferior
Fluid located outside of cells and vessels is called:
Interstitial fluid
Extracellular fluid consists of:
Interstitial fluid and blood plasma
Embryonic mesenchyme gives rise to bone directly in ______ ossification, which ______ involve an epiphyseal plate.
Intramembranous; does not
Salts form from ______ bonds.
Ionic
What type of bond do you think potassium (K), atomic number 19, would make with fluorine (F), atomic number 9?
Ionic
On the same side :
Ipsilateral
What makes a molecule an oxidant?
It takes electrons from the local area
In the lumbar vertebrae, movement is limited by:
Joint articulations
Smallest bone of face :
Lacrimal
Away from midline :
Lateral
This type of compound makes cell membranes and steroids and is insoluble in water.
Lipid
Compared to the parasympathetic NS, sympathetic NS responses tend to be:
Longer and more widespread
A type of connective tissue that functions as "packing material" between organs and other structures, soaks up fluid easily, and is widely distributed in the body is:
Loose areolar
A red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. The solution has a ______ sodium concentration than the cell, and the cell tends to ______.
Lower; burst
Largest, strongest facial bone, only movable skull bone :
Mandible
The upper jawbone, articulates with every facial bone except the mandible :
Maxilla
Bones in the hard palate:
Maxilla and palatine
The knuckles are the heads of the:
Metacarpals
Centromeres are aligned across the middle of the cell in:
Metaphase
A tumor spreads to a distant site in:
Metastasis
Name of the Foot bones :
Metatarsals
Bone destruction begins to outpace bone formation in:
Middle age
Produce ATP for cell energy :
Mitochondria
As the pH decreases, a solution becomes ______ acidic, and the concentration of hydrogen ion ______.
More; increases
Active transport might be required for all of the following reasons except: Moving from high to low concentration; Large molecule; Protein carriers are required; Polar molecule crossing hydrophobic membrane
Moving from high to low concentration
The membrane lining cavities that are open to the exterior of the body is:
Mucous
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) are mixed together in a solution and react. What are the products of the reaction?
NaCl, water
What makes an amino acid essential?
Need an outside source
As the temperature in the house falls at night, the thermostat senses the change, which in turn causes the heater to run, raising the temperature. This is an example of a ______ feedback loop, which in the body would tend to ______ homeostasis.
Negative; support
Tissue with the least capacity for regeneration during tissue repair:
Nervous
Out of long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones, which are made entirely of compact bone, and which are made only of spongy bone?
None, all bones have both
Main neurotransmitter at sympathetic postganglionic neurons:
Norepinephrine
Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine (A, T, G, and C) are found in a:
Nucleic Acid
DNA is transcribed into RNA here:
Nucleus
Contains the foramen magnum, makes up the posterior and base of the cranium :
Occipital
A fracture that breaks the skin, also known as a compound fracture:
Open
Cells that secrete bone extracellular matrix:
Osteoblasts
Cells that dissolve bone extracellular matrix:
Osteoclasts
Another name for the ear
Otic
The sodium-potassium pump moves sodium ______ the cell and potassium ______ the cell.
Out of; into
Sides and roof of cranial cavity :
Parietal
An incomplete fracture, in which the bone cracks or buckles:
Partial
The extremities :
Peripheral
Another name for the lateral calf, fibular :
Peroneal
Name for the finger bones :
Phalanges
This type of bone has the largest numerical representation in the human body:
Phalanges
"Cell drinking," bringing water into the cell:
Pinocytosis
Carpal at medial end of superior row, can use in massage :
Pisiform
The water molecule is made from ______ bonds.
Polar Covalent
Which part of the nervous system uses norepinephrine / noradrenaline as neurotransmitter?
Postganglionic sympathetic neurons
This type of compound can be fibrous and structural or globular and functional.
Protein
Closer to the limb origin :
Proximal
This molecule carries information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in a single strand.
RNA
Biceps brachii attaches to the:
Radial tuberosity
The fingers change colors in:
Raynaud syndrome
What is the correct order of occurrence in homeostatic feedback?
Receptor, control center, effector
Blood calcium falls, so calcium is taken from the bones to restore a normal blood level. This is ______ and is done by ______.
Resorption; osteoclasts
Type of connective tissue with a delicate network of interwoven fibers, found in the stroma (support tissue) of lymphoid organs:
Reticular
RNA is translated to protein here:
Ribosomes
Soft bones from inadequate mineralization:
Rickets and osteomalacia
Name the 8 regions of the abdomen and where they are located
Right hypochondriac - upper right; Epigastric - upper middle; Left hypochondriac - upper left; Right lumbar - right middle; umbilical - center; Left lumbar - left middle; Right iliac - right lower; hypogastric - lower middle; Left iliac - left lower
The suture connecting the parietal bones to each other:
Sagittal
All of the following are organic compounds except: Proteins; Salts; Carbohydrates; Lipids
Salts
All of the following fatty acids contain at least one C-C double bond except: Monounsaturated; Trans; Saturated; Polyunsaturated
Saturated
Articulates with and receives force from the radius?
Scaphoid
Most carpal bone breaks :
Scaphoid
Which one of the following is not part of the axial skeleton: Scapulae; Ribs; Vertebrae; Sternum
Scapulae
The membrane lining cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body is:
Serous
Type of bone that is cube-shaped and found in the wrist and ankle are ______ bones:
Short
Fat-soluble or small solutes cross the cell membrane by:
Simple diffusion
Most efficient at diffusion, this epithelium is found in capillaries, alveoli (air sacs in the lungs), and serous membranes. Forms endothelium and mesothelium.
Simple squamous
Which cell organelle has the function of metabolizing lipids and clearing toxins?
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Keystone of the cranium, articulates with all other cranial bones and houses the pituitary gland :
Sphenoid
Found in the skin, tongue, mouth, and vagina, this protective epithelium has a basal layer of dividing cells and upper layers of dehydrated, shrunken, hardened cells and can include keratin:
Stratified squamous
An exocrine gland secretes ______ into ______:
Substances such as digestive enzymes, sweat, saliva, and earwax; ducts
The term Cranial is synonymous with what anatomical direction?
Superior
The right lung is ______ to the liver and ______ to the left lung.
Superior; contralateral
Fontanels become:
Sutures
What do the letters SAM in "SAM axis" stand for? Which hormones are produced when this axis is active?
Sympathetic NS, Adrenal Medulla. - epinephrine and norepinephrine
Dual innervation in the autonomic NS means:
Sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of target tissues
Horner syndrome involves loss of function within the ________; megacolon involves loss of function within the ______.
Sympathetic; parasympathetic
All of the following are true of the autonomic NS except: Acts on cardiac and smooth muscle; Acts on glands; Synapses directly on skeletal muscle; Has ganglia
Synapses directly on skeletal muscle
Membrane not composed of epithelial tissue:
Synovial
Tarsal that joins both tibia and fibula :
Talus
Which bone bears the initial weight of walking?
Talus
All of the following happen as the body ages except: Glucose cross-links proteins; Mitotic rate decreases; Free radicals produce oxidative damage; Telomeres lengthen
Telomeres lengthen
Contains zygomatic arch, mandibular fossa, mastoid process, styloid process :
Temporal
All of the following are true of anatomical position except: The arms are lateral to the trunk; The elbow is superior to the hand; The palms face in an anterior direction; The back faces in a dorsal direction
The elbow is superior to the hand (should be PROXIMAL)
Endochondral ossification in the diaphysis spreads from:
The middle toward the ends
In terms of bones and/or bone structure, what is one thing that is larger in females than males?
The pelvic inlet
A vertebral foramen contains:
The spinal cord
Which body cavities are in the ventral cavity?
Thoracic, abdominal, pelvic
The Medial malleolus is part of which bone?
Tibia
Medial and lateral condyles join what two bones?
Tibia and femur
Compact bone lacks what particular feature that is found in spongy bone?
Trabeculae
Epithelium that can appear cuboidal or squamous, found in the urinary bladder:
Transitional
A plane of section through the body that separates the pelvis from the torso is:
Transverse
Carpal at lateral end of inferior row :
Trapezium
The olecranon process is found on the:
Ulna
Needed for collagen synthesis, deficiency = slow bone growth and repair:
Vitamin C (C for Collagen)
Protrudes from the lower end of the sternum:
Xiphoid process
Another name for the cheek
buccal
Another name for the wrist
carpal
Most of the body's water is located in:
cells (intracellular fluid)
Another name for the point of the elblow; olecranal
cubital
The plasma membrane is the most permeable to:
fatty acids
What junction happens at the pubic symphysis?
meeting of the two hip bones
Another name for the back of the knee
popliteal