A&P 1 - Mid Term

Within ___(1)___, the structural unit of compact bone, cells called ___(2)___ live in small spaces called ___(3)___ and communicate with each other through numerous small channels called ___(4)___.

1)Osteons, 2)Osteocytes, 3)Lacunae, 4)Canaliculi

How much of the body's mass is made up of water?

55-60%

What is a Lysosome?

A digestive enzyme

An intervertebral foramen contains:

A spinal nerve

The chemical energy used by all cells.

ATP

At the hip joint, the head of the femur is received by the:

Acetabulum

Main neurotransmitter at parasympathetic postganglionic neurons:

Acetylcholine (ACh)

what is the role of the hypothalamus in creating the stress response.

Activation of the Sympathetic nervous system, secretion of epinephrine / norepinephrine and Glucocorticoid (cortisol)

The chromatids separate and a cleavage furrow forms in:

Anaphase

A tumor induces blood vessels to grow toward it in:

Angiogenesis

Toward the front of the body :

Anterior / ventral

Another name for the forearm

Antibrachial

Bones touch other bones at the:

Articular cartilage

Carbon-14, a radioactive isotope of carbon, has 6 protons, 8 neutrons, and 6 electrons. What is its atomic number? What is its mass number?

Atomic number = 6 Mass number = 14

The building blocks of elements are:

Atoms

The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are both branches of what?

Autonomic NS

The dens is part of:

Axis (C2)

What is the transition involved in transitional epithelium?

Between stretched and relaxed states

What types of tissues are considered to be connective tissue:

Blood, bone and fat

Another name for the heel

Calcaneal

The heel bone, largest and strongest tarsal :

Calcaneus

Largest carpal bone :

Capitate

Which four elements, making up 96% of the mass, are the most common in the body?

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

Separate and form spindles for chromosomes during mitosis :

Centrosomes

Another name for the head

Cephalic

Convex curves in the spine are found in the ______ spine:

Cervical and lumbar

This molecule is found in all body tissues, is essential to cell membrane structure and brain function, and is the molecule all other steroids in the body are made from.

Cholesterol

This molecule is the basis for all steroids made in the body:

Cholesterol

The cell responsible for the growth in length of long bones:

Chondrocyte

This epithelium lines the upper respiratory tract and secretes mucus. The nuclei are at many levels, and all cells are attached to the basement membrane.

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar

The most abundant protein in the body, making up over one quarter of all the body's protein:

Collagen

The suture connecting the parietal bones to the frontal bone:

Coronal

All of the following are more dominant during alarm stage than resistance stage except: The sympathetic NS; Cortisol & Aldosterone; The adrenal medulla, Epinephrine & Norepinephrine

Cortisol & Aldosterone

Another name for the hip

Coxal

Which body cavities are in the dorsal cavity?

Cranial, spinal

Three of these wedge-shaped bones in the anterior tarsals :

Cuneiform

Most cellular activities and organelles here :

Cytoplasm

Filaments and tubules providing scaffolding, support, transport, and communication :

Cytoskeleton

Put in order the organelles or molecules involved in protein synthesis.

DNA -> RNA -> Ribosome -> Golgi apparatus -> Secretory vesicle

During the stress response, digestion will:

Decrease

During the stress response, growth will:

Decrease

During the stress response, reproduction will:

Decrease

During the stress response, urine production will:

Decrease

Bone resorption ______ with weight-bearing exercise and ______ with aging.

Decreases; increases

Away from the body's surface :

Deep

Macromolecule units such as glucose or amino acids polymerize (combine to form larger chains), releasing water, in which type of reaction?

Dehydration synthesis

The hormone calcitonin encourages the body to remove calcium from the blood and put it in the bones. This is ______ and is done by ______.

Deposition; osteoblasts

The shaft or body of a long bone:

Diaphysis

A growth hormone secreting pituitary tumor in childhood results in giantism, with an accelerated increase in body height. In adulthood, the same tumor results in acromegaly, with larger organs, ring sizes, shoe sizes, and facial features, but no increase in height. Based on what you know about ossification, why would height increase in giantism but not in acromegaly?

Epiphyseal plate open in childhood, epiphyseal line closed in adulthood

All of the following tissues are vascularized (have a direct blood supply) except: Nervous; Connective; Muscle; Epithelial

Epithelial

Tissue with the greatest capacity for regeneration during tissue repair:

Epithelial

Osteoporosis is more common in older women because of a decrease in:

Estrogen secretion

Anterior cranial floor, between orbits, cribriform plate and nasal conchae :

Ethmoid

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Exocrine = secretion through ducts, endocrine = secretion into bloodstream

All of the following bring material into the cell except: Endocytosis; Phagocytosis; Pinocytosis; Exocytosis

Exocytosis

Cancer becomes more likely as:

Exposure to carcinogens increases and Immune function decreases

When blood calcium ______, parathyroid hormone increases, resulting in calcium moving ______ the bones.

Falls; out of

Longest, heaviest, strongest bone in body:

Femur

Dense regular connective tissue differs from dense irregular based

Fiber direction

Strongest type of cartilage, with thick bundles of collagen, found in the pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, and menisci:

Fibrocartilage

Collagen is a(n):

Fibrous Protein

The lateral maleolus is part of which bone?

Fibula

Sperm move by using:

Flagella

Cranial bones, the sternum, ribs, and scapulae are examples of what type of bone:

Flat

What structures are found in the carpal tunnel?

Flexor tendons and Medial Nerve

"Pedal edema" refers to swelling in the:

Foot or ankle

Another name for the forehead

Frontal

In anatomical position, a ______ plane would include both hands and both feet.

Frontal

Part of the shoulder joint where the head of the humerus sits:

Glenoid cavity

Starch in plants is similar in structure and function to ______ in animals.

Glycogen

Triage, sorting, distribution :

Golgi apparatus

Another name for the great toe:

Hallux

"Noble gases" like helium and neon are inert because they:

Have full outer valence shells

Treatment for osteoporosis associated with stroke, blood clots, heart disease, breast cancer, and dementia:

Hormone replacement therapy

The deltoid tuberosity is found on the:

Humerus

The most common type of cartilage, found in the larynx, ribs, nose, trachea, and the entire fetal skeleton:

Hyaline cartilage

The stress response begins in the:

Hypothalamus

What do the letters HPA in "HPA axis" stand for? Which hormones do each of the three produce to activate the axis?

Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Adrenal cortex - CRH, ACTH and Cortisol

During the stress response, blood clotting will:

Increase

During the stress response, blood glucose will:

Increase

During the stress response, blood pressure will:

Increase

During the stress response, heart rate will:

Increase

During the stress response, metabolism will:

Increase

During the stress response, respiration will:

Increase

The term Caudal is synonymous with what anatomical direction?

Inferior

Fluid located outside of cells and vessels is called:

Interstitial fluid

Extracellular fluid consists of:

Interstitial fluid and blood plasma

Embryonic mesenchyme gives rise to bone directly in ______ ossification, which ______ involve an epiphyseal plate.

Intramembranous; does not

Salts form from ______ bonds.

Ionic

What type of bond do you think potassium (K), atomic number 19, would make with fluorine (F), atomic number 9?

Ionic

On the same side :

Ipsilateral

What makes a molecule an oxidant?

It takes electrons from the local area

In the lumbar vertebrae, movement is limited by:

Joint articulations

Smallest bone of face :

Lacrimal

Away from midline :

Lateral

This type of compound makes cell membranes and steroids and is insoluble in water.

Lipid

Compared to the parasympathetic NS, sympathetic NS responses tend to be:

Longer and more widespread

A type of connective tissue that functions as "packing material" between organs and other structures, soaks up fluid easily, and is widely distributed in the body is:

Loose areolar

A red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. The solution has a ______ sodium concentration than the cell, and the cell tends to ______.

Lower; burst

Largest, strongest facial bone, only movable skull bone :

Mandible

The upper jawbone, articulates with every facial bone except the mandible :

Maxilla

Bones in the hard palate:

Maxilla and palatine

The knuckles are the heads of the:

Metacarpals

Centromeres are aligned across the middle of the cell in:

Metaphase

A tumor spreads to a distant site in:

Metastasis

Name of the Foot bones :

Metatarsals

Bone destruction begins to outpace bone formation in:

Middle age

Produce ATP for cell energy :

Mitochondria

As the pH decreases, a solution becomes ______ acidic, and the concentration of hydrogen ion ______.

More; increases

Active transport might be required for all of the following reasons except: Moving from high to low concentration; Large molecule; Protein carriers are required; Polar molecule crossing hydrophobic membrane

Moving from high to low concentration

The membrane lining cavities that are open to the exterior of the body is:

Mucous

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) are mixed together in a solution and react. What are the products of the reaction?

NaCl, water

What makes an amino acid essential?

Need an outside source

As the temperature in the house falls at night, the thermostat senses the change, which in turn causes the heater to run, raising the temperature. This is an example of a ______ feedback loop, which in the body would tend to ______ homeostasis.

Negative; support

Tissue with the least capacity for regeneration during tissue repair:

Nervous

Out of long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones, which are made entirely of compact bone, and which are made only of spongy bone?

None, all bones have both

Main neurotransmitter at sympathetic postganglionic neurons:

Norepinephrine

Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine (A, T, G, and C) are found in a:

Nucleic Acid

DNA is transcribed into RNA here:

Nucleus

Contains the foramen magnum, makes up the posterior and base of the cranium :

Occipital

A fracture that breaks the skin, also known as a compound fracture:

Open

Cells that secrete bone extracellular matrix:

Osteoblasts

Cells that dissolve bone extracellular matrix:

Osteoclasts

Another name for the ear

Otic

The sodium-potassium pump moves sodium ______ the cell and potassium ______ the cell.

Out of; into

Sides and roof of cranial cavity :

Parietal

An incomplete fracture, in which the bone cracks or buckles:

Partial

The extremities :

Peripheral

Another name for the lateral calf, fibular :

Peroneal

Name for the finger bones :

Phalanges

This type of bone has the largest numerical representation in the human body:

Phalanges

"Cell drinking," bringing water into the cell:

Pinocytosis

Carpal at medial end of superior row, can use in massage :

Pisiform

The water molecule is made from ______ bonds.

Polar Covalent

Which part of the nervous system uses norepinephrine / noradrenaline as neurotransmitter?

Postganglionic sympathetic neurons

This type of compound can be fibrous and structural or globular and functional.

Protein

Closer to the limb origin :

Proximal

This molecule carries information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in a single strand.

RNA

Biceps brachii attaches to the:

Radial tuberosity

The fingers change colors in:

Raynaud syndrome

What is the correct order of occurrence in homeostatic feedback?

Receptor, control center, effector

Blood calcium falls, so calcium is taken from the bones to restore a normal blood level. This is ______ and is done by ______.

Resorption; osteoclasts

Type of connective tissue with a delicate network of interwoven fibers, found in the stroma (support tissue) of lymphoid organs:

Reticular

RNA is translated to protein here:

Ribosomes

Soft bones from inadequate mineralization:

Rickets and osteomalacia

Name the 8 regions of the abdomen and where they are located

Right hypochondriac - upper right; Epigastric - upper middle; Left hypochondriac - upper left; Right lumbar - right middle; umbilical - center; Left lumbar - left middle; Right iliac - right lower; hypogastric - lower middle; Left iliac - left lower

The suture connecting the parietal bones to each other:

Sagittal

All of the following are organic compounds except: Proteins; Salts; Carbohydrates; Lipids

Salts

All of the following fatty acids contain at least one C-C double bond except: Monounsaturated; Trans; Saturated; Polyunsaturated

Saturated

Articulates with and receives force from the radius?

Scaphoid

Most carpal bone breaks :

Scaphoid

Which one of the following is not part of the axial skeleton: Scapulae; Ribs; Vertebrae; Sternum

Scapulae

The membrane lining cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body is:

Serous

Type of bone that is cube-shaped and found in the wrist and ankle are ______ bones:

Short

Fat-soluble or small solutes cross the cell membrane by:

Simple diffusion

Most efficient at diffusion, this epithelium is found in capillaries, alveoli (air sacs in the lungs), and serous membranes. Forms endothelium and mesothelium.

Simple squamous

Which cell organelle has the function of metabolizing lipids and clearing toxins?

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Keystone of the cranium, articulates with all other cranial bones and houses the pituitary gland :

Sphenoid

Found in the skin, tongue, mouth, and vagina, this protective epithelium has a basal layer of dividing cells and upper layers of dehydrated, shrunken, hardened cells and can include keratin:

Stratified squamous

An exocrine gland secretes ______ into ______:

Substances such as digestive enzymes, sweat, saliva, and earwax; ducts

The term Cranial is synonymous with what anatomical direction?

Superior

The right lung is ______ to the liver and ______ to the left lung.

Superior; contralateral

Fontanels become:

Sutures

What do the letters SAM in "SAM axis" stand for? Which hormones are produced when this axis is active?

Sympathetic NS, Adrenal Medulla. - epinephrine and norepinephrine

Dual innervation in the autonomic NS means:

Sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of target tissues

Horner syndrome involves loss of function within the ________; megacolon involves loss of function within the ______.

Sympathetic; parasympathetic

All of the following are true of the autonomic NS except: Acts on cardiac and smooth muscle; Acts on glands; Synapses directly on skeletal muscle; Has ganglia

Synapses directly on skeletal muscle

Membrane not composed of epithelial tissue:

Synovial

Tarsal that joins both tibia and fibula :

Talus

Which bone bears the initial weight of walking?

Talus

All of the following happen as the body ages except: Glucose cross-links proteins; Mitotic rate decreases; Free radicals produce oxidative damage; Telomeres lengthen

Telomeres lengthen

Contains zygomatic arch, mandibular fossa, mastoid process, styloid process :

Temporal

All of the following are true of anatomical position except: The arms are lateral to the trunk; The elbow is superior to the hand; The palms face in an anterior direction; The back faces in a dorsal direction

The elbow is superior to the hand (should be PROXIMAL)

Endochondral ossification in the diaphysis spreads from:

The middle toward the ends

In terms of bones and/or bone structure, what is one thing that is larger in females than males?

The pelvic inlet

A vertebral foramen contains:

The spinal cord

Which body cavities are in the ventral cavity?

Thoracic, abdominal, pelvic

The Medial malleolus is part of which bone?

Tibia

Medial and lateral condyles join what two bones?

Tibia and femur

Compact bone lacks what particular feature that is found in spongy bone?

Trabeculae

Epithelium that can appear cuboidal or squamous, found in the urinary bladder:

Transitional

A plane of section through the body that separates the pelvis from the torso is:

Transverse

Carpal at lateral end of inferior row :

Trapezium

The olecranon process is found on the:

Ulna

Needed for collagen synthesis, deficiency = slow bone growth and repair:

Vitamin C (C for Collagen)

Protrudes from the lower end of the sternum:

Xiphoid process

Another name for the cheek

buccal

Another name for the wrist

carpal

Most of the body's water is located in:

cells (intracellular fluid)

Another name for the point of the elblow; olecranal

cubital

The plasma membrane is the most permeable to:

fatty acids

What junction happens at the pubic symphysis?

meeting of the two hip bones

Another name for the back of the knee

popliteal