A&P 106: Chapter 1 - Intro to A&P

In a homeostatic system, blood clotting is an example of __________.

Positive Feedback

The stomach is located in the __________ cavity.

Abdominal The stomach is located in the abdominal cavity. This cavity also houses most of the digestive organs, which include the liver, small intestine, large intestine, gallbladder, and pancreas. This cavity is the superior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity, which is one of the two main compartments of the ventral cavity.

In what body cavity would you find the liver?

Abdominal The liver is an accessory organ in the digestive system and takes up most of the space in the upper right quadrant of the abdominal cavity. This organ is the central regulator of the body's metabolism. The liver regulates blood sugar levels as well as the detoxification of ammonia into urea.

What is the term meaning "cutting open" that denotes the study of the structure of internal and external features of the body and how they relate to each other?

Anatomy The word anatomy is based on the Greek root "anatemno," meaning "I cut upon." This describes the basic activity of early anatomic pioneers in discovering the structures of the body, both internal and external. Due to a lack of specialized optics, the early studies embodied what is now known as gross anatomy, which consists of observations done with the unaided eye. This body of knowledge has since been further expanded with the advent of the microscope and other specialized tools.

Anatomy is the study of __________, and physiology is the study of __________.

Anatomy is the study of structure, and physiology is the study of function. Anatomy is purely descriptive and involves labeling and naming structures. Anatomy is always the starting point for understanding the body, since structures need to be named before they can be discussed. Physiology is involved with the interrelationships among these components and the understanding of how they work together to perform specific tasks.

Anatomical landmarks are often used as part of the name of a structure to show where that structure is located in the body. What area of the body does the term brachium refer to?

Arm The term brachium refers to the arm. Remember that this area is not the whole upper appendage but only goes from the shoulder to the elbow. Examples of structures with modification of brachium in their name are the biceps brachii muscle and the brachial artery, which are in the arm.

What is the term for the homeostatic regulation mechanism in which a cell, tissue, organ, or organ system adjusts its activities without input from the nervous or endocrine system in response to an environmental change?

Autoregulation Autoregulation is the adjustment done without input from the nervous or endocrine system in response to an environmental change. Although the nervous and endocrine systems help coordinate the response of organs and tissues to environmental changes as a whole across the body, each cell, tissue, and organ itself is continually monitoring the environment

The organ system responsible for the internal distribution of oxygen and carbon dioxide is the __________.

Cardiovascular System The cardiovascular system is composed of the heart and blood vessels. The heart acts as a pump to push blood throughout the body, while the blood vessels form conduits through which blood is transported. This transport of blood is crucial for every tissue of the body since every cell needs oxygen and nutrients and also needs to get rid of carbon dioxide and metabolic waste. Blood circulation is the way to accomplish this, by way of the cardiovascular system.

The smallest living units in the body are __________.

Cells The cell is the initial level of biological organization where the living state is defined. All other levels below this, including the chemical and atomic levels, are purely material. The cell forms the fundamental living unit upon which all other, higher levels of biological organization are based.

In descriptions of the superficial anatomy of the human body, the neck is the __________ region.

Cervical The word cervical is a Latin word referring "of the neck." It is a descriptive word that indicates the neck region. This word is used when discussing such areas as the muscular system to add information to muscle names.

Which part of a homeostatic control system receives information about a change in the body, processes that information, and sends out commands to correct the change?

Control Center The control center receives and processes info about changes in homeostasis and sends out commands to adjust. This control center could be part of the nervous system or endocrine system.

In the middle of winter, we need to stay warm. In regulating the temperature in your home, the thermostat plays which part of the control system?

Control Center The thermostat would be the control center, because it receives information about temperature changes in the house, processes that info, and commands the furnace to warm the house up.

You will see in this course that the human body is made of many different kinds of cells. They number in the trillions. The study of the anatomical differences between these cells is called __________.

Cytology Studying the differences between the different cells in the body is cytology. Once again, you will see that form determines function. A muscle cell is shaped the way it is so it can contract. All cells of the body have a specific anatomy related to their function.

The ventral body cavity is divided by a flat muscular sheet called the __________.

Diaphragm The diaphragm is a flat muscular sheet that forms the inferior boundary of the thoracic cavity. This muscular sheet is one of the main muscles that regulate the process of breathing and creates a negative pressure when it contracts. This contraction creates the action of inspiration, which is also known as inhalation.

The anatomical landmark that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity is the __________.

Diaphragm The diaphragm is a thin muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity. It is an important landmark for identifying the position of other structures in the body.

Multiple body systems work together to maintain homeostasis in our bodies. Which of the following body systems is not involved in maintaining blood pressure?

Digestive System The digestive system is involved in absorbing nutrients and water plus expelling wastes, but it does not play a role in regulating blood pressure. The cardiovascular, nervous, and endocrine systems have direct roles in homeostatically regulating blood pressure.

In a typical day, the body is subjected to a variety of changing conditions. The response of multiple physiological systems helping to maintain the body functions keeps us in a state of __________ equilibrium.

Dynamic Because the body is subjected daily to varying conditions, it is quite a task to maintain homeostasis. This constantly changing environment and different stresses on the body require it to constantly adjust and respond. This kind of constant adjustment and correction by multiple systems is called dynamic equilibrium. If you think about what humans do each day, the body is amazing in how it regulates our equilibrium.

In negative feedback control of body temperature, the sweat glands and blood vessels of the skin are examples of __________.

Effector Organs The sweat glands and blood vessels are effector organs. In the control of body temperature, increased sweating causes heat loss by evaporative cooling and dilation of skin blood vessels causes heat loss by radiational cooling. These return body temperature to normal.

An anatomy student wants to study how the heart structure changes during the first two months after fertilization of an egg. What type of study is this?

Embryology The study of the early developmental structural changes in the formation of organs is called embryology. It follows the changes from fertilization though two months of development. After that a fetus forms.

In the past, many structures in the body have been named for the person who first discovered and described them. This kind of naming is best described by the term __________.

Eponym The practice of commemorative naming or eponym gave rightful credit to the discoverer, deservedly so. However, we are now replacing many of these commemorative names with more anatomically precise names.

The state in which opposing processes or forces are in balance is called __________.

Equilibrium Equilibrium is the state in which opposing forces are in balance. This concept is important since the ability to return to this state repeatedly is an indication that the process of homeostasis is successful. The ability to maintain equilibrium in the face of environmental changes also indicates a state of health at various levels of biological organization. The state of disease is indicated when this ability to maintain equilibrium breaks down.

What is the term for homeostatic regulation in which the nervous system or the endocrine system adjusts the body's functioning in response to a change in homeostasis?

Extrinsic regulation Extrinsic regulation is the term involving the nervous or endocrine systems adjusting the functioning of the body. The word extrinsic implies some control "outside or external" to where the change may be happening in the body. This it is the opposite of autoregulation, in which the cell, tissue, organ, or organ system regulates itself.

The knee is proximal to the __________.

Foot

What is the common name for the antebrachium?

Forearm The forearm is also known as the antebrachium. The word "antebrachium" is made up of Latin root words meaning "before" (ante) and "arm" (brachium).

The study of the structure of muscle tissue is an example of __________.

Histology Histology is an example of the study of the structure of muscle tissue. Tissues are composed of several different cell types working as a coherent unit to perform a specific function or activity at a higher level of complexity. The root word for tissue is derived from the Greek word "histos," meaning "tissue," and the suffix "-ology," from the Greek word for "study of."

What is the term for the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment in an organism?

Homeostasis Homeostasis is an internal balancing act done at many levels, from the cellular level up to the highest systemic levels. Inherent in this process is feedback that is continually taking into a given system information from the environment. When this is changing, at some point in the process a decision is made to shift the system so that a given set of parameters is kept constant.

The external genitals of a human are located in the pubic region of the body. Another name for the pubic region is the __________ region.

Hypogastric Another name for the pubic region is the hypogastric region. This area is external to the pubic bones and is where the external genitals of both males and females are located.

Which statement best describes how a negative feedback system works?

In negative feedback, the response of the body negates or counteracts a disruption of homeostasis. The fluctuation of the controlled condition from the set point is brought back closer to the normal value. This prevents any disruption of functioning and the body continues to work as it should.

Which of the following statements best characterizes positive feedback control of homeostasis?

In positive feedback, the response of the body enhances the original change in homeostasis In the example, this is a good thing to happen for the body, although enhancing a change in homeostasis at first might seem counterproductive. But the response provides good results. However, there are limited examples of positive feedback control mechanisms in the body.

In homeostatic regulation of the body's internal environment, which of the following statements is most accurate?

In the human population, there is a wide range of normal set point values. There is considerable variability in the human population in homeostatic set points. This is due to a variety of factors, like genetics, age, gender, health, and others. So, set points are normally defined as an average or as a range of values. People with normal physiology display set points anywhere in that range and some normal people even exhibit values outside that range.

If the temperature of the body rises above 37°C (about 99°F), negative feedback is triggered to __________.

Increase heat loss through enhanced blood flow to the skin and sweating Increased heat loss through enhanced blood flow to the skin and sweating will help reduce body temperature back to a normal range. Negative feedback is important here as a way to maintain homeostasis. If this temperature is not brought back to a normal range, cells and tissues, especially those in the nervous system, can be damaged by the higher temperature. In general, enzymes in every cell of the body are made of proteins that denature as heat climbs above the normal range.

Fill in the correct directional term to complete the following sentence. The heart is __________ to the lungs.

Medial The heart is medial to the lungs. It is in the pericardial cavity but located between the two pleural cavities where the lungs are found.

What is the name for the space above the diaphragm, between the lungs, filled with a mass of connective tissue supporting the esophagus, trachea, and thymus, as well as some blood vessels?

Mediastinum The mediastinum is the connective tissue-filled space housing the esophagus, trachea, and thymus. It also contains the pericardial cavity, but it itself is not a cavity.

Heat production is a major function of the __________ system.

Muscular System The skeletal muscular system functions not only as a way to move bones but also as a way to generate heat in the body. Muscle fibers use up tremendous amounts of energy in the act of contraction. Because all energy production and work output are inherently inefficient, more than half of the energy produced is in the form of waste heat. In reality, this "waste" heat is put to good use in maintaining normal body temperature.

Which of the following homeostatic regulatory mechanisms involves a response to a stimulus that reverses or negates the stimulus?

Negative Feedback Negative feedback is a homeostatic mechanism that minimizes change in a biological system. This mechanism is an information loop in which a decision is made to raise or lower a biological parameter when certain thresholds are crossed. The end result of these changes is a return of the biological parameter to its original value.

The mechanism by which a stimulus outside normal limits triggers a response that opposes or negates the stimulus is called __________.

Negative feedback Negative feedback is a type of feedback loop where any ongoing change is minimized so that homeostasis is maintained. Generally, the change can be a stimulus that either increases or decreases a certain reference value that is a threshold in the feedback loop. Going above or below this threshold triggers a response by an effector such that the value returns to the set point. Negative feedback is one of the most common forms of feedback in the human body.

The two regulatory systems in the human body are the __________.

Nervous and Endocrine Systems The nervous and endocrine systems are both regulatory systems that integrate and orchestrate the activity of the body by using different types of signals. The nervous system regulates the body by turning on or off electrical signals that travel along nerves within milliseconds. The endocrine system regulates the activity of the body over a longer time-scale by secreting chemical signals known as hormones, which travel through the bloodstream.

The study of the function of the stomach is an example of __________.

Organ Physiology Remember that in contrast to the study of structure in anatomy, organ physiology is the study of the interrelationships between components and their functions.

Systemic anatomy considers the structure of major __________, whereas surface anatomy refers to the study of __________.

Organ systems, Superficial markings. Systemic anatomy is the study of the special anatomic features associated with a specific organ system. For example, the heart as well as the cardiac muscle cell are features of the cardiovascular system. Surface anatomy, on the other hand, deals with the study of superficial markings of the region.

The level of organization that reflects the interactions between organ systems is the __________.

Organism The organism is the highest level of complexity in any one individual. It is the product of all the lower levels of organization interacting with each other to create and maintain the living state by the process of homeostasis at multiple levels. Below the organism level, organ systems interact to make this possible. Below the organ system level, organs are interacting. Below this, tissues interact to produce the organ level of organization, and below this still, cells are interacting.

Which of the following is the term for the study of disease?

Pathology Pathology is the study of disease. This includes the study of the causative agents and predisposing factors, as well as the descriptive aspects of the disease itself. This also includes the signs and symptoms of disease, which are used during the diagnostic phase by the physician. Prescribed protocols and drugs are included during the treatment of the disease.

In which body cavity are the female reproductive organs located?

Pelvic Cavity The pelvic cavity houses the female reproductive organs. This cavity is also the inferior subdivision of the abdominopelvic cavity. The abdominopelvic cavity is, in turn, the inferior subdivision of the ventral cavity.

What is the term for the study of how living organisms perform their functions?

Physiology Physiology is the study of functions. In contrast to anatomy, physiology takes into account the interrelationships among structures identified in anatomy. Physiology studies the way anatomic structures and processes interact on multiple levels to maintain the living state. These levels of function increase in complexity as you progress from the cellular level and on through tissues, organs, and organ systems.

The subdivisions of the thoracic body cavity are the __________.

Pleural and Pericardial Cavities The thoracic cavity is subdivided into the pleural cavity and the pericardial cavity. The pleural cavity houses the lungs, while the pericardial cavity houses the heart. These cavities give each respective organ room in which to move, which is especially important for the heart since this a constantly contracting muscle. These cavities also contain lubricating fluid to ensure there is no mechanical damage as a result of any movement of these organs.

The mechanism by which the initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates the stimulus is most specifically called __________.

Positive Feedback Positive feedback is a type of feedback loop that amplifies a given response to a stimulus. The purpose behind this type of control mechanism is to quickly go through a certain process or to achieve a certain result very quickly. This is one of the least common forms of feedback in the body. The main examples of this type of control mechanism include blood clotting and childbirth.

Moving along the surface of the skin from the wrist toward the elbow is an example of moving in a __________ direction.

Proximal Proximal describes a structure that is nearest a point of attachment, which is usually the shoulder or hip joint. The word proximal is derived from the Latin word "proximus," which means "nearest." Use of this word makes for a more systematic process in which structures are identified by making reference to other landmarks of the body.

Which part of the homeostatic control system detects changes in the internal environment?

Receptor If the body is going to be homeostatically regulated, there must be something to detect or sense when there has been a disruption of the regulated condition: a receptor.

Which of the following is the correct sequence in which the parts of a homeostatic control mechanism operate?

Receptor --> Control Center --> Effector To maintain homeostasis, first there must be detection of a change, followed by processing that information, and then doing something about it. Thus the sequence is as follows: receptor, then control center, and finally effector.

Multiple body systems work together to maintain homeostasis in our bodies. Which system is NOT involved in maintaining the body's fluid volume?

Respiratory System The respiratory system, while very important in maintaining oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in our blood, is not really involved in fluid regulation.

The term which describes organs that are situated between the peritoneum and the muscular wall of the abdominal cavity is __________.

Retroperitoneal Retroperitoneal is the correct term. Some people even consider these organs outside the peritoneum. Most of the abdominal viscera are partially or completely by the peritoneum.

In which quadrant would you find the liver?

Right Upper The liver is in the right upper quadrant. The quadrant system divides the abdomen into four sections or quadrants. These sectors create a standard grid for this region and more precisely define the location of structures within this region.

Making a sagittal section results in the separation of __________.

Right and left portions of the body The word sagittal refers to an anatomic section that divides the body into left and right sides. By referring to this section, a different perspective can be gained when viewing anatomic structures. If a section divides the body into equal left and right sections and there is left-right symmetry, this is known as a midsagittal section.

Homeostasis is the process of maintaining a stable internal environment in the body. What is the term that defines the targeted value to be maintained?

Set Point Set point is the term that defines the proper value to be maintained. It may be a certain temperature, the concentration of a certain chemical in the blood, or a variety of other values for bodily functions.

Which organ system is responsible for the support and protection of organs and tissues and includes bones and cartilage?

Skeletal System The skeletal system is the structural framework of the body. This system serves as an anchor and support for all the soft tissue and organs of the body. It is not only a scaffold but also a protective cage for organs, including the heart and lungs. Bone makes up the hard, mineralized material that forms the internal scaffold, and cartilage makes up some of the softer connective tissue of the body.

Which of the following is NOT true about the main concepts of anatomy and physiology?

Structure is unrelated to function The structure of cells, organs, and tissues in the body govern how those structures can function, so structure is always related to function. When structure changes, function changes.

The skin is __________ to the muscles.

Superficial The word superficial indicates a structure that is closer to a surface than to another landmark or reference feature. Use of this word provides more information in terms of narrowing down a physical location. Superficial structures are generally easier to access on a model or on a patient. Such structures are also generally easier to inspect without specialized equipment.

In anatomical position, the head is __________ to the chest.

Superior The term superior refers to any structure that is closer to the head relative to another structure farther away. In anatomical position, the head by definition is the most superior structure in the body. It therefore is the standard landmark by which all other structures are measured as closer or farther from it.

The study of structures of the cardiovascular system is an example of __________.

Systemic Anatomy Remember that an organ system is composed of several components. Each component has its characteristic anatomy and landmarks. The study of all the components of an organ system as well as the components' individual labeling is systemic anatomy.

Which of the following levels of organization is the smallest and simplest?

The Chemical Level The chemical level is made up of the compounds and molecules that are the components of cellular units. Since these are the component parts of cells, this simpler level of organization is made up of nonliving material. The chemical level of organization forms the material foundation for all other, higher levels of complexity in biological systems.

Multiple body systems work together to maintain homeostasis in our bodies. Which of the following body systems is not involved in concentrating wastes?

The Integumentary System The integumentary system works to regulate heat loss and regulate water loss through perspiration, but it does not function to concentrate waste products.

"Homeostasis" refers to __________.

The existence of a stable internal environment This balance is maintained by regulating opposing activities so that the balance tilts in neither direction for any extended period of time. Tilting of the balance will happen transiently as the organism continually adjusts to changing environmental conditions. If this transient tilt is not readjusted back to the balance point, disease is the usual result after a period of time.

Which of the following statements is not accurate in describing the set point and the normal range of homeostatic regulation?

The set point is a precise value of bodily function that must be maintained perfectly or the body immediately suffers. However, in some cases the normal range is very narrow and the regulation within the normal range must be very precise to avoid disruption of function. In other cases, wider range of fluctuation is tolerated and compensated for easily.

In the homeostatic regulation of body temperature, which of the following is the control center?

The thermoregulatory center in the brain The thermoregulatory center in the hypothalamus of the brain is the control center of regulation. It receives information about the changing temperature of the body, processes it, and sends commands to the body to correct it.

The heart and the lungs are located in the __________ cavity.

Thoracic The heart and the lungs are located in the thoracic cavity. This cavity is the superior division of the ventral cavity and is above the diaphragm. The thoracic cavity also includes other structures such as the trachea in the respiratory system as well as the esophagus in the digestive system.

The two subdivisions of the ventral body cavity are the __________.

Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Cavities The ventral cavity along the anterior aspect of the body can be divided into the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity. The thoracic cavity houses the heart and lungs and is above the flat muscle known as the diaphragm. The abdominopelvic cavity lies below the diaphragm and houses all the abdominal viscera as well as the organs of the reproductive and urinary systems.

What is the role of the effector in homeostatic regulation?

To respond to the commands of the control center The role of the effector in homeostatic regulation is to respond to the commands of the control center. The effector creates the desired outcome when the control center has reached a threshold that deems a change necessary. The result is a return to a balanced state, where the biological parameters are once again within the preset or normal range. Generally, this return to a normal range will prevent damage to the system, which would otherwise fail to function.

Which sectional planes of the body could show parts of both lungs and the heart?

Transverse and Frontal The frontal and certain transverse sections could show both lungs and the heart. Not every transverse section would do this.

What is the name of the serous membrane that covers the surface of the heart?

Visceral Pericardium Visceral refers to a structure associated with internal organs, while pericardium refers to a structure around the heart. The prefix "peri-"means "around," while the root word "cardi" means "heart." Thus, visceral pericardium refers to a membrane that covers the outer surface of the heart.

Which of the choices contains the sequence of anatomical directions equivalent to ventral, posterior, superior, inferior?

anterior, dorsal, cephalic, caudal "Ventral" is the term for the region in front of the body, which is also described as anterior. Posterior is a direction toward the back of the body, which is also known as the dorsal region. Superior is the direction toward the head, which is also known as the cephalic region. Inferior is a direction toward the feet, which is also known as the caudal region.

Beginning with chemicals and proceeding through increasing levels of complexity, the correct sequence is __________.

chemicals, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism