A&P 2 - ch. 23 COPIED

At rest, a normal person breathes about _____ times per minute.

12

How long is the average trachea?

12-14 cm

Approximately what percent of the oxygen in blood is transported by the hemoglobin of erythrocytes?

98%

You may have noticed that after a large meal you have had some difficulty breathing. Which explanation is most accurate with regard to this situation?

A full stomach impedes contraction of the diaphragm, limiting inhalation.

Which is not part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

Alveoli

Which type of receptor initiates the inhalation (or Hering-Breuer) reflex?

Baroreceptors

Where would you find the trachealis muscle?

Between the esophagus and the trachea

The larynx is supported by nine pieces of cartilage. Which cartilages occur in pairs?

Corniculate, cuneiform, and arytenoid

These muscles extend from a superior rib inferomedially to the adjacent inferior rib. They elevate the ribs upon contraction, thereby increasing the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity during inhalation:

External intercostals

Another name for the nasal septum is the turbinate. (T/F)

False

Bronchoconstriction results from relaxation of smooth muscle in the walls of airways. (T/F)

False

Consistent with Boyle's law, air flows from a region of lower pressure (the atmosphere) into a region of higher pressure within the lungs. (T/F)

False

Depression of the ribs increases the lateral dimensions of the thoracic cavity. (T/F)

False

From moment to moment, the oxygen partial pressure gradient between systemic capillary blood and systemic cells switches: one moment it favors diffusion toward the blood and the next moment it favors diffusion toward the cells. (T/F)

False

Hyperventilation leads to hypercapnia. (T/F)

False

In general, respiratory zone structures are lined with a thicker mucosa than conducting zone structures. (T/F)

False

The bronchial circulation is a component of the pulmonary circulation. (T/F)

False

The chest wall is anatomically configured to contract inwardly, so that when the thorax is opened surgically its walls collapse. (T/F)

False

The left primary bronchus is shorter, wider, and more vertically oriented than the right primary bronchus. (T/F)

False

The main stimulus that drives increased breathing during exercise is a drop in blood levels of oxygen. (T/F)

False

The phrenic and intercostal nerves are made up primarily of autonomic nerves for smooth muscle control. (T/F)

False

When a partial pressure gradient exists for a gas, it will move from the area of its lower partial pressure to the area of higher partial pressure. (T/F)

False

The nose contains a single septal cartilage. How many alar cartilages are in the nose?

Four

Which reaction involving CO2 predominates within erythrocytes in the pulmonary capillaries of the lung?

HCO-3 combines with H+ to form H2CO3, which dissociates into CO2 and H2O.

Which statement accurately describes alveolar and systemic gas exchanges?

In alveolar gas exchange oxygen diffuses into the blood, but in systemic gas exchange it diffuses out of the blood.

When someone begins to hyperventilate, the increased movements of their respiratory muscles ________ venous return of blood to the heart.

Increase

Contraction of these muscles depresses the ribs, but only during forced exhalation:

Internal intercostals

Which is not correct about the left lung?

It has an esophageal depression.

Which statement is false regarding the oropharynx?

It houses the pharyngeal tonsil.

Which statement is true regarding the location of the trachea?

It lies anterior to the esophagus, inferior to the larynx, and superior to the primary bronchi of the lungs.

Alveolar duct (lung)

Know where it is.

Alveoli (lung)

Know where it is.

Respiratory bronchiole (lung)

Know where it is.

Terminal bronchiole (lung)

Know where it is.

What connects the pharynx to the trachea?

Larynx

What structure is also known as the "voice box"?

Larynx

What structure prevents food and drink from entering the trachea, conducts air, and produces sound?

Larynx

Which bone does not contain a paranasal sinus?

Mandible

Into what region of the pharynx do auditory tubes open?

Nasopharynx

Which region(s) of the pharynx is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?

Nasopharynx

Be able to label larynx.

Okay.

Be able to label sinuses from anterior view.

Okay.

Be able to label sinuses in a sagital view.

Okay.

Be able to label trachea.

Okay.

What structures are used by both the respiratory and digestive systems?

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx

Which statement accurately describes alveolar exchange of oxygen?

Oxygen diffuses from the alveolus to the blood because the alveolus has a higher partial pressure of oxygen.

What changes in the blood levels of respiratory gases result from hyperventilation?

Oxygen levels do not change but carbon dioxide levels fall.

Bronchial arteries carry _________ blood to the tissues of the lung.

Oxygenated

Which is not part of the respiratory membrane?

Plasma membrane of Type II cell

Compared to its partial pressure at sea level, what would be the partial pressure of oxygen at an altitude with an atmospheric pressure of only 380 mm Hg (recall that sea level atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg)?

Po2 would be half as much as it would be at sea level.

Also known as the pneumotaxic center, this area allows for smooth transitions between inspiration and expiration:

Pontine respiratory center

What type of tissue lines the trachea?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

These muscles increase thoracic cavity dimensions by elevating the first and second ribs during forced inhalation:

Scalenes

Which is not a function of the respiratory system?

Sound reception

Which do not belong to the respiratory zone of the respiratory system?

Terminal bronchioles

What prevents the trachea from collapsing?

The C-shaped cartilaginous rings

Several things happen to inhaled air in a process called conditioning. Select the exception.

The air is cooled.

Which statement is true regarding secondary bronchi?

The left lung has two secondary bronchi and the right lung has three secondary bronchi.

Which of the two lungs is larger and wider?

The right lung

Two individuals of the same size (same dead space) have a pulmonary ventilation rate of 6 L/min, but one is breathing 10 breaths/min and the other is breathing 15 breaths/min. How do their alveolar ventilation rates compare?

The slower breather has a greater alveolar ventilation rate.

Which of the following has the highest partial pressure of carbon dioxide?

The systemic cells

What structure connects the larynx to the primary bronchi?

Trachea

Histamine release results in increased airway resistance and decreased airflow. (T/F)

True

If all else remains equal, an increase in the difference between atmospheric and alveolar pressure results in an increase in airflow. (T/F)

True

Inspiratory capacity is greater than inspiratory reserve volume. (T/F)

True

Most carbon dioxide is transported through the blood as bicarbonate dissolved in plasma. (T/F)

True

Mucous secretions of the respiratory tract include antimicrobial substances such as lysozyme and defensins. (T/F)

True

Olfactory receptors located in the superior region of the nasal cavity are stimulated when airborne molecules are inhaled and dissolved in the mucous covering. (T/F)

True

Prematurely born infants sometimes experience respiratory distress due to inadequate production of surfactant. (T/F)

True

The depth and rate of respiration influence blood levels of hydrogen ion. (T/F)

True

The epithelial lining of the oropharynx and the superior larynx (vocal cords) is nonkeratinized stratified squamous. (T/F)

True

The pulmonary plexus is a weblike network of nerve fibers that surrounds the primary bronchi and enters the lungs at the hilum. It consists of both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers. (T/F)

True

What is the name of the column of neurons within the medulla that initiates neural impulses for inspiration and expiration?

Ventral respiratory group

An increase in dead space results in...

a decrease in alveolar ventilation but no change in pulmonary ventilation.

Phagocytic cells of the alveolus are the...

alveolar macrophages.

The most common cell making up the alveolar wall is the...

alveolar type I cell.

The alveolar cell that secretes pulmonary surfactant is the...

alveolar type II cell.

Foreign particles...

are more likely to lodge in the right primary bronchus.

Organize the items listed into the proper sequence of events for gas exchange. a: O2 is transported to cells by circulatory system. b: O2 is drawn into the lungs during inhalation. c: Cells use O2 and generate CO2. d: CO2 is exhaled. e: The circulatory system transports CO2 to the lungs.

b, a, c, e, d

Which answer places the following events in proper order for pulmonary ventilation? a: Thoracic cavity volume changes. b: Brainstem nuclei stimulate skeletal muscles to contract. c: Air flows down its pressure gradient. d: Dimensional changes in the thorax lead to pressure changes within the lung.

b, a, d, c

The involuntary, rhythmic activities that deliver and remove respiratory gases are regulated in the...

brainstem.

Activation of sympathetic nerves that innervate lung tissue results in...

bronchodilation.

Each lung consists of a number of segments called...

bronchopulmonary segments.

In addition to oxygen, hemoglobin also transports...

carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions.

Foreign particles that are not filtered out by the respiratory epithelium are...

collected by lymph nodes.

About 70% of the CO2 that diffuses into systemic capillaries...

combines with water to form carbonic acid, which then dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.

According to Boyle's law, the pressure of a gas _________ if the volume of its container increases.

decreases

Pulmonary fibrosis...

decreases elasticity, thereby increasing resistance and decreasing airflow.

An increase in the partial pressure of CO2 causes bronchioles to...

dilate.

An increase in the partial pressure of oxygen causes pulmonary arterioles to ________, thereby altering _______ to make gas exchange more efficient.

dilate; perfusion

Airflow is ________ related to the pressure gradient and __________ related to resistance.

directly; inversely

Food is normally prevented from entering the nasopharynx by the...

elevation of the soft palate.

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the alveoli and blood in the lungs is called...

external respiration.

The percentage of the vital capacity that can be exhaled during a specific time period is known as the...

forced expiratory volume.

Pitch refers to the ________ of sound waves; pitch is determined by the tension produced by ________ laryngeal muscles.

frequency; intrinsic

When blood passes through systemic capillaries, the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin changes...

from about 98% to about 75% saturated.

The expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume equals the...

functional residual capacity.

About 23% of the carbon dioxide in the blood is attached to the _______ portion of hemoglobin.

globin

When someone exercises vigorously, their breathing is described as demonstrating...

hyperpnea, involving deeper but not faster breathing.

Airway obstruction can lead to hypoventilation, which can cause...

hypoxia and respiratory acidosis.

Exposure to irritants causes mucus production to...

increase.

During expiration, relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals...

increases the pressure in the thoracic cavity.

Mucin _______ the viscosity of mucus, facilitating the ______ of dust and dirt particles.

increases; trapping

The amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inspiration is the...

inspiratory reserve volume.

Maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) is the greatest amount of air that can be...

inspired and then expelled in 1 minute.

The lungs remain inflated because...

intrapleural pressure is less than intrapulmonary pressure.

Air flows out of the body during expiration because...

intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.

The hilum of the lung...

is an indented area through which the bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves pass.

Because oxygen has a low solubility coefficient in water...

it is not easily dissolved in water and requires a steep partial pressure gradient to enter the water.

The anatomic features of the respiratory membrane that make alveolar gas exchange so efficient are...

its large surface area and minimal thickness.

The male voice tends to be in a lower range than a female's voice because men have...

longer and thicker vocal folds.

Hemoglobin is crucial for oxygen transport in the blood because oxygen has a _______ solubility coefficient in water.

low

Compared to its partial pressure in the atmosphere, oxygen's partial pressure in the alveoli is...

lower.

The main function of serous fluid is to...

lubricate and reduce friction between pleural membranes around the lung.

An air passage (valley) beneath a turbinate within the nasal cavity is referred to as a...

meatus.

When central chemoreceptors detect a drop in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid...

medullary respiratory centers trigger an increase in rate and depth of breathing.

On each side of the chest, the _________ pleura lines the internal thoracic wall and the __________ pleura tightly covers the lung.

parietal; visceral

The carotid bodies contain _________ chemoreceptors that respond to changes in ________________.

peripheral; blood concentrations of H+ and O2

A buildup of fluid in the lungs caused by pneumonia leads to an increase in the...

physiologic dead space.

Suppose that following an automobile accident, a broken rib penetrates into the pleural cavity, causing air to accumulate in the space between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition is known as a...

pneumothorax.

Alveoli abut each other, causing them to appear _________ in cross section.

polygonal

An actively contracting muscle will cause local temperature to rise and will produce acidic molecules. Warmth and lower pH cause the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve to shift ______ reflecting that hemoglobin releases ______ oxygen.

right; more

Tracheal cartilages provide for _______ on the ________ aspect of the trachea.

rigidity; anterior

Terminal bronchioles of the lower respiratory system are lined with...

simple cuboidal epithelium.

Breathing muscles such as the diaphragm are controlled by neurons of the _________ nervous system.

somatic

The terms "upper respiratory system" and "lower respiratory system" are ___________ categorizations of the respiratory system.

structural

As blood travels through a systemic capillary and exchanges gases with systemic cells...

the partial pressure of oxygen in blood decreases as it goes from arterioles to venules.

During quiet expiration...

thoracic cavity volume decreases.

If someone at sea level is given pure oxygen to breathe, it would cause the oxygen saturation of their hemoglobin...

to increase by only a tiny amount.

The region of the nasal cavity immediately internal to the nostrils is the _________; it contains coarse guard hairs.

vestibule