Cellular Respiration

The products of aerobic respiration in a mammalian cell are: A water, ATP and oxygen B water, ATP and carbon dioxide C lactate and ATP D ethanol and ATP

B water, ATP and carbon dioxide

Which of the following is the products of the Krebs cycle? - ATP - NADH - FADH - all of these

- all of these

Oxidative phosphorylation is also known as: - chemiosmosis - glycolysis - fermentation - electron transport chain

- electron transport chain

In aerobic respiration, the electrons associated with the hydrogen atoms in glucose are transferred to A carbon in a series of steps B oxygen in a series of steps C ATP in a series of steps D FADH2 in a series of steps E All of the above

B oxygen in a series of steps

Which of these molecules is produced during glycolysis? A glycogen B glucose C carbon dioxide D ATP

D ATP

NADH + H+ is oxidized during which stage(s) of aerobic respiration in the cell? A glycolysis B glycolysis and the Krebs cycle C acetyl Coa formation and the Krebs cycle D glycolysis, acetyl CoA formation and the Krebs cycle E electron transport chain

E electron transport chain

The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by a. substrate-level phosphorylation. b. electron transport. c. photophosphorylation. d. chemiosmosis. e. oxidation of NADH to NAD+

a. substrate-level phosphorylation.

Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O2) is present or absent? a. electron transport b. glycolysis c. the citric acid cycle d. oxidative phosphorylation e. chemiosmosis

b. glycolysis

How many ATP molecules are used in the Krebs cycle? • 0 ATP molecules • 2 ATP molecules • 4 ATP molecules • 38 ATP molecules

• 0 ATP molecules The Krebs cycle does not use any ATP. It does produce 2 ATP.

What is the starting molecule for glycolysis? • water • glucose • pyruvic acid • adenosine diphosphate

• glucose Glycolysis breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid, releasing enough energy to produce a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH.

2. Which of the following statements is FALSE? - glycolysis can occur with or without oxygen - glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria - glycolysis is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration - glycolysis produces 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate

- glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria It occurs in the cytosol

This process begins with the production of Acetyl-CoA: - chemiosmosis - glycolysis - fermentation - krebs cycle

- krebs cycle

The stages of glucose oxidation are listed below. Which one of the following stages occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell? A glycolysis B oxidation of pyruvic acid to acetyl-CoA C Krebs citric acid cycle D chemiosmosis and electron transport

A glycolysis

All of the following are produced during the reactions of glycolysis except A ATP B pyruvate C carbon dioxide D NADH + H+ E heat

C carbon dioxide

Which of these accumulates in the intermembrane space of a mitochondrion during electron transport? A oxygen B electrons C hydrogen ions (protons) D ATP

C hydrogen ions (protons)

When hydrogen ions (H+) are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane, they form a proton gradient. ATP is then formed by a process called A glycolysis B Krebs citric acid cycle C oxidative phosphorylation D substrate level phosphorylation E acetyl CoA formation

C oxidative phosphorylation

Outline anaerobic respiration

Occurs in the absence of oxygen • Occurs in the cytosol of the cell • Results in a small yield of ATP: - 2 ATP molecules from glycolysis • Results in the formation of: - lactic acid (animal cells) - ethanol + CO2 (plant cells = fermentation)

Redox Reactions

Remember: OIL RIG Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain (of e-)

Cell Respiration

The controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP.

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event? a. glycolysis b. accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain c. the citric acid cycle d. the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA e. the phosphorylation of ADP to form AT

b. accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

When oxygen is present, cellular respiration in your body cells yields a total of ______ ATP per glucose molecule. • 2 • 32 • 34 • 38

• 38 2 from glycolysis, 2 from the Krebs cycle, and 34 from the electron transport chain and ATP synthase action.

Water is a product of cellular respiration. • True • False

• True

Cramps during exercise are caused by: - alcohol fermentation - glycolysis inhibition - lactic acid fermentation - chemiosmosis

- lactic acid fermentation

This process uses NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP - oxidative phosphorylation - fermentation - glycolysis - krebs cycle

- oxidative phosphorylation

Which of the following processes produces the most ATP? - glycolysis - oxidative phosphorylation - fermentation - krebs cycle

- oxidative phosphorylation

The final electron acceptor during oxidative phosphorylation is: - oxygen - water - carbon dioxide - ATP

- oxygen

Which of the following is necessary for oxidative phosphorylation to occur? - ATP - oxygen - carbon dioxide - lactic acid

- oxygen

How many molecules of carbon dioxide will be given off during ten turns of the Krebs cycle? A 10 B 20 C 30 D 40 E 100

B 20 Acetyl CoA, which has two carbon atoms, enters the Kreb's citric acid cycle and these two carbons leave as two molecules of CO2. So 10 turns will be 2 x 10 = 20

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is directly involved in A glycolysis B accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain C the Krebs citric acid cycle D the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA E the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP

B accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

Which of the following statements concerning ATP synthesis in the mitochondria is true? A interruption of the flow of electrons from NAD+ to oxygen stops ATP synthesis B making the entire inner mitochondrial membrane permeable to H+ would stop ATP synthesis C the movement of electrons through a special channel results in ATP synthesis D an electron gradient exists across the inner mitochondrial membrane

B making the entire inner mitochondrial membrane permeable to H+ would stop ATP synthesis

NADH + H+ and FADH2 are the products of: A glycolysis B reduction reactions C formation of acetyl CoA D chemiosmosis

B reduction reactions NADH + H+ is the reduced form of NAD+ FADH2 is the reduced form of FAD+

The stages of cellular respiration are listed below. Which one of the following stages produces the most ATP directly when glucose is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water? A glycolysis B oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA C Krebs citric acid cycle D electron transport and chemiosmosis

D electron transport and chemiosmosis Approximately 34 molecules of ATP are produced by electron transport and chemiosmosis per molecule of glucose as NADH + H+ and FADH2 are oxidized.

Where is the electron transport chain for cellular respiration located in a plant cell? A in the inner membrane of the chloroplast B in the outer membrane of the chloroplast C in the cell membrane D in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion E in the outer membrane of the mitochondrion

D in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion

Explain aerobic respiration [In Depth] - Link Reaction - Krebs Cycle - Electron Transport Chain

Link Reaction: • Pyruvate transported from cytosol to mitochondrial matrix and converted into acetyl CoA • Each pyruvate produces CO2 and NADH + H+ Krebs Cycle: • Acetyl CoA (2C) is combined with a 4C compound to make a 6C intermediate, which is broken down in a series of reactions to reform the 4C compound • This cycle produces ATP, 2 × CO2, 3 × NADH + H+ and FADH2 Electron Transport Chain: • Hydrogen carriers pass electrons to the ETC • As electrons move through the chain they lose energy, which is used to make large quantities of ATP via chemiosmosis • Oxygen is the final electron acceptor and is reduced to form water

Outline glycolysis [In Depth] - Stages

Phosphorylation: Two ATP are added to glucose to make a hexose biphosphate Lysis: This is then split into 2 triose phosphates Oxidation: Triose phosphates lose electrons to form NADH + H+ (×2), one phosphate added (each) ATP Formation: Triose phosphates lose phosphates to form pyruvate (4 ATP produced)

In the absence of oxygen, yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation, resulting in the production of a. ATP, CO2and ethanol (ethyl alcohol). b. ATP, CO2, and lactate. c. ATP, NADH, and pyruvate. d. ATP, pyruvate, and oxygen. e. ATP, pyruvate, and acetyl CoA

a. ATP, CO2and ethanol (ethyl alcohol).

What is the term used for the metabolic pathway in which glucose (C6H12O6) is degraded to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water? a. cellular respiration b. glycolysis c. fermentation d. citric acid cycle e. oxidative phosphorylation

a. cellular respiration

A molecule that is phosphorylated a. has an increased chemical reactivity; it is primed to do cellular work. b. has a decreased chemical reactivity; it is less likely to provide energy for cellular work. c. has been oxidized as a result of a redox reaction involving the gain of an inorganic phosphate. d. has been reduced as a result of a redox reaction involving the loss of an inorganic phosphate.

a. has an increased chemical reactivity; it is primed to do cellular work.

During aerobic cellular respiration, a proton gradient in mitochondria is generated by ____ and used primarily for ____. a. the electron transport chain; ATP synthesis b. the electron transport chain; substrate-level phosphorylation c. glycolysis; production of H2O d. fermentation; NAD+ reduction e. diffusion of protons; ATP synthesis

a. the electron transport chain; ATP synthesis

The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to a. yield energy in the form of ATP as it is passed down the respiratory chain. b. act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water. c. combine with carbon, forming CO2. d. combine with lactate, forming pyruvate. e. catalyze the reactions of glycolysis.

b. act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water.

In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis? a. CO2 and H2O b. CO2 and pyruvate c. NADH and pyruvate d. CO2 and NADH e. H2O, FADH2, and citrate

c. NADH and pyruvate

Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located? a. cytosol b. mitochondrial outer membrane c. mitochondrial inner membrane d. mitochondrial intermembrane space e. mitochondrial matrix

c. mitochondrial inner membrane

During oxidative phosphorylation, H2O is formed. Where does the oxygen for the synthesis of the water come from? a. carbon dioxide (CO2) b. glucose (C6H12O6) c. molecular oxygen (O2) d. pyruvate (C3H3O3) e. lactate (C3H5O3)

c. molecular oxygen (O2)

Where is ATP synthase located in the mitochondrion? a. cytosol b. electron transport chain c. outer membrane d. inner membrane e. mitochondrial matrix

d. inner membrane

Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions into which location? a. cytosol b. mitochondrial outer membrane c. mitochondrial inner membrane d. mitochondrial intermembrane space e. mitochondrial matrix

d. mitochondrial intermembrane space

Which of the following statements is (are) correct about an oxidation-reduction (or redox) reaction? a. The molecule that is reduced gains electrons. b. The molecule that is oxidized loses electrons. c. The molecule that is reduced loses electrons. d. The molecule that is oxidized gains electrons. e. Both A and B are correct.

e. Both A and B are correct.

All of the following are functions of the citric acid cycle except a. production of ATP. b. production of NADH. c. production of FADH2. d. release of carbon dioxide. e. adding electrons and protons to oxygen, forming water

e. adding electrons and protons to oxygen, forming water

Where does glycolysis takes place? a. mitochondrial matrix b. mitochondrial outer membrane c. mitochondrial inner membrane d. mitochondrial intermembrane space e. cytosol

e. cytosol

Outline the process of glycolysis

• Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose (6C) into two molecules of pyruvate (2 × 3C) • Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol and results in a small yield of ATP (net gain = 2 ATP) • Can occur via either an anaerobic (O2 absent) or aerobic (O2 present) pathway

Relationship between mitochondrial structure and function

• Inner Membrane: Folded into cristae, increasing SA:Vol ratio (∴ more ETC) • Intermembrane Space: Small volume means that small changes in the number of H+ ions will have a big effect on the proton motive force • Matrix: Contains necessary enzymes and a suitable pH for the Krebs cycle to proceed • Outer Membrane: Contains transport proteins for shuttling pyruvate from cytosol

Outline aerobic respiration

• Occurs in the presence of oxygen • Occurs in the mitochondria of the cell • Results in a large yield of ATP: - 2 ATP molecules from glycolysis - 2 ATP molecules from Krebs Cycle - 34 ATP molecules from ETC • Results in the formation of: - carbon dioxide (CO2) + water (H2O)

Explain oxidative phosphorylation in terms of chemiosmosis

• Oxidative phosphorylation involves using energy from oxidised hydrogen carriers (NADH + H+ / FADH2) to phosphorylate ADP and make chemical energy (ATP) • As electrons move through an electron transport chain they lose energy which is used to pump hydrogen ions (H+) from the matrix into the intermembrane space • This generates a proton motive force which drives the hydrogen ions back into the matrix at special transmembrane pumps (ATP synthetase) - this is known as chemiosmosis • ATP synthetase uses the energy released by the movement of H+ ions to synthesise ATP from ADP + Pi

Plants undergo cellular respiration. • True • False

• True Plants, like animals, must use cellular respiration to extract the chemical energy from their food.

All chemical activity that occurs during cellular respiration is controlled by enzymes. • True • False

• True The reactions that occur in cellular respiration require a specific enzyme to catalyze them.

Respiration without oxygen is called ____________ respiration. • aerobic • anaerobic • de-oxygenated • none of the above

• anaerobic Another name for anaerobic respiration is "fermentation."

Which of the following is considered a waste product of cellular respiration? • ATP • oxygen • glucose • carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is given off as a waste product to the surroundings.

• carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is given off as a waste product to the surroundings.

If all of a cell's proteins suddenly became inactive, which of the following processes could still occur? • aerobic cellular respiration • diffusion across the plasma membrane • active transport across the plasma membrane • the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into liquid water and oxygen gas

• diffusion across the plasma membrane Diffusion does not require the help of proteins.

Either lactic acid or alcohol is produced as a result of • hydrolysis. • fermentation. • photosynthesis. • aerobic cellular respiration.

• fermentation. Fermentation makes ATP without using oxygen. This allows your muscle cells to obtain ATP when a short burst of energy is needed.

The process called ____________ takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell, literally means "glucose-breaking," and yields a total of 2 ATP. • osmosis • glycolysis • the Krebs cycle • the Calvin cycle

• glycolysis There is an initial investment of 2 ATP, but 4 ATP are then produced, yielding a net gain of 2 ATP.

In what cell structure does aerobic cellular respiration take place? • nucleus • ribosome • chloroplast • mitochondrion

• mitochondrion Because of its involvement in the extraction of chemical energy from food, the mitochondrion is often called the "powerhouse" of the cell.

Under low oxygen conditions, the production of lactic acid in your body can lead to • the shutdown of glycolysis. • muscle soreness and fatigue. • the production of more carbon dioxide. • the production of more adenosine triphosphate.

• muscle soreness and fatigue. Your body consumes oxygen as it converts the lactic acid back to pyruvic acid. You restore your oxygen supply by breathing heavily for several minutes after you stop exercising.

When is energy stored in ATP? • when a ribose sugar is added to ATP • when adenosine is removed from ATP • when a phosphate group is added to ADP • when a phosphate group is removed from ADP

• when a phosphate group is added to ADP Energy is stored when a third phosphate group is added to transform ADP into ATP.