A&P 2 Chapter 25 The Urinary System -6
Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body. 1. major calyx 2. minor calyx 3. nephron 4. urethra 5. ureter 6. collecting duct
3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4
1) The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________. A) loop of Henle B) glomerular filtration membrane C) collecting duct D) distal convoluted tubule.
A
14) The renal corpuscle is made up of ________. A) Bowmanʹs capsule and glomerulus B) the descending loop of Henle C) the renal pyramid D) the renal papilla
A
15) The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is ________. A) the nephron B) the loop of Henle C) Bowmanʹs capsule D) the basement membrane of the capillaries
A
18) Which of the following statements describes the histology of the ureters? A) They are trilayered (mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia). B) They are actually an extension of the visceral peritoneum. C) They are made up of several layers of endothelium. D) They are made up entirely of muscle tissue because they need to contract in order to transport urine efficiently.
A
20) Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)? A) The stretching of the bladder wall serves as the trigger. B) Motor neurons control micturition. C) The pressure of the fluid in the bladder opens a sphincter and allows the urine to flow by gravity down the urethra. D) The sympathetic efferents are the predominant system controlling micturition.
A
28) The function of angiotensin II is to ________. A) constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure B) decrease the production of aldosterone C) decrease arterial blood pressure D) decrease water absorption
A
32) Select the correct statement about the nephrons. A) The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium. B) The glomerulus is correctly described as the proximal end of the proximal convoluted tubule. C) Podocytes are the branching epithelial cells that line the tubules of the nephron. D) Filtration slits are the pores that give fenestrated capillaries their name.
A
45) As the renal artery approaches the kidney, it branches to supply the renal tissue. Place the following in correct sequence starting from the renal artery. 1. segmental 2. cortical radiate 3. arcuate 4. interlobar A) 1, 4, 3, 2 B) 3, 1, 4, 2 C) 1, 2, 3, 4 D) 1, 4, 2, 3
A
46. The relative concentration of potassium is A. higher in urine than plasma or glomerular filtrate. B. higher in plasma and glomerular filtrate than in urine. C. about equal in plasma, glomerular filtrate, and urine. D. lower in urine than plasma or glomerular filtrate. E. none of the above.
A
47) Select the correct statement about urinary system development. A) Kidneys develop from urogenital ridges. B) The metanephric ducts will become the urethras. C) The pronephros (first tubule system) develops during the tenth week of gestation. D) The mesonephros will develop into the kidneys.
A
48. Autoregulation refers to A. maintaining constant GFR. B. secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide at a constant rate. C. secretion of renin at a constant rate. D. getting your driver's license renewed. E. training a toddler to use a toilet.
A
49) Which statement is correct? A) Reabsorption of water is hormonally controlled. B) Normal filtrate contains a large amount of protein. C) Most of the water passing through the kidney is eliminated as urine. D) The excretion of sodium ions is one of the mechanisms that maintains the pH balance of the blood.
A
5) The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium. A) transitional B) simple squamous C) stratified squamous D) pseudostratified columnar
A
50. At the renal plasma threshold A. more glucose is in the filtrate than active transport can handle. B. blood volume is so great that nephrons cannot keep up. C. the urine has too little glucose. D. hemodialysis is needed. E. a kidney transplant is necessary.
A
53. The layers of a ureter are A. outer fibrous coat, middle muscular coat, inner mucous coat. B. inner fibrous coat, middle muscular coat, outer mucous coat. C. inner muscular coat, middle fibrous coat, outer inner mucous coat. D. inner vascular coat, middle neural coat, outer mucous coat. E. the intima, the media, and the superficial layer.
A
56. The micturition reflex center is in the A. sacral segments of the spinal cord. B. medulla oblongata. C. pons. D. hypothalamus. E. kidneys.
A
60. Which of the following correctly lists the order of structures through which urine flows after its formation in the nephron? A. calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra B. renal pelvis, calyx, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra C. renal pelvis, calyx, urethra, ureter, urinary bladder D. renal pelvis, calyx, urinary bladder, ureter, urethra E. glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct
A
8) Which gland sits atop each kidney? A) adrenal B) thymus C) pituitary D) pancreas
A
The renal corpuscle is made up of ________. A) Bowman's capsule and glomerulus B) the descending loop of Henle C) the renal pyramid D) the renal papilla
A) Bowman's capsule and glomerulus
The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________. A) loop of Henle B) glomerular filtration membrane C) collecting duct D) distal convoluted tubule
A) Loop of Henle
Which gland sits atop each kidney? A) adrenal B) thymus C) pituitary D) pancreas
A) adrenal
Which of these is NOT usually secreted by the kidneys? A) creatine B) creatinine C) H+ D) penicillin
A) creatine
Each minor calyx receives urine from the _____. A) renal papillae B) pelvis C) ureter D) columns
A) renal papillae
The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium. A) transitional B) simple squamous C) stratified squamous D) pseudostratified columnar
A) transitional
Which blood vessels surround the loops of Henle? A) vasa recta B) peritubular capillaries C) interlobular arteries D) efferent arterioles
A) vasa recta
66. Kidney cells die as early as age A. 20. B. 30. C. 40. D. 50. E. 60
A. 20.
7. A nephron consists of A. a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. B. an afferent and efferent arteriole. C. a cortex and a medulla. D. a bladder and a ureter. E. peritubular and paratubular capillaries.
A. a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule.
69. The story of Balkan endemic nephropathy indicated that A. a toxin in food can damage kidneys and cause kidney cancer. B. kidney disease only affects people in Croatia. C. drinking too much alcohol can strain the kidneys. D. a terrorist can poison peoples' urinary systems by putting bacteria in the water supply. E. kidneys can regenerate
A. a toxin in food can damage kidneys and cause kidney cancer.
71. Hemodialysis is also called A. an artificial kidney. B. a bionic nephron. C. a kidney transplant. D. a bone marrow transplant. E. an artificial liver.
A. an artificial kidney
10. A renal corpuscle is a _____, whereas a renal tubule is a _____. A. cluster of blood capillaries and glomerular capsule; highly coiled tubule exiting the glomerular capsule B. special blood cell in the kidneys; tubule that leads from the kidneys to the bladder C. storage area for urine; tubule that carries urine from the urinary bladder outside D. glandular structure that regulates blood pressure; blood vessel that regulates the flow of blood into the glomerulus E. structure composed of connective tissue; blood vessel
A. cluster of blood capillaries and glomerular capsule; highly coiled tubule exiting the glomerular capsule
26. The countercurrent mechanism in the nephron A. creates a highly concentrated interstitial fluid so that urine can be concentrated by the collecting ducts when they are permeable to water. B. is a method to move sodium to control its concentration. C. keeps the volume of water lost in the urine relatively constant. D. keeps interstitial fluid hydrated to maintain blood pressure. E. none of the above.
A. creates a highly concentrated interstitial fluid so that urine can be concentrated by the collecting ducts when they are permeable to water.
18. The hormone ADH promotes water reabsorption through the wall(s) of the A. distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. B. proximal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. C. ascending limb of the nephron loop. D. descending limb of the nephron loop. E. glomerulus.
A. distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.
12. The first capillary bed associated with the nephron A. filters. B. reabsorbs nutrients. C. adjusts pH. D. forms urine. E. reverses the flow of blood
A. filters.
5. A renal corpuscle includes the A. glomerulus and glomerular capsule. B. glomerulus and renal tubule. C. glomerular capsule and renal tubule. D. renal tubule and collecting tubule. E. red blood cells and hemoglobin
A. glomerulus and glomerular capsule.
30. An increase in glomerular osmotic pressure ________ the rate of glomerular filtration. A. increases B. decreases C. does not change D. has a variable effect on E. stops
A. increases
64. Females are at higher risk of contracting a urinary tract infection because A. the female urethra is shorter than the male's. B. the female urethra is longer than the male's. C. women sit down to urinate. D. women use toilet paper when they urinate. E. the female urethra is wider than the male's.
A. the female urethra is shorter than the male's
24. In the disease gout, plasma has excess A. uric acid. B. urea. C. calcium ions. D. amino acids. E. hemoglobin.
A. uric acid
44. A product of the metabolism of certain nucleic acid bases is A. uric acid. B. urea. C. ammonia. D. water. E. adenine.
A. uric acid.
8) Explain how an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) such as captopril would be effective as an antihypertensive.
Answer: Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor activating smooth muscle of arterioles throughout the body, causing mean arterial blood pressure to rise. ACE inhibitors reduce blood pressure by interrupting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
11) Explain what is meant by the terms cotransport process and transport maximum.
Answer: Cotransport process refers to the active transport of one solute "uphill" (against a concentration gradient) coupled to the "downhill" (with a concentration gradient) movement of another during tubular reabsorption. Transport maximum reflects the number of carriers in the renal tubules available to "ferry" a particular substance.
16) Freshly voided urine has very little smell, but shortly after voiding it can give off a very strong smell. Why
Answer: Freshly voided urine is relatively sterile but if it is allowed to stand, bacteria begin to metabolize the urea solutes to release ammonia and other smells depending on the person's diet. A fruity smell generally means there is a diabetes problem.
13) List and describe three pressures operating at the filtration membrane, and explain how each influences net filtration pressure
Answer: Glomerular hydrostatic pressure is the chief force pushing water and solutes across the filtration membrane. The higher the glomerular hydrostatic pressure, the more filtrate is pushed across the membrane. Colloid osmotic pressure of plasma proteins in the glomerular blood, and capsular hydrostatic pressure exerted by fluids in the glomerular capsule, drive fluids back into the glomerular capillaries. The net filtration pressure equals glomerular hydrostatic pressure minus the sum of colloid osmotic pressure of glomerular blood and capsular hydrostatic pressure.
14) In addition to the renin-angiotensin mechanism, the renal cells produce other chemicals. Name four, and briefly give the main function of each
Answer: Renal cells also produce chemicals, some of which act locally as signaling molecules. These chemicals include prostaglandins (vasodilators and vasoconstrictors), which probably regulate GFR; nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator produced by the vascular endothelium; adenosine, which constricts renal vasculature; and endothelin, a vasoconstrictor that inhibits renin release.
7) A 58-year-old woman complains of loss of urine when coughing and sneezing, and during exercise. She has had three children. Describe the possible causes of urinary incontinence in this patient
Answer: Stress incontinence is found most commonly in women with relaxed pelvic musculature deprived of estrogen. Stress incontinence may occur with a sudden increase in intra-abdominal pressure such as coughing or sneezing, which forces urine through the external sphincter
13) The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because ________. A) it ensures adequate energy for the adrenal glands to operate efficiently B) it stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position C) it is necessary as a barrier between the adrenal glands and kidneys D) it produces vitamin D
B
2) Urine passes through the ________. A) renal hilum to the bladder to the ureter B) pelvis of the kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra C) glomerulus to ureter to renal tubule D) hilus to urethra to bladder
B
22) The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________. A) active transport B) osmosis C) solvent drag D) cotransport with sodium ions
B
29) A disease caused by inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the pituitary gland with symptoms of polyuria is ________. A) diabetes mellitus B) diabetes insipidus C) diabetic acidosis D) coma
B
3) A Bowmanʹs capsule does not contain ________. A) a podocyte B) a vasa recta C) a fenestrated capillary D) an efferent arteriole
B
30) An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is ________. A) 1.041-1.073 B) 1.001-1.035 C) 1.030-1.040 D) 1.000-1.015
B
33) What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal? A) Net filtration would increase above normal. B) Net filtration would decrease. C) Filtration would increase in proportion to the increase in capsular pressure. D) Capsular osmotic pressure would compensate so that their filtration would not change.
B
35) Tubular reabsorption ________. A) includes substances such as creatinine B) by active mechanisms usually involves movement against an electrical and/or chemical gradient C) by passive processes requires ATP to move solutes from the interior of the tubule to the blood D) is a way for the body to get rid of unwanted waste
B
4) An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to ________. A) a decrease in the production of ADH B) an increase in the production of ADH C) an increase in the production of aldosterone D) a decrease in the concentration of the blood plasma
B
41) The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is ________. A) the colloid osmotic pressure of the blood B) the glomerular hydrostatic pressure C) the capsular hydrostatic pressure D) the myogenic mechanism
B
44) Excretion of dilute urine requires ________. A) relative permeability of the distal tubule to water B) impermeability of the collecting tubule to water C) transport of sodium and chloride ions out of the descending loop of Henle D) the presence of ADH
B
47. Secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide A. decreases sodium excretion. B. increases sodium excretion. C. decreases potassium excretion. D. increases potassium excretion. E. has no effect on either sodium or potassium excretion
B
54. The ________ is the tube that conveys urine outside the body. A. ureter B. urethra C. collecting duct D. afferent arteriole E. nephron loop
B
55. The ureter extends downward A. behind the parietal peritoneum and joins the urinary bladder from above. B. behind the parietal peritoneum and joins the urinary bladder from below. C. in front of the parietal peritoneum and joins the urinary bladder from above. D. in front of the parietal peritoneum and joins the urinary bladder from below. E. and then loops up around the bladder.
B
58. The trigone is A. a group of three neighboring nephrons in a kidney. B. a triangular area on the floor of the urinary bladder. C. a region where the glomerulus meets the glomerular capsule. D. part of the Balkans where people developed kidney failure. E. a muscle layer that surrounds each kidney.
B
9) The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney. A) lobar B) arcuate C) interlobar D) cortical radiate
B
Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle? A) a podocyte B) a vasa recta C) a fenestrated capillary D) an efferent arteriole
B) a vasa recta
The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney. A) lobar B) arcuate C) interlobar D) cortical radiate
B) arcuate
Which structure is the first to collect the urine? A) pelvis B) calyx C) ureter D) urethra
B) calyx
An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________. A) decrease in the production of ADH B) increase in the production of ADH C) increase in the production of aldosterone D) decrease in the concentration of the blood plasma
B) increase in the production of ADH
The compound used to assess the function of the kidney at the level of the glomerulus is _____. A) creatinine B) inulin C) para-aminohippuric acid D) creatine
B) inulin
Urine passes through the ________. A) renal hilum to the bladder to the ureter B) pelvis of the kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra C) glomerulus to ureter to renal tubule D) hilum to urethra to bladder
B) pelvis of the kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra
Which of the following are NOT found in the glomerular filtrate? A) glucose B) protein C) uric acid D) creatinine
B) protein
The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ________. A) ensures adequate energy for the adrenal glands to operate efficiently B) stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position C) is necessary as a barrier between the adrenal glands and kidneys D) produces vitamin D
B) stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position
74. The new parents are stunned at the state of their newborn's soiled diaper - it is blue! What might be the cause of the odd diaper stain? A. ADH deficiency B. A defect in transport of the amino acid tryptophan in the small intestine C. A buildup of uric acid in the blood. D. The baby ate a crayon. E. E. coli poisoning
B. A defect in transport of the amino acid tryptophan in the small intestine
40. Which of the following is not a diuretic? A. Caffeine B. Chocolate C. Alcohol D. Tea E. A water pill
B. Chocolate
3. Athletes might abuse which of the following chemicals made in the urinary system to improve performance by increasing red blood cell production? A. ADH B. Erythropoietin (EPO) C. Glomerular filtrate D. Urea E. ATP
B. Erythropoietin (EPO)
20. Which of the following would increase the rate of glomerular filtration? A. Decreased blood pressure B. Increased blood pressure C. A constricted afferent arteriole D. A dilated efferent arteriole E. Drinking water
B. Increased blood pressure
4. Which of the following is correct concerning the location of the kidneys? A. The right kidney is usually higher than the left one. B. They are located behind the parietal peritoneum. C. Their upper borders are about at the level of the third lumbar vertebra. D. They are against the anterior wall of the abdominal cavity. E. None of the above.
B. They are located behind the parietal peritoneum.
62. Nocturnal enuresis is A. a type of hormone made in the heart. B. bedwetting. C. kidney damage from a toxin that E. coli produces. D. a form of kidney cancer. E. an infection.
B. bedwetting
41. Linda drinks a 28-ounce venti sugar-free vanilla nonfat caffe latte on her way to work, and has to urinate about a half hour later. This is most likely because A. a venti is a very large drink. B. caffeine is a diuretic. C. the vanilla inhibits ADH secretion. D. walking quickly rushes fluid through the urinary system. E. all of the above.
B. caffeine is a diuretic.
34. A decrease in the glomerular hydrostatic pressure of a glomerular capsule will _____ the rate of glomerular filtration. A. increase B. decrease C. not change D. have a variable effect on E. stop
B. decrease
73. As a consequence of widespread edema, blood volume A. increases and blood pressure drops. B. decreases and blood pressure drops. C. increases and blood pressure rises. D. decreases and blood pressure rises. E. remains the same.
B. decreases and blood pressure drops.
72. During a kidney transplant procedure, the renal artery and vein of the donor kidney are connected to the recipient's A. renal artery and vein. B. iliac artery and vein. C. aorta and inferior vena cava. D. aorta and portal vein. E. bladder.
B. iliac artery and vein.
67. Kidney shrinkage with age is due to A. spooling of collecting ducts. B. loss of glomeruli. C. merging of proximal and distal convoluted tubules. D. proliferating nephron loops. E. loss of fat and muscle.
B. loss of glomeruli.
16. When sodium ions are reabsorbed through the wall of the renal tubule by active transport, chloride ions are A. reabsorbed by active transport. B. reabsorbed by passive transport. C. secreted by active transport. D. secreted by passive transport. E. none of the above.
B. reabsorbed by passive transport.
35. The composition of glomerular filtrate differs from that of plasma by including A. many different substances that are absent from plasma. B. the same substances as plasma except for larger protein molecules. C. less water and electrolytes than does plasma. D. much more uric acid and creatinine than plasma. E. DNA and RNA.
B. the same substances as plasma except for larger protein molecules.
43. A by-product of amino acid catabolism in the liver is A. uric acid. B. urea. C. ammonia. D. water. E. phenylalanine.
B. urea.
10) The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________. A) has a basement membrane B) is impermeable to most substances C) is drained by an efferent arteriole D) has a blood pressure much lower than other organ systems
C
12) Select the correct statement about the ureters. A) Ureters contain sphincters at the entrance to the bladder to prevent the backflow of urine. B) The epithelium is stratified squamous like the skin, which allows a great deal of stretch. C) The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract. D) The ureter is innervated by parasympathetic nerve endings only.
C
17) The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________. A) the design and size of the podocytes B) the thickness of the capillary endothelium C) glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure) D) the size of the pores in the basement membrane of the capillaries
C
19) The first major branch of the renal artery is ________. A) arcuate B) interlobular C) segmental D) cortical radiate
C
21) The filtration membrane includes all except ________. A) glomerular endothelium B) podocytes C) renal fascia D) basement membrane
C
23) Most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules ________. A) is not Tm limited B) is in the distal convoluted tubule C) is hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments D) is completed by the time the loop of Henle is reached
C
34) Which of the following is not a part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? A) granular cells B) macula densa C) podocyte cells D) mesanglial cells
C
36) Which statement is true about urine? A) Urine is usually slightly alkaline. B) Urine has an ammonialike odor when fresh. C) Urine has nitrogenous waste such as urea and uric acid. D) Urine has a yellow color due to the presence of hemoglobin.
C
38) While the kidneys process about 180 L of blood-derived fluids daily, the amount that actually leaves the body is ________. A) 50%, or 90 L B) all of the 180 L C) 1%, or 1.8 L D) 100 L
C
39) Fetal kidneys do not have to work very hard because ________. A) fetuses do not have any waste to excrete B) there are no functional nephrons until after birth C) the placenta allows the motherʹs urinary system to clear the waste from fetal blood D) there is no way a fetus could excrete urine until the seventh month of development
C
42) If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid ________. A) will be actively secreted into the filtrate B) will be completely reabsorbed by the tubule cells C) will appear in the urine D) will be reabsorbed by secondary active transport
C
43) If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean? A) The glucose molecule is too large to be filtered out of the blood. B) Most of the glucose is filtered out of the blood and is not reabsorbed in the convoluted tubules. C) Normally all the glucose is reabsorbed. D) The clearance value of glucose is relatively high in a healthy adult
C
48) The disruption in homeostasis known as pyelitis is ________. A) a virus that appears only in children because of poor hygiene B) the aftermath of a severe upper respiratory infection C) an infection of the renal pelvis and calyces D) more prevalent in the elderly
C
52. Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy is used to treat A. kidney failure. B. a urinary tract infection. C. kidney stones. D. incontinence. E. gout.
C
6) The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________. A) when the peritubular capillaries are dilated B) when the pH of the urine decreases C) by a decrease in the blood pressure D) when the specific gravity of urine rises above 1.10
C
7) Blood vessels of the renal columns are called ________. A) lobar B) segmental C) interlobar D) cortical radiate
C
Select the correct statement about the ureters. A) Ureters contain sphincters at the entrance to the bladder to prevent the backflow of urine. B) The epithelium is stratified squamous like the skin, which allows a great deal of stretch. C) The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract. D) The ureter is innervated by parasympathetic nerve endings only.
C) The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract.
Vigorous exercise could release high amounts of _____ into the urine. A) glucose B) uric acid C) albumin D) ascorbic acid
C) albumin
The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________. A) when the peritubular capillaries are dilated B) when the pH of the urine decreases C) by a decrease in the blood pressure D) when the specific gravity of urine rises above 1.10
C) by a decrease in the blood pressure
Which process is most affected by blood pressure? A) tubular secretion B) tubular reabsorption C) glomerular filtration D) loop of Henle diffusion
C) glomerular filtration
The entrance into the kidney is called the _____. A) sinus B) renal column C) hilum D) pyramid
C) hilum
The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________. A) has a basement membrane B) is impermeable to most substances C) is drained by an efferent arteriole D) has a blood pressure much lower than other organ systems
C) is drained by an efferent arteriole
What causes urine to flow from the kidneys to the bladder? A) gravity B) hydrostatic pressure C) peristalsis D) osmotic pressure
C) peristalsis
6. Which of the following indicates the parts of a renal tubule in the correct sequence from beginning to end? A. Proximal convoluted tubule, ascending limb, descending limb, distal convoluted tubule B. Distal convoluted tubule, ascending limb, descending limb, proximal convoluted tubule C. Proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb, ascending limb, distal convoluted tubule D. Collecting duct, proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb, ascending limb, distal convoluted tubule E. Ascending convoluted tubule, proximal limb, descending convoluted tubule, distal limb.
C. Proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb, ascending limb, distal convoluted tubule
23. Which choice describes the countercurrent mechanism of the nephron loop? A. Water moves out of the ascending limb; sodium moves in the ascending limb B. Water moves in the ascending limb; sodium moves out of the ascending limb C. Water moves out of the descending limb; sodium moves out of the ascending limb D. Water moves in the descending limb; sodium moves out of the descending limb E. Water moves out of the descending limb; calcium moves out of the ascending limb
C. Water moves out of the descending limb; sodium moves out of the ascending limb
19. Most hydrogen ions are secreted A. passively into the proximal convoluted tubule. B. passively from the distal convoluted tubule. C. actively into the entire renal tubule. D. actively from the distal convoluted tubule. E. endocytotically in the nephron loop.
C. actively into the entire renal tubule.
39. Water channels in cell membranes formed by __________ are a result of ADH signaling in the kidneys. A. podocytes B. cytopores C. aquaporins D. pyrogens E. ring proteins
C. aquaporins
61. Conscious control of micturition inhibits the micturition reflex by using nerve centers in the A. medulla oblongata. B. spinal cord. C. brainstem and cerebral cortex. D. pons and hypothalamus. E. kidneys and bladder.
C. brainstem and cerebral cortex.
63. The micturition reflex can be voluntarily controlled by the A. person controlling contraction and relaxation of the pyloric sphincter valve. B. sympathetic impulses stimulating the internal urethral sphincter valve. C. cerebral cortex stimulating or inhibiting the external urethral sphincter valve. D. voluntary contractions or inhibition of the prostate gland. E. spinal cord
C. cerebral cortex stimulating or inhibiting the external urethral sphincter valve
65. Kidney stones are least likely to be composed of A. uric acid. B. calcium oxalate. C. cholesterol. D. magnesium phosphate. E. calcium phosphate
C. cholesterol.
27. Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex causes sodium ions to be A. excreted and water to be conserved. B. excreted and water to be excreted. C. conserved and water to be conserved. D. conserved and water to be excreted. E. unchanged in concentration.
C. conserved and water to be conserved.
37. An increase in urine volume is termed A. anuresis. B. dialysis. C. diuresis. D. urinary edema. E. plasmaphoresis.
C. diuresis.
70. Chronic glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the A. glomerular capsule. B. peritubular capillaries. C. glomerular capillaries. D. collecting ducts. E. bladder.
C. glomerular capillaries
28. Michael is 26 years old. He becomes dehydrated after a long run if he has not drunk enough. His infant son Sean, however, becomes dehydrated fairly frequently. This difference in susceptibility to dehydration is because A. adults drink more liquid. B. infants grow rapidly. C. infant kidneys are less able to conserve water. D. the infant thirst mechanism is underdeveloped. E. Sean has inherited a kidney disease from his father.
C. infant kidneys are less able to conserve water.
42. After work Linda relaxes by drinking two beers, and soon has to urinate. The alcohol is a diuretic because it A. activates distal tubular sodium secretion. B. inhibits aldosterone secretion. C. inhibits ADH secretion. D. activates chloride ion reabsorption. E. promotes ADH secretion.
C. inhibits ADH secretion.
14. The reabsorption of glucose occurs primarily through the walls of the A. glomerular capsule. B. nephron loop. C. proximal convoluted tubule. D. distal convoluted tubule. E. renal duct.
C. proximal convoluted tubule.
29. A renal clearance test determines the rate at which the kidneys can A. excrete water. B. reabsorb ions. C. remove a particular substance from the blood. D. restore the correct pH of the blood. E. add a substance to the blood.
C. remove a particular substance from the blood.
13. Once in the glomerulus, the filtrate moves into the A. renal pelvis. B. renal calyx. C. renal tubule. D. ureter. E. bladder.
C. renal tubule.
32. The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates the filtration rate by _____ and by ____. A. vasodilation of the afferent arteriole; increasing osmotic pressure in the glomerular capsule B. vasoconstriction of the peritubular capillary; dilation of the collecting duct C. vasodilation of the afferent arteriole; renin-angiotensin II vasoconstricting the renal artery D. vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole; vasoconstriction of the ureters. E. all of the above; depending on conditions.
C. vasodilation of the afferent arteriole; renin-angiotensin II vasoconstricting the renal artery
11) The descending limb of the loop of Henle ________. A) is not permeable to water B) is freely permeable to sodium and urea C) pulls water by osmosis into the lumen of the tubule D) contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla
D
16) The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for ________. A) the secretion of drugs B) the secretion of acids and ammonia C) reabsorption of organic molecules, vitamins, and water D) regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure
D
24) The macula densa cells respond to ________. A) aldosterone B) antidiuretic hormone C) changes in pressure in the tubule D) changes in solute content of the filtrate
D
25) Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule? A) Na+ B) K+ C) glucose D) creatinine
D
26) The fluid in the glomerular (Bowmanʹs) capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of ________. A) glucose B) hormones C) electrolytes D) plasma protein
D
27) Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________. A) is not reabsorbed by the tubule cells B) increases the rate of glomerular filtration C) increases secretion of ADH D) inhibits the release of ADH
D
31) Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body. 1. major calyx 2. minor calyx 3. nephron 4. urethra 5. ureter 6. collecting duct A) 3, 1, 2, 6, 5, 4 B) 6, 3, 2, 1, 5, 4 C) 2, 1, 3, 6, 5, 4 D) 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4
D
37) Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ________. A) facilitated diffusion B) passive transport C) countertransport D) secondary active transport
D
40) Which of the following best describes kidney function in older adults (70 years or older)? A) Kidney function remains the same throughout life, regardless of age. B) Only about 3% of older adults have any loss of kidney function. C) Only obese and diabetic older adults have any kidney dysfunction. D) Kidney function decreases due to kidney atrophy.
D
46) In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle ________. A) the thin segment is freely permeable to water B) the thick segment is permeable to water C) the thin segment is not permeable to sodium and chloride D) the thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption
D
49. Shigatoxin is associated with A. Balkan endemic nephropathy. B. urinary tract infection. C. edema. D. hemolytic uremic syndrome. E. hair loss.
D
51. Marvin goes on vacation to Maine and for a week eats nothing but seafood. The next week, he experiences intense pain in his big toe. He probably has A. Balkan endemic nephropathy. B. diuresis. C. edema. D. gout. E. an ingrown toenail.
D
57. Which of the following is not part of the male urethra? A. Prostatic urethra B. Membranous urethra C. Penile urethra D. Ductus deferens E. Mucous membrane
D
59. The detrusor muscle is in the A. ureter. B. urethra. C. brain. D. urinary bladder. E. kidneys.
D
The descending limb of the loop of Henle ________. A) is not permeable to water B) is freely permeable to sodium and urea C) pulls water by osmosis into the lumen of the tubule D) contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla
D) contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla
Which muscle metabolism waste product is eliminated by the kidneys? A) urea B) uric acid C) creatine D) creatinine
D) creatinine
Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system? A) helps maintain homeostasis by controlling the composition, volume, and pressure of blood B) regulates blood glucose levels and produces hormones C) maintains blood osmolarity D) eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat
D) eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat
Which blood vessel conveys blood out of the nephron? A) efferent arteriole B) vasa recta C) peritubular capillary D) interlobular vein
D) interlobular vein
Which of these could appear in the urine from dieting or the utilization of excess lipids? A) urea B) uric acid C) glycine D) ketone
D) ketone
Renal secretion of a compound usually occurs from the _____ into the distal convoluted tubule. A) loop of Henle B) glomerulus C) vasa recta D) peritubular capillaries
D) peritubular capillaries
The kidneys are located in the _____ space. A) pelvic cavity B) peritoneal cavity C) abdominal D) retroperitoneal
D) retroperitoneal
36. Glomerular filtration produces about ________ liters of fluid in twenty-four hours. A. 40 B. 96 C. 144 D. 180 E. 240
D. 180
1. Which of the following is not a function of the kidneys? A. Maintaining volume, pH, and composition of body fluids within normal ranges. B. Removal of excess chemicals. C. Removal of metabolic wastes. D. Synthesis of plasma proteins. E. Removal of drug metabolites.
D. Synthesis of plasma proteins.
31. Filtration rate in the glomerulus is increased by A. vasodilation of the afferent arteriole only. B. vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole only. C. both vasodilation and vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole. D. both vasodilation of the afferent arteriole and vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole. E. none of the above.
D. both vasodilation of the afferent arteriole and vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole.
25. As a result of very low arterial blood pressure, glomerular hydrostatic pressure A. rises and filtration increases. B. rises and filtration decreases. C. drops and filtration increases. D. drops and filtration decreases. E. does not change
D. drops and filtration decreases.
15. When plasma glucose concentration exceeds the renal plasma threshold, A. the glomerular filtration rate increases. B. the volume of urine decreases. C. glucose is secreted into the peritubular capillary. D. glucose appears in the urine. E. glucose disappears from the urine.
D. glucose appears in the urine.
33. An adaptation of the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule for reabsorption is A. thin walls. B. rugae folds that increase surface area. C. secreting enzymes that activate absorption of substances. D. microscopic projections called microvilli. E. microscopic invaginations.
D. microscopic projections called microvilli.
17. The countercurrent mechanism functions primarily in the A. renal corpuscle. B. proximal convoluted tubule. C. distal convoluted tubule D. nephron loop. E. ureters.
D. nephron loop.
68. Which of the following does not occur with aging of the urinary system? A. decreased GFR. B. renal tubules become encased in fat. C. fibrous connective tissue accumulates around the kidney capsule. D. nephrons invert. E. decrease in surface area for filtration
D. nephrons invert.
2. The organs of the urinary system are A. the renal cortex, renal pelvis, and renal medulla. B. the glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, the nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and the collecting duct. C. a kidney, a ureter, and paired bladders and urethras. D. paired kidneys, paired ureters, a bladder and a urethra. E. the penis, the vagina, the uterus, and the hilum.
D. paired kidneys, paired ureters, a bladder and a urethra.
9. The renal medulla is composed of _____, whereas the renal cortex is composed of _____. A. renal pyramids; ureters from nephrons B. renal columns; renal pyramids and nephrons C. collecting tubules; peritubular capillaries from nephrons D. renal pyramids; nephron tubules E. strings; strands
D. renal pyramids; nephron tubules
38. If glucose is not reabsorbed in the tubular fluid ___________ increases. A. hydrostatic pressure B. glomerular filtration rate C. the rate of urine production D. the osmotic concentration E. none of the above.
D. the osmotic concentration
21. In which of the following regions of the nephron is water actively transported? A. Proximal convoluted tubule B. Descending limb of the nephron loop C. Collecting duct D. Peritubular capillaries. E. None of the above
E. None of the above
22. Which of the following is an abnormal constituent of urine? A. Urea B. Uric acid C. Creatinine D. Water E. None of the above
E. None of the above
8. A biochemical important in glomerulus formation in the embryo is A. ADH. B. ADP. C. renin. D. aquaporin. E. VEGF
E. VEGF
11. Podocytes and pedicels are part of the A. collecting duct. B. distal convoluted tubule. C. urethra. D. peritubular capillaries. E. glomerular capsule.
E. glomerular capsule.
An excessive urine output is called anuria.
False
Angiotensin II is a substance made by the body to lower blood pressure during stress.
False
Blood pressure in the renal glomerulus is lower than in most parts of the body in order to conserve body water.
False
Glomerular filtration is an ATP-driven process.
False
Having a kinked ureter is called renal ptosis.
False
Major calyces are large branches of the renal column.
False
The collecting duct is impermeable to water in the presence of ADH.
False
The functional unit of the kidney is the renal column.
False
The glomerular filtration rate is approximately 350 ml/min.
False
The kidney consumes about 15% of all oxygen used by the body at rest.
False
The macula densa cells are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in the urea content of the filtrate.
False
The myogenic mechanism reflects the tendency of vascular smooth muscle to stretch.
False
The proximal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct.
False
The trigone is so named because of the shape of the urinary bladder.
False
Urea is reabsorbed in the loop of Henle.
False
Ureters, like the urethra, are lined only with transitional epithelium.
False
What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal? A) Capsular osmotic pressure would compensate so that filtration would not change. B) Filtration would increase in proportion to the increase in capsular pressure. C) Net filtration would increase above normal. D) Net filtration would decrease.
Net filtration would decrease
Aldosterone is a hormone that causes the renal tubules to reclaim sodium ions from the filtrate.
True
Atrial naturetic factor inhibits sodium reabsorption.
True
Blood in the urine may be a symptom of bladder cancer.
True
In the absence of hormones, the distal tubule and collecting ducts are relatively impermeable to water.
True
Incontinence is the inability to control voluntary micturition.
True
Obligatory water reabsorption involves the movement of water along an osmotic gradient.
True
Particles smaller than 3 nanometers are passed into the filtrate.
True
The act of emptying the bladder is called voiding.
True
The entire responsibility for urine formation lies with the nephron.
True
The position of the kidneys behind the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity is described by the term retroperitoneal.
True
The terminal portion of the urinary system is the urethra.
True
The ureter transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.
True
The urethra contains an internal sphincter of smooth muscle.
True
Tubular secretion is effective in controlling blood pH.
True
Urine is 95% water by volume.
True
Which of the choices below is not a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH? A) by secreting hydrogen ions into the filtrate B) by secreting sodium ions C) by producing new bicarbonate ions D) by reabsorbing filtered bicarbonate ions
by secreting sodium ions
The function of angiotensin II is to ________. A) decrease the production of aldosterone B) constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure C) decrease water absorption D) decrease arterial blood pressure
constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure
Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule? A) K+ B) Na+ C) glucose D) creatinine
creatinine
Which of the choices below is not a glomerular filtration rate control method? A) hormonal regulation B) renal autoregulation C) neural regulation D) electrolyte levels
electrolyte levels
Angiotensin II is a substance made by the body to lower blood pressure during stress
false
Blood pressure in the renal glomerulus is lower than in most parts of the body in order to conserve body water
false
Glomerular filtration is an ATP-driven process
false
If the GFR is too low, needed substances may pass so quickly through the renal tubules that they are not absorbed and instead are lost in the urine.
false
If the GFR is too low, needed substances may pass so quickly through the renal tubules that they are not absorbed and instead are lost in the urine.
false
The collecting duct is impermeable to water in the presence of ADH.
false
The proximal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct
false
The trigone is so named because of the shape of the urinary bladder.
false
Urea is reabsorbed in the loop of Henle
false
Which of the choices below is a function of the loop of Henle? A) form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine B) form a large volume of very concentrated urine or a small volume of very dilute urine C) absorb electrolytes actively with an automatic absorption of water by osmosis D) none of these
form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine
The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________. A) glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure) B) the thickness of the capillary endothelium C) the size of the pores in the basement membrane of the capillaries D) the design and size of the podocytes
glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)
Excretion of dilute urine requires ________. A) the presence of ADH B) impermeability of the collecting tubule to water C) relative permeability of the distal tubule to water D) transport of sodium and chloride ions out of the descending loop of Henle
impermeability of the collecting tubule to water
Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________. A) increases secretion of ADH B) increases the rate of glomerular filtration C) is not reabsorbed by the tubule cells D) inhibits the release of ADH
inhibits the release of ADH
5) The ________ mechanism is the general tendency of vascular smooth muscle to contract when stretched
myogenic
3) The need to get up in the middle of the night to urinate is called
nocturia
7) Sodium-linked water flow across a membrane is called ________ water reabsorption
obligatory
The fluid in the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of ________. A) plasma protein B) glucose C) electrolytes D) hormones
plasma protein
6) The presence of pus in the urine is a condition called ________.
pyuria
2) Urine crystals in the renal pelvis are called ________.
renal calculi
Fetal kidneys do not have to work very hard because ________. A) fetuses do not have any waste to excrete B) the placenta allows the mother's urinary system to clear the waste from fetal blood C) there are no functional nephrons until after birth D) there is no way a fetus could excrete urine until the seventh month of development
the placenta allows the mother's urinary system to clear the waste from fetal blood
Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)? A) the stretching of the bladder wall B) motor neurons C) the sympathetic efferents D) the pressure of the fluid in the bladder
the stretching of the bladder wall
In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle the ________. A) thick segment is permeable to water B) thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption C) thin segment is not permeable to sodium and chloride D) thin segment is freely permeable to water
thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption
4) The area between the ureters and urethra is called the ________ in a bladder.
trigone
Aldosterone is a hormone that causes the renal tubules to reclaim sodium ions from the filtrate.
true
Atrial naturetic peptide inhibits sodium reabsorption
true
In the absence of hormones, the distal tubule and collecting ducts are relatively impermeable to water
true
In the kidneys, the countercurrent mechanism involves the interaction between the flow of filtrate through the loop of Henle of the juxtamedullary nephrons (the countercurrent multiplier) and the flow of blood through the limbs of adjacent blood vessels (the countercurrent exchanger). This relationship establishes and maintains an osmotic gradient extending from the cortex through the depths of the medulla that allows the kidneys to vary urine concentration dramatically. Answer: TRUE
true
In the kidneys, the countercurrent mechanism involves the interaction between the flow of filtrate through the loop of Henle of the juxtamedullary nephrons (the countercurrent multiplier) and the flow of blood through the limbs of adjacent blood vessels (the countercurrent exchanger). This relationship establishes and maintains an osmotic gradient extending from the cortex through the depths of the medulla that allows the kidneys to vary urine concentration dramatically.
true
Obligatory water reabsorption involves the movement of water along an osmotic gradient.
true
The act of emptying the bladder is called voiding.
true
The entire responsibility for urine formation lies with the nephron.
true
The position of the kidneys behind the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity is described by the term retroperitoneal.
true
The ureter transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder
true
The urethra contains an internal sphincter of smooth muscle
true
Tubular secretion is effective in controlling blood pH.
true
Urine is 95% water by volume
true
Water reabsorption through the proximal convoluted tubule is termed obligatory water reabsorption, whereas water reabsorption through the distal convoluted tubule is termed facultative water reabsorption.
true
1) The capillary bed that surrounds the descending and ascending loop of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons is called the ________.
vasa recta
