A&P 2 FINAL
A primary function of the nasal cavity is to _______ the air (which means to warm, cleanse, and humidify the air) as it enters the respiratory tract
Condition
The abnormal elevation of body temperature is known as __________
Fever
Which clotting pathway involves more steps and takes more time (approximately 5 minutes
The intrinsic pathway
You are "shadowing" an endocrinologist who is examining a patient complaining of weakness, weight loss, and heat intolerance. The doctor points out the patient's obvious exophthalmos and asks for your diagnosis. What would you speculate is the patient's problem?
Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone
A sample of blood from a mismatched transfusion is observed under the microscope. Many large clumps of erythrocytes are observed. Which is the antibody responsible for this?
IgM
Which segment of the ECG reflects the plateau phase of ventricular muscle cells' action potentials?
S-T Segment
What part of the cardiac conduction system is located in the posterior wall of the right atrium, adjacent to the entrance of the superior vena cava?
SA node
When clotting proteins are removed from plasma, the remaining fluid is called _____________
Serum
Filters blood; storage of platelets and erythrocytes
Spleen
Which part of the circulatory system holds the largest amount of blood
Systemic veins
The contraction of skeletal muscles plays an important role in the movement of blood in the veins
True
T/F: An albumin protein from the blood may diffuse through the endothelial cell membrane and enter the tissue fluid
TRUE
The pars distalis is part of the adenohypophysis.
True
T/F: An increase in hydrostatic pressure within the interstitial space "pushes" interstitial fluid into the lymphatic capillary lumen
TRUE
T/F: Arteries branch into narrower blood vessels called arterioles
TRUE
T/F: The thymus is a bilobed organ that is located in the superior mediastinum and functions in B-lymphocyte maturation
TRUE
When follicular cells of the thyroid are stimulated to secrete thyroid hormone (TH), they take up TH precursors from the inside of the follicle, transport and enzymatically modify them within a lysosome, and release TH to the blood.
True
Which prenatal structure forms the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk?
Truncus Arteriosus
increases blood flow and decreases blood pressure
Vasodilation
Hyaline cartilage has a low degree of vascularization. This means that
blood delivery to this tissue is limited
Arrange the middle ear bones from lateral to medial. a: Stapes b: Incus c: Malleus
c, b, a
What is the sequence of events in the transmission of an impulse through the heart muscle? a: AV node b: AV bundle c: SA node d: Through the atria e: Through the ventricles f: Bundle branches g: Purkinje fibers
c, d, a, b, f, g, e
The membrane of a contractile cardiac muscle cell contains
calcium pumps that move calcium out of cell
Valves in veins
cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes attack
cells that display foreign proteins on their surface
By definition, transducers
change one form of energy into another form
If a patient becomes dehydrated, the percentage of plasma in a centrifuged sample of his or her blood would likely
decrease.
During systemic gas exchange blood P(O2)
decreases from 95 to 40 mm Hg
As a platelet plug forms at an injury site, platelets become activated and their cytosol
degranulates as they release chemicals such as ADP and thromboxane A2.
When our brains process visual information about objects directly in front of us, they are able to use information that compares signals from the two eyes (steroscopic vision) in order to provide
depth perception.
During quiet breathing, about two-thirds of the thoracic cavity volume change comes from contraction/movement of the _______, and one-third comes from external intercostal movement.
diaphragm
When carbon dioxide accumulates in a tissue, local arterioles will _________, increasing perfusion and decreasing carbon dioxide levels
dilate
A hypersensitivity reaction occurs
during a second or subsequent exposure to an antigen
If you were to cut a cross section of the retina and examine it under a microscope, what would be the order of features from the choroid to the posterior cavity? a: Rods and cones b: Ganglionic axons progressing to the optic nerve c: Bipolar cells d: Ganglion cells' bodies e: Pigmented retina
e, a, c, d, b
Intracellular signaling pathways within target cells are organized such that
each step allows for amplification of the signal where one molecule can activate many.
Lymphatic capillaries are found in all of the following tissues or areas except
epithelia
Arteries carry blood toward the heart, while veins carry blood away from the heart.
false
The hearts nodal cells have a more negative resting potential than neurons do, because nodal cells lack leak channels for sodium and potassium ions.
false
The iron that has been transferred to the liver after the aged erythrocytes were phagocytized is stored by the protein _______________.
ferritin
When light strikes rhodopsin, the retinal is converted
from cis to trans, and retinal and opsin disassociate
As an arterial pathway moves farther from the heart, the arteries
get smaller.
The rupture of erythrocytes is called ____________.
hemolysis
Some odors cause visceral reactions, such as a gagging response to the smell of rotten food. Such responses are a result of olfactory pathways through the
hypothalamus
The part of the brain that functions as a "master control center" of the endocrine system is the
hypothalamus.
The formation of lymph increases as a result of
increasing hydrostatic pressure in tissue fluid
After causing vibrations of the maleus, sound waves pass (in sequence) through the
incus, stapes, oval window, scala vestibuli perilymph, and cochlear duct endolymph.
What are the cell-to-cell contacts of the cardiac muscle fibers called?
intercalated discs
The respiratory pump assists blood movement within the veins of the trunk, because as a person inspires
intra-abdominal pressure increases and intrathoracic pressure decreases.
During ventricular contraction
only the AV valves close.
The heart valves
permit the passage of blood in one direction.
The type of receptor that readily adapts to a stimulus is known as a ________ receptor.
phasic
Glucose is a
polar molecule, and therefore it dissolves readily in plasma
If the receptive fields of the skin's receptors were smaller, then
precision would be greater, but we would need more receptors to monitor the environment for stimuli.
Most hormones are made of chains of amino acids and are therefore
proteins.
The thymus continues to grow until a person reaches ________ , when it reaches a maximum weight of 30 to 50 grams
puberty
Which of the cardiovascular system's circuits has deoxygenated blood in its arteries?
pulmonary circuit
Foreign antigens presented on class I MHC molecules
stimulate cell destruction by activated T-cells
The primary function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is to
stimulate glucocorticoid release from the adrenal glands.
All of the heart's sulci house blood vessels that supply the myocardium.
true
Myofibrils within cardiac muscle cells are aligned in sarcomeres.
true
SA nodal cells are autorhythmic.
true
The ________ is composed of an endothelium and a subendothelial layer made up of a thin layer of areolar connective tissue
tunica intima
Reduced hormone concentration in the blood often causes target cells to
up-regulate receptors in order to increase cell sensitivity.
The lymph nodes of the axillary region receive lymph mainly from the
upper limb and mammary gland
The least numerous but the largest of the papillae are arranged as a V-shape on the posterior dorsal surface of the tongue. They contain the majority of taste buds and are called _____ papillae.
vallate
During exercise, blood is shifted from the __________ into systemic circulation
veins
When interferon attaches to a cell
virus can enter the cell but cannot replicate
The term "epicardium" is another name for the
visceral layer of the serosal pericardium.
The gelatinous mass inside of the eye is called the
vitreous humor.
Exudate produced at a site of inflammation
will increase fluid uptake by the lymphatic capillaries
Suspensory ligaments function to change the shape of the lens within the eye.
True
The _______ of the left lung is a projection from the superior lobe that is homologous to the middle lobe of the right lung
lingula
Cells in a lymph node that engulf and destroy damaged cells, foreign substances, and cellular debris are
macrophages
As someone starts to develop in puberty, most cells in their reproductive organs are probably starting to express
more receptors for sex hormones.
The footplate of the stapes is
much smaller than the tympanic membrane, and the ossicles therefore amplify sound waves.
A drug that decreased calcium levels in a muscle cell and thereby lowered the number of crossbridges formed during the heart's contractions would be a
negative inotropic agent
Generally, the shorter the half-life of a hormone
the more frequently it must be replaced.
Boyle's Law states that at a constant temperature
the pressure exerted by a gas varies inversely with the volume of that gas
Certain odors can initiate behavioral and emotional reactions because
there are widespread olfactory associations within the hypothalamus and limbic system.
The two collecting ducts that drain the lymphatic trunks are the
thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct.
Blood is correctly classified as a(n)
tissue.
In the centrifuged sample of blood illustrated, which number indicates the layer containing water, plasma proteins, nutrients, and waste products?
1
In fetal development, hemocytoblasts begin to colonize red mone marrow at approximately
10 weeks.
The temperature of blood is about _________ than measured body temperature.
1° C higher
Arrange the following events in the proper order in which they occur during an allergic response. 1 = Individual experiences symptoms 2 = Individual is sensitized to antigen 3 = IgE attaches to mast cells 4 = Antigen binds to IgE
2, 3, 4, 1
This figure shows the pituitary gland. Which number indicates the pars nervosa?
6
Someone with a heart block would have
A long P-R interval
An individual's hematocrit would vary with
All of the choices are correct.
These receptors detect changes in pressure within the body caused by the stretch or distention of internal structures
Baroreceptors
Which term best describes receptors that detect stimuli from the external environment
Exteroceptors
Eyelids serve two purposes: one is to protect the eye and the other is to
Eyelids serve two purposes: one is to protect the eye and the other is to
T/F: Like the azygos vein, the phrenic veins drain into the superior vena cava
FALSE
T/F: The renin-angiotensin system results in multiple hormones that raise blood pressure
FALSE
T/F: Tonsils contain both red and white pulp
FALSE
Although local blood flow to different organs varies from time to time (based on demand), the distribution of blood vessels in the various organs of the body is fairly similar
False
As the eye adjusts to focus on a near object, the cornea must change shape because the lens is unable to.
False
Filtration and reabsorption are processes that involve water (a solvent) but not solutes
False
M-CSF is a growth factor that stimulates the production of monocytes from myeloblast cells.
False
Somatostatin suppresses the release of pancreatic polypeptide.
False
The antigen-antibody reaction is an example of the regulation function of blood
False
The otolithic membrane functions in hearing and in maintaining equilibrium.
False
The reaction time for endocrine effects is generally measured in milliseconds.
False
Which is not true about the thyroid gland?
It has two lobes connected by a central portion called the commissure.
Filters Lymph
Lymph node
Which are the most numerous of the leukocytes?
Neutrophils
Which hormone group is not secreted by the adrenal cortex?
No exceptions; all choices are secreted by the adrenal cortex
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium can be found lining what area of the respiratory tract
Oropharynx
In this illustration of the inner ear, what feature does the number 9 indicate?
Perilymph
Which eye feature provides vitamin A for photoreceptor cells?
Pigmented layer of the retina
Which of the following is not a function of the lymph node
Production of red blood cells
Besides filtering blood for foreign materials and phagocytosis of old, defective erythrocytes, the spleen is also involved in what other major function
Reservoir of platelets and erythrocytes
Which of the following statements is true concerning blood vessels
The sum of the volume per minute of the blood in the capillaries is equal to the volume per minute in the artery that feeds them
Site of T-lymphocyte maturation
Thymus
Among their many functions, hormones regulate blood volume, cellular concentration, and number of platelets.
True
Compared to young adults, older individuals have relatively less red bone marrow.
True
Increasing levels of cortisol inhibit the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).
True
Macrophages are the converted monocytes that phagocytize bacteria, cell fragments, dead cells, and debris.
True
Most colony-stimulating factors are growth factors.
True
Where is the saccule located
Within the vestibule
Which region of the adrenal cortex synthesizes glucocorticoids?
Zona fasciculata
This figure shows an example of regulation of hormone secretion by a negative feedback loop. The large box labeled 1 represents the initial stimulus. What hormones are represented by the small boxes labeled a, b, and c
a = TRH, b = TSH, c = TH
Tendons and ligaments have
a low degree of vascularization, therefore low perfusion and slow healing
Which sequence correctly traces the pathway of aqueous humor in the eye? a: Aqueous humor is secreted by epithelial ciliary cells. b: Aqueous humor is released into the posterior chamber. c: Aqueous humor is drained into the scleral venous sinus. d: Aqueous humor washes over the lens and then passes through the pupil into the anterior chamber
a, b, d, c
Sinusoids are found in a: bone marrow b: spleen c: small intestine d: kidney e: liver f: muscle g: skin
a, b, e
Which events occur during the recycling of aged or damaged erythrocytes? (Order is not important.) a: The heme group is converted into biliverdin. b: Bilirubin is placed in long-term storage in the liver. c: The iron ions in hemoglobin are removed. d: The iron ions are stored in the liver. e: The iron ions are stored in the red bone marrow. f: Membrane proteins and globin proteins are broken down and reused. g: The erythrocyte contents, excluding the globins, are excreted unchanged via the digestive tract.
a, c, d, f
Excessive secretion of growth hormone in adults can cause
acromegaly.
The release of hormones from the adrenal cortex is stimulated by
adrenocorticotropic hormone.
Metabolically, cardiac muscle relies on
aerobic metabolism using many mitochondria and a rich supply of myoglobin.
In general, as an artery's diameter decreases, the artery walls show
an increase in the relative amount of smooth muscle and a decrease in the relative amount of elastic fibers
Lymphatic capillaries are unique in that they depend on _________ to prevent the collapse of the lymphatic capillaries as pressure exerted by the interstitial fluid increases
anchoring filaments
Immune complexes consist of
antigen plus antibody
Eicosanoids are synthesized from
arachidonic acid.
Which are characteristic of leukocytes? a: Smaller than erythrocytes b: Have a nucleus c: Have no hemoglobin d: More numerous than erythrocytes e: Depending on type, may or may not contain granules
b,c,e
Which are characteristic of type Rh negative blood
b,e
The heme group from the phagocytized erythrocyte is converted into a green pigment called ________________.
biliverdin
Thyroid hormone is somewhat unique in that it is a
biogenic amine that is lipid-soluble.
Cortisol binds to _________ receptors and has the effect of ________ blood glucose levels
intracellular, raising
The shutting of the semilunar valves occurs during which phase?
isovulumetric relaxation
Most axons within the optic tract terminate in the
lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.
The production of leukocytes is called _______________.
leukopoiesis
Conscious awareness of incoming sensory information is called
sensation
Growth hormone is secreted by __________ cells in the anterior pituitary.
somatotropic
The metabolic pathways of cardiac muscle make it
somewhat susceptible to heart attack, since it relies so exclusively on aerobic metabolism.
Atherosclerosis involves a
sustained increase in resistance that leads to increases in arterial pressure to maintain adequate blood flow
When over 10% of the body's blood has been lost, a survival response occurs involving activation of the ________ nervous system
sympathetic
Which circuit of the cardiovascular system includes the left ventricle and aorta?
systemic circuit
