A&P 2

What is the result of up-regulation of hormone receptors on a cell? The cell becomes more sensitive to the hormone. The cell becomes less sensitive to the hormone.

more sensitive

Most hormones are regulated by ______ feedback mechanisms.

negative

The blood levels of MOST hormones are regulated by ______ feedback systems.

negative

Chemical messengers secreted by one cell that diffuse short distances and influence the activity of another cell type are called

paracrine chemical messengers

The ovoid glands partially embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid are the --glands

parathyroid

The ovoid glands partially embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid are the __ glands

parathyroid

The ovoid endocrine glands marked by the letter A in this illustration are the

parathyroid glands

Two similar hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine, are generically referred to as _____ hormones.

thyroid

Match the pituitary hormone with its target. ACTH LH GH Prolactin

ACTH-Adrenal cortex LH- Gonads (ovaries and testes) GH- Most tissues Prolactin- Mammary glands

How is antidiuretic hormone abbreviated?

ADH

The hormone released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland in response to low blood pressure to promote water retention by the kidneys is

ADH

What second messenger is synthesized in response to G-protein activation in this image?

cAMP

What second messenger is synthesized in response to G-protein activation in this image? -Adenylate cyclase -Protein kinase -Phosphodiesterase -Inositol triphosphate -Calmodulin -cAMP

cAMP

When an activated G protein interacts with adenylate cyclase, what is produced? -Phosphodiesterase -Calcium -cAMP -PIP -Calmodulin

cAMP

Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to ______ when it interacts with ______. protein kinase, a G-protein cAMP, a G-protein ADP, phosphodiesterase G-protein, protein kinase

cAMP, a G-protein

The hormone that decreases the level of calcium in the blood is called

calcitonin

The coordination of body cells to maintain homeostasis is mostly achieved by gap junctions electrical signals lymphatic fluid chemical messengers signaling T-cells

chemical messengers

Chemical messengers play an important role in regulating body activities by allowing ____ between cells.

communication or coordination

Select all that apply Which of these hormones stimulate the release of hormones from the testes and ovaries? - FSH -GH -LH _epinephrine -aldosterone

FSH LH

True or False: A chemical produced in a cell in response to the binding of a chemical messenger to a membrane receptor is referred to as a(n) first messenger.

False

True or False: The enzyme that converts ATP to cAMP is a G protein.

False Reason: It is adenylate cyclase.

True or false: This image could be illustrating either lipid-soluble hormones or water-soluble hormones.

False Reason: Lipid-soluble hormones use nuclear receptors inside of the cell.

True or false: The protein marked with a red circle is fixed at all times to the adjacent receptor.

False Reason: The G-protein can move freely until the hormone binds to the receptor.

True or false: The digestive system is the one system that is not associated with hormone secretion

False Reason: The organs of the digestive system produce several hormones which influence digestive organs.

True or false: Bound hormones are always bound even when interacting with target, whereas free hormones are always free from attachment to proteins.

False Reason: Bound hormones dissociate from their binding proteins at their target in order to interact with the target cell receptor.

True or false: The principal method the body uses to coordinate cellular activity and maintain homeostasis is through the secretion of chemical messengers..

True

True or false: The same molecule may be used as either a neurotransmitter or a hormone.

True Reason: Epinephrine is a neurotransmitter when secreted into a synaptic cleft and a hormone when secreted into the blood by the adrenal medulla.

True or false: Increased secretion of ADH will lead to decreased urine output.

True Reason: ADH is released in response to high osmolality; therefore, the kidneys will retain water to decrease the osmolality of the blood.

Place the following second-messenger system actions in the order they occur. - adenylate cyclase produces cAMP -cAMP activates protein kinases - hormone receptor binding activates g-protein - G protein activates adenylate cyclase

- hormone receptor binding activates g-protein - G protein activates adenylate cyclase - adenylate cyclase produces cAMP -cAMP activates protein kinases

Identify the changes that occur in healthy, elderly adults due to age-related decreases in endocrine secretions. Select all that apply. - inability to regulate blood glucose levels - changes in sleeping patterns - increased susceptibility to infection - decrease in muscle mass - decrease in adipose tissue -decrease in bone mass

-Change in sleeping patterns -Increased susceptibility to infection -Decrease in muscle mass Decrease in bone mass

Which of the following are characteristics of the pituitary gland? Select all that apply. - Is regulated by the thyroid gland - located superior to the hypothalamus - secretes several major hormones - influences the secretion of other endocrine glands - rests in the sphenoid bone

-Secretes several major hormones -Influences the secretion of other endocrine glands -Rests in the sphenoid bone Reason: The pituitary gland is located inferior to the hypothalamus. Reason: The pituitary gland is regulated by the hypothalamus; however the pituitary gland does regulate the thyroid gland

Membrane-bound receptors directly activate cell responses by - turning genes on or off in the cell - increasing transcription and translation - changing the activity of G proteins - altering the activity of intracellular enzymes

-changing the activity of G proteins -altering the activity of intracellular enzymes

Place the events of a lipid soluble hormone binding with a nuclear receptor in chronological order. - Transcription factor binds to a hormone response element on DNA. toggle button Transcription factor binds to a hormone response element on DNA. - . Lipid-soluble hormone binds to a receptor forming a transcription factor. toggle button Lipid-soluble hormone binds to a receptor forming a transcription factor. -. A new protein is produced. toggle button A new protein is produced. - . mRNA binds to ribosomes. - Lipid-soluble hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane. toggle button Lipid-soluble hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane. - Specific mRNA is produced and then leaves the nucleus. toggle button Specific mRNA is produced and then leaves the nucleus.

1. lipid-soluble hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane 2 lipid-soluble hormone binds to a receptor forming a transcription factor 3 transcription factor binds to a hormone response element on DNA 4 specific mRNA is produced and then leaves the nucleus 5 mRNA binds to ribosomes 6 a new protein is produced

What is the hypothalamophypophseal portal system? A capillary network that transports releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus A passageway from the beta cells in the pancreas A nerve tract connected to the brain The anatomical dividing line between the thyroid and parathyroid

A capillary network that transports releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus

Describe antidiuretic hormone (ADH). -A hormone produced and stored in the pineal that controls the reproductive cycles -A hormone released by the ovaries that stimulates contraction of the smooth muscles of the uterus -A hormone released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland that promotes water retention by the kidneys -A hormone which acts upon the thyroid which in turn releases thyroxine

A hormone released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland that promotes water retention by the kidneys

Pair the pituitary hormone to its response ACTH ADH TSH FSH

ACTH - adrenal cortex, increased glucocorticoid hormone secretion ADH - kidneys, increase water reabsorption, decreased urine output TSH - thyroid gland, increase thyroid hormone secretion FSH - follicles in females, seminiferous tubules in males, follicle maturation and estrogen secretion in ovaries; sperm cell production in testes

What enzyme catalyzes the formation of cAMP?

Adenylate cyclase

What enzyme catalyzes the formation of cAMP? -Phosphodiesterase -G protein -Protein kinase -Adenylate cyclase

Adenylate cyclase

Identify the classes of hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex. - androgens - mineralocorticoids -water-soluble peptides -Glucocorticoids

Androgens Mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids

Identify the two hormones that are produced by the hypothalamus but stored and released by the posterior pituitary - antidiuretic hormone (ADH) -prolactin -oxytocin -growth hormone -cortisol

Antidiuretic hormone Oxytocin

Which hormone increases water retention by the kidneys, reduces urine volume, and helps prevent dehydration?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Correctly pair the pituitary hormones with their correct functions. -Antidiuretic hormone - TSH -Prolactin -oxytocin -ACTH

Antidiuretic hormone- increased water reabsorption - less water is lost in the form of urine Promotes reabsorption of water from the kidney tubules and vasoconstriction TSH- stimulates production and secretion of thyroid hormones Prolactin - milk production in lactating women, increased response of follicle to LH and FSH; unclear reproductive function in males , implicated in many other homeostatic functions such as ion balance and immune regulation oxytocin- increased uterine contractions, increased milk expulsion from mammary glands, unclear function in males ACTH - increases secretion of cortisones from the adrenal cortex

Select all that apply Identify the correct statements regarding nervous and endocrine system communication methods. -Cells of the endocrine system communicate using chemical signals. -Cells of the endocrine system communicate predominantly via electrical signals. -Cells of the nervous system communicate predominantly via electrical signals. -Cells of the nervous system communicate using chemical signals.

Cells of the endocrine system communicate using chemical signals. Cells of the nervous system communicate predominantly via electrical signals. Cells of the nervous system communicate using chemical signals.

Which of the following is NOT a type of stimuli that inhibits hormone release? Humoral Neural Hormonal Exocrine

Exocrine

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are hormones secreted by the __ (be specific )

Blank 1: adrenal Blank 2: medulla

The abbreviation ADH stands for

Blank 1: antidiuretic Blank 2: hormone

The two mechanisms used to maintain homeostatic levels of hormones in the blood are ___and ___ feedback, with the first mechanism being more common. (NOTE: The order in which you put your answers is important so read the question carefully.)

Blank 1: negative Blank 2: positive

The three types of stimuli that can inhibit hormonal release are , , and hormonal stimuli.

Blank 1: neural Blank 2: humoral

A coordinated set of events in which an intracellular mediator activates specific cellular processes in response to a hormone is called a ___ __ system.

Blank 1: second or secondary Blank 2: messenger

The alternate name for antidiuretic hormone or ADH is___ because it ___ the blood vessels.

Blank 1: vasopressin Blank 2: constricts

What are paracrine chemical messengers?

Chemicals released from one cell that diffuse short distances and influence the activity of another cell type

What is the overall purpose of chemical messengers in the body? Perception of external environment Excitement of target cells Communication between cells Identification of self-tissues

Communication between cells

Which system uses chemicals released into the blood as a means of communication? Nervous system Digestive system Endocrine system Cardiovascular system

Endocrine system

Which of the following are age-related changes associated with the endocrine system? Select all that apply. - decrease in adipose tissue and a corresponding increase in muscle mass - decrease in bone and muscle mass - altered sleeping patterns -decrease in the ability to respond to decreases in blood pressure

Decrease in bone and muscle mass Altered sleep patterns Decrease in the ability to respond to decreases in blood pressure

A protein complex of three protein subunits found on the inner surface of the plasma membrane that can be activated once a chemical messenger binds to a receptor is a ____ protein.

G

Membrane-bound receptors can activate cell responses by altering the activity of _ -G proteins and intracellular enzymes -G proteins and hormone-receptor complexes -hormone-response elements and mRNA -intracellular enzymes and extracellular enzymes

G proteins and intracellular enzymes

Membrane-bound receptors can activate cell responses by altering the activity of ______. -G proteins and intracellular enzymes -hormone-response elements and mRNA -intracellular enzymes and extracellular enzymes -G proteins and hormone-receptor complexes

G proteins and intracellular enzymes

What molecule is marked with a red circle? Multiple choice question. -cAMP -Water-soluble hormone -Adenylate cyclase -G-protein

G-protein

What is the term used to describe the time required to clear 50% of a given quantity hormone from the blood? Half-life Clearance time Void time Excretion time

Half-life

Depending on its mechanism of secretion and action, epinephrine can be which of the following? Select all that apply. Hormone Target Electrical signal Neurotransmitter

Hormone Neurotransmitter

When the levels of chemicals in the blood cause the stimulation of hormone release, this is an example of what type of stimulus? Hormonal Neural Humoral

Humoral

When the levels of chemicals in the blood cause the stimulation of hormone release, this is an example of what type of stimulus? Humoral Neural Hormonal

Humoral

Which brain structure is involved in both the nervous and the endocrine system? Optic chiasm Thalamus Cerebellum Hypothalamus Corpus callosum

Hypothalamus

Which statement is true? -In different tissues, a given hormone can use different second messengers. -In different tissues, a given hormone always uses the same second messenger.

In different tissues, a given hormone can use different second messengers.

What is the function of ADH?

Increases water retention by the kidneys

Which pair of hormones acts antagonistically to one another? T3 and T4 Insulin and glucagon Melatonin and calcitonin Estrogen and LH

Insulin and glucagon

Depending on its mechanism of secretion and action, epinephrine can be which of the following? Select all that apply. Electrical signal Neurotransmitter Target Hormone

Neurotransmitter Hormone

Identify the hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla - aldosterone - norepinephrine -epinephrine -cortisol

Norepinephrine Epinephrine

Which type of receptors are intracellular? Nuclear Membrane-bound

Nuclear

Identify the structures known as the gonads. Select all that apply. - ovary -thymus -thyroid -testis -adrenal

Ovary Testis

Which endocrine gland, located posterior to the stomach, has clusters of cells called islets?

Pancreas

Match the pituitary hormone to its response. Prolactin oxytocin LH GH

Prolactin - milk production oxytocin- uterine contaction LH - ovulation GH - increased lipid breakdown

What must be present for any type of hormone to be able to act on a target cell? Protein channels Protease enzymes Receptors Hormone response elements

Receptors

Identify the functions of oxytocin. Select all that apply. - stimulates the development of ovarian follicles - stimulates uterine contractions - triggers the breakdown of glycogen - stimulates milk ejection from the mammary glands - stimulates the production of milk

Stimulates uterine contractions Stimulates milk ejection from the mammary glands

What is the endocrine system?

The glands, tissues and cells that secrete hormones

Which of the following best describes the location of the pineal gland? -The pineal gland gland is located in the epithalamus. -The pineal gland surrounds the larynx. -The pineal is located in the fourth ventricle. -The pineal gland is found in the mediastinum.

The pineal gland gland is located in the epithalamus.

What is hyperglycemia?

The presence of excessive glucose in the blood

Describe the location of the adrenal glands?

They are superior to the kidneys.

Identify the function of hormones released by the digestive tract.

They regulate the digestive functions of the liver, stomach, pancreas and intestines.

Identify hormones that decrease in secretion with age in normal, healthy individuals. Select all that apply. - thymosin -growth hormone -insulin -melatonin -parathyroid hormone

Thymosin Growth hormone Melatonin

Which two hormones are more generally classified as thyroid hormones?

Triiodothyronine Thyroxine

Which of the following are targets of oxytocin? - uterus - mammary glands -thyroid glands -gonads

Uterus Mammary glands

-soluble hormones are polar molecules.

Water

What chemical class of hormone is binding to the receptor seen in this image? - lipid soluble -water soluble

Water-soluble

Which chemical class of hormones uses second messenger systems? - water-soluble lipid soluble

Water-soluble

Which type of hormone is polar? Water-soluble Lipid-soluble

Water-soluble

Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens are produced by the

adrenal cortex

The endocrine gland marked with a circle is the

adrenal gland

A drug that binds to a hormone receptor and activates it is called an agonist antagonist

agonist

Membrane-bound receptors directly activate cell responses by ______. Multiple select question. -altering the activity of intracellular enzymes -changing the activity of G proteins -increasing transcription and translation -turning genes on or off in the cell

altering the activity of intracellular enzymes changing the activity of G proteins

A drug that binds to a hormone receptor and inhibits its action is called an

antagonist

FSH, LH and prolactin are all produced in the

anterior pituitary

The satiety center of the hypothalamus controls

appetite

One of the most common second messengers is

cAMP

An increase in the secretion of ADH will ______ urine output.

decrease

The effect of calcitonin is to ______ blood calcium levels.

decrease Reason: As blood calcium levels increase, calcitonin secretion increases.This brings about a decrease in blood calcium levels.

The process in which a cell reduces its receptor population and thus becomes less sensitive to a hormone is called up-regulation down-regulation

down-regulation

The glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones constitute the __ system

endocrine

The glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones constitute the _____ system.

endocrine

Some steroid hormone secretion fluctuates over a month in a cycle. This is a type of ______ hormone secretion. eicosanoid episodic acute chronic

episodic

Hormones that fluctuate in a regular cycle exemplify a(n) __ pattern of secretion

episodic or cyclic

Only _____ hormones can bind to receptors at the target cells.

free

Only _____ hormones can bind to receptors at the target cells. bound free

free

A complex of three protein subunits found on the inner surface of the plasma membrane with a GDP attached to it is a(n) ______. -hormone response element -protein hormone -D-protein -g-protein

g-protein

In the liver, cAMP stimulates bile production lipogenesis glucose storage glycogen breakdown

glycogen breakdown

Cyclic AMP in the liver stimulates enzymes that convert ______ to ______. glucose, glycogen adenylate cyclase, protein kinase ATP, AMP glycogen, glucose

glycogen, glucose

Correctly match the pituitary hormones with their functions. growth hormone LH FSH MSH Endorphins oxytocin

growth hormone- most tissues Increases cellular uptake of amino acids and protein synthesis LH - ovaries in females, testes in men,Ovulation and progesterone production FSH - follicles in ovaries in females, seminiferous tubules in males, Maturation of follicle Maturation of follicle MSH - melanocytes in skin, Increases deposition of melanin Endorphins - brain, but not all target tissues are known, Analgesic in the brain oxytocin - uterus, mammary glands, Uterine contractions

The time required for 50% of a quantity of hormone to be cleared from the bloodstream is the____

half-life or halflife

Blood levels of glucose, amino acids, and other important molecules serve as ___ stimuli for hormone release.

humoral

An excess of glucose in the blood is called

hyperglycemia

The pituitary is also known as the

hypophysis

This system consists of a network of primary capillaries in the hypothalamus, a group of small vessels that travel down the stalk, and a complex of secondary capillaries in the anterior pituitary. It is the ______ portal system.

hypothalamohypophyseal

Oxytocin and ADH are produced by the _____ and secreted by the _____. -hypothalamus, posterior pituitary -hypothalamus, anterior pituitary -posterior pituitary, posterior pituitary -adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla -anterior pituitary, anterior pituitary

hypothalamus, posterior pituitary Reason: Oxytocin and ADH are produced by the hypothalamus and then are stored and released by the posterior pituitary.

Oxytocin and ADH are produced by the _____ and secreted by the _____.

hypothalamus, posterior pituitary Reason: Oxytocin and ADH are produced by the hypothalamus and then are stored and released by the posterior pituitary.

The hormone that antagonizes the effects of glucagon by suppressing the breakdown of glycogen is

insulin

A chemical produced in a cell that activates specific processes in response to a hormone interaction with a membrane-bound receptor is referred to as a(n) hormone response element intracellular mediator transcription factor messenger RNA

intracellular mediator

Identify the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. - corticotropin-releasing hormone - oxytocin - follicle-stimulating hormone -luteinizing hormone - prolactin

luteinizing hormone follicle-stimulating hormone prolactin Oxytocin : Reason: This is produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary. corticotropin-releasing hormone: Reason: This is produced by the hypothalamus.

Which of the following are targets of oxytocin?

mammary glands and uterus

The two major mechanisms for maintaining hormone levels in the blood are ______ and ______ feedback. excitatory, inhibitory hypothalamic, pituitary thalamic, thyroid negative, positive

negative, positive

Receptors found either in the nucleus or interacting with the nucleus when activated are called __ receptors.

nuclear

What is/are the target organ/s of LH and FSH?

ovaries and testes

The hormone that stimulates labor contractions in childbirth and stimulates the flow of milk from the mammary gland to the nipple in lactating women is

oxytocin

The posterior pituitary hormone that targets the uterus and the mammary glands is

oxytocin or OT

The elongated, spongy gland located inferior and posterior to the stomach that has clusters of cells called islets is the

pancreas

Cyclic AMP functions in a cell as a(n) first messenger catalyst second messenger enzyme

second messenger

The enzyme that converts cAMP to AMP is called

phosphodiesterase

The enzyme that converts cAMP to AMP is called -transcriptase -a kinase -lipase -phosphodiesterase

phosphodiesterase

What enzyme catalyzes the breakdown of cAMP?

phosphodiesterase

The attachment of a phosphate to regulate the activity of an enzyme is referred to as

phosphorylation

The attachment of a phosphate to regulate the activity of an enzyme is referred to as -oxidation -dephosphorylation -reduction -phosphorylation

phosphorylation

The gland located superior and posterior to the thalamus of the brain and attached to the roof of the third ventricle of the brain is the

pineal

The hypophysis is also known as the _____ gland.

pituitary

The endocrine gland frequently known as the master gland due to its control of many other glands is the __ gland

pituitary or hypophysis

___ pituitary gland is composed of nervous tissue.

posterior

This structure is composed of nervous tissue, rather than glandular tissue is

posterior pituitary

In order for a hormone to act on a target cell, it must bind to a specific

receptor

Downregulation is the - diffusion of hormones down a concentration gradient - reduction in receptor population and decreased sensitivity to a hormone - decrease in hormone levels once enough has been produced

reduction in receptor population and decreased sensitivity to a hormone

Appetite is controlled by the ______ center in the ______ of the brain.

satiety, hypothalamus Reason: The specific control center for appetite is the satiety center in the hypothalamus.

If a hormone binds to the surface of a cell and this causes a series of chemical reactions within the cell, this is a type of ______ system. first receptor mediated nuclear receptor second messenger subsequent

second messenger

The first step in a second messenger system is -the hormone binding to a membrane-bound receptor -the hormone binding to a G-protein -the hormone binding to a hormone-receptor complex -the hormone binding to cAMP

the hormone binding to a membrane-bound receptor

The thymus gland is located in the

thorax Reason: The thymus gland is located superior to the heart, not in the heart.

The gland located in the thorax, just superior to the heart, is the

thymus

The large two-lobed endocrine gland associated with the larynx is the

thyroid

In -regulation, a cell increases the number of hormone receptors and becomes more sensitive to the hormone

up

The alternate name for antidiuretic hormone is ______ because of its effect on blood vessels.

vasopressin

Hormones that are classified as -soluble use second messenger systems.

water