A&P 220 - Chapter 15: Autonomic Nervous System

greater petrosal nerve.

A branch of the parasympathetic preganglionic axons of the facial nerve is the ______

ganglia

A sympathetic trunk looks like a pearl necklace, with bundles of axons making up the string and sympathetic trunk ______ making up the pearls.

acetylcholine

All postganglionic parasympathetic axons and a few postganglionic sympathetic axons release the neurotransmitter ______ onto the effector.

dual

An organ receiving innervation from post ganglionic axons from both divisions of the autonomic system has ______ innervation.

cholinergic

Axons that release acetylcholine are called

gray

Because they connect to all spinal nerves, the ______ rami communicantes allow sympathetic information originating from the thoracolumbar region to be dispersed throughout the body.

2

Beta ___ adreneric receptors primarily have inhibitory effects.

hypothalamus

Conscious activities in the cerebrum directly affect the sympathetic and parasympathetic control systems in the

intramural ganglia

Ganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system located within the wall of the target organ are known as ______.

antagonistic

Generally, the effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation of the same organ are ______, opposing each other to produce different results.

constrict

In blood vessels innervated by only sympathetic axons, increased sympathetic stimulation causes the vessels to ______ while decreased sympathetic stimulation causes the vessels to dilate.

Secretion by glands, cardiac muscle contraction, smooth muscle contraction

In response to a specific stimulus, autonomic reflex arcs can trigger which responses?

Adrenal medulla, postganglionic neurons

In which structures will you find nicotinic receptors?

All parasympathetic receptors, blood vessels in skeletal muscle, sweat glands.

In which structures would you find muscarinic receptors?

ANS

Involuntary activities of the body, such as changes in blood vessel diameter to adjust blood pressure, are under the control of the

ligands

Molecules, such as neurotransmitters, which bind specifically to receptors are called

erection

Parasympathetic innervation causes ______ of the female clitoris and male penis.

increase secretion

Parasympathetic innervation from the postganglionic axons of the pterygopalatine ganglion cause the lacrimal glands and small glands of the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and palate to

decrease

Parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve causes the heart rate to

Ciliary muscle

Parasympathetic innervation of which muscles results in lens accommodation?

pupillary constrictor muscles

Parasympathetic innervation of which muscles results in pupin constriction when the eye is exposed to bright light?

lens contraction

Parasympathetic innervation to the cillary muscle results in ______ ______, which makes the lens more rounded to allow for close vision.

increase

Parasympathetic signals traveling down postganglionic axons from the otic ganglion cause an ______ in secretion from the parotid salivary glands.

Ciliary ganglion

Preganglionic axons from the oculomotor nerve (CNIII) extend to which ganglion?

white rami communicantes

Preganglionic sympathetic axons from the T1-L2 spinal nerves are carried to the sympathetic trunk through the

T1, L2

Preganglionic sympathetic axons travel within the spinal nerves numbered ___ to ___

vertebral column, aorta

Prevertebral ganglia are located anterior of the ______ ______ on the anterolateral surface of the ______

organs

Prevertebral ganglia typically cluster around the origins of the major abdominal ______ and are named for these structures.

adrenergic

Receptors that bind norepinephrine or epinephrine are called ______ receptors.

skeletal muscle fibers

Somatic motor neurons innervate

autonomic reflexes

Spinal shock, the initial reaction to spinal cord trauma or injury, is characterized by the loss of

visceral

Stimuli associated with blood vessels or internal organs are detected by the ______ sensory structures.

middle and inferior cervical ganglia

Sympathetic postganglionic axons innervating thoracic viscera extend from neuron cell bodies within the

superior mesenteric

The ______ ______ ganglion is adjacent to the origin of the superior mesenteric artery.

alpha, beta

The ______ adrenergic receptors have stimulatory effects, whereas ______ adrenergic receptors may be stimulatory or inhibitory.

parasympathetic

The ______ division of the autonomic nervous system is also called the craniosacral division because of the location of its preganglionic neurons.

submandibular

The ______ ganglion supplies postganglionic parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands to increase their secretions.

vagus

The ______ nerve causes increased smooth muscle motility and secretory activity in the organs of the digestive tract.

somatic, autonomic

The ______ nervous system and ______ nervous system are the subdivisions of the motor nervous system.

conscious

The autonomic and somatic nervous systems can be distinguished by whether or not we are ______ of the processes they control.

3

The beta ____ receptors are found in adipose tissues when they stimulate lipolysis.

autonomic reflexes

The brainstem nuclei in the mesencephalon, pons, medulla oblongata mediate the

autonomic

The branch of the nervous system most closely associated with maintaining homeostasis is the

Ciliary ganglion

The ciliary muscle and the iris of the eye receive postganglionic axons from which ganglion?

autonomic tone

The continuous activity of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system is called

sympathetic

The diameter of blood vessels is maintained in a partially constricted state by the effects of ______ tone.

pelvic

The distal portion of the large intestine, rectum, most of the reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and distal part of the ureter receive parasympathetic innervation from the ______ splanchnic nerves.

Sympathetic

The division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for fight or flight.

facial nerve (CN VII)

The greater petrosal nerve is a branch of the parasympathetic preganglionic axons of the ______

celiac ganglion

The left and right greater thoracic splanchnic nerves synapse on ganglionic neurons within the

inferior mesenteric ganglion

The lumbar splanchnic nerves terminate in the

superior mesenteric

The middle of the three prevertebral ganglia is the ______ ______ ganglion

celiac

The most superior of the prevertebral ganglia is the ______ ganglion

celiac

The most superior of the prevertebral ganglia is the ______ ganglion.

spinal cord

The parasympathetic activities associated with defecation and urination are processed and controlled at the level of the

homeostasis

The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system helps maintain ______, a constant internal environment.

adrenergic

The postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division are

pelvic splanchnic nerves

The preganglionic neuron cell bodies of the S2-S4 spinal cord segments are the origin of preganglionic parasympathetic axons that branch to form the

voluntary, involuntary

The somatic nervous system is under ______ control, while the autonomic nervous system is under ______ control.

Norepinephrine

The synaptic knobs of post ganglionic adrenergic neurons contain

synaptic

The terminal branches of sympathetic axons contain swollen beads called

spinal

The white rami communicantes connect the ______ nerves to each sympathetic trunk.

lateral horn

This area of gray matter of the spinal cord in segments T1-L2 houses the cell bodies of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons.

Sympathetic nervous system

This system is the portion of the autonomic nervous system that functions during times of stress or emergency.

Hypothalamus

What is the centrail brain structure involved in the emotions and drives that act through the autonomic nervous system?

Stretching the walls of the large vessels

What visceral sensory stimulus triggers the autonomic reflex causing the reduction of blood pressure

splanchnic nerves

Which are composed of preganglionic sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion?

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

Which are effectors of the autonomic nervous system?

contraction of rectal smooth muscle, increased secretion from gastric glands

Which are effects of the gastrointestinal reflex on the GI tract?

Facilitate blood clotting, inhibiting insulin secretion

Which are functions involving alpha 2 adrenergic receptors?

alpha, beta

Which are types of adrenergic receptors?

Submandibular ganglion

Which autonomic ganglion is located near the angle of the mandible?

Otic ganglion

Which autonomic ganglion, located anterior to the ear, receives parasympathetic axons from the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)?

Chorda tympani nerve

Which branch of the parasympathetic preganglionic axons exiting the facial nerve terminates at the submandibular ganglion?

chorda tympani nerve

Which branch of the parasympathetic preganglionic axons exiting the facial nerve terminates at the submandibular ganglion?

Vagus (CN X)

Which cranial nerve is the wanderer traveling inferiorly through the neck and throughout the trunk.

Oculomotor (CN III)

Which cranial nerve sends preganglionic axons to the ciliary ganglion?

oculomotor (CN III), facial (CN VII), glossopharyngeal (CN IX), and vagus (CN X) nerves.

Which cranial nerves are associated with the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

Parasympathetic

Which division of the autonomic nervous system maintains homeostasis when we are at rest?

The specific organs with α1 receptors include most blood vessels (including those going to the skin, GI tract, and kidneys), arrector pili muscles, uterus, ureters, internal urethral sphincter, and dilator pupillae muscle of the eye.

Which effectors have alpha 1 receptors?

parotid salavary gland

Which gland receives parasympathetic innervation from the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)?

Acetylcholine

Which is NOT a catecholamine?

dilation of the pupil, contraction of the radial muscle of the iris

Which is a result of sympathetic stimulation of the muscles of the iris?

Erection of the penis and ejaculation of semen.

Which is an example of a cooperative effect of the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches?

acetylcholine and norepinephrine

Which neurotransmitters are used in the autonomic nervous system?

stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, duodenum, pancreas

Which organs are innervated by posganglionic axons from the celiac ganglion?

large intestine, the rectum, the urinary bladder, distal parts of the ureters, and most of the reproductive organs.

Which organs receive postganglionic axons from the inferior mesenteric ganglion?

duodenum, small intestine, large intestine, pancreas, kidneys, and ureters.

Which organs receive postganglionic axons from the superior mesenteric ganglion?

It is under voluntary control

Which statement describes the somatic nervous system?

Heart

Which structure receives parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve (CN X)?

sweat glands and smooth muscle in blood vessels of the head and neck, the dilator pupillae muscle of the eye, and the superior tarsal muscle of the eye

Which structures receive sympathetic innervation from the superior cervical ganglion?

Increase in blood pressure, breathing, and heart rate

Which system changes accompany sympathetic stimulation?

Acetylcholine

Which type of neurotransmitter is released by all preganglionic axons in the autonomic nervous system?

Muscarinic

Which type of receptors binds acetylcholine and uses second messenger systems

Parasympathetic

Which type of stimulation slows down the heart rate?

nicotinic, muscarinic

______ acetylcholine receptors open sodium channels to exite a cell, while ______ acetylcholine receptors may be have stimulatory or inhibitory effects.

Beta

______ one adrenergic receptors are found in the heart where they increase heart rate and force contraction.

Alpha

______ two receptors are found in the pancreas and inhibit insulin secretion.

Two

how many motor neurons are needed to stimulate cardiac muscle contraction in the autonomic nervous system

pterygopalatine ganglion

which autonomic ganglion is located near the junction of the maxilla and palatine bones?