A&P 220 - Chapter 15: Autonomic Nervous System
greater petrosal nerve.
A branch of the parasympathetic preganglionic axons of the facial nerve is the ______
ganglia
A sympathetic trunk looks like a pearl necklace, with bundles of axons making up the string and sympathetic trunk ______ making up the pearls.
acetylcholine
All postganglionic parasympathetic axons and a few postganglionic sympathetic axons release the neurotransmitter ______ onto the effector.
dual
An organ receiving innervation from post ganglionic axons from both divisions of the autonomic system has ______ innervation.
cholinergic
Axons that release acetylcholine are called
gray
Because they connect to all spinal nerves, the ______ rami communicantes allow sympathetic information originating from the thoracolumbar region to be dispersed throughout the body.
2
Beta ___ adreneric receptors primarily have inhibitory effects.
hypothalamus
Conscious activities in the cerebrum directly affect the sympathetic and parasympathetic control systems in the
intramural ganglia
Ganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system located within the wall of the target organ are known as ______.
antagonistic
Generally, the effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation of the same organ are ______, opposing each other to produce different results.
constrict
In blood vessels innervated by only sympathetic axons, increased sympathetic stimulation causes the vessels to ______ while decreased sympathetic stimulation causes the vessels to dilate.
Secretion by glands, cardiac muscle contraction, smooth muscle contraction
In response to a specific stimulus, autonomic reflex arcs can trigger which responses?
Adrenal medulla, postganglionic neurons
In which structures will you find nicotinic receptors?
All parasympathetic receptors, blood vessels in skeletal muscle, sweat glands.
In which structures would you find muscarinic receptors?
ANS
Involuntary activities of the body, such as changes in blood vessel diameter to adjust blood pressure, are under the control of the
ligands
Molecules, such as neurotransmitters, which bind specifically to receptors are called
erection
Parasympathetic innervation causes ______ of the female clitoris and male penis.
increase secretion
Parasympathetic innervation from the postganglionic axons of the pterygopalatine ganglion cause the lacrimal glands and small glands of the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and palate to
decrease
Parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve causes the heart rate to
Ciliary muscle
Parasympathetic innervation of which muscles results in lens accommodation?
pupillary constrictor muscles
Parasympathetic innervation of which muscles results in pupin constriction when the eye is exposed to bright light?
lens contraction
Parasympathetic innervation to the cillary muscle results in ______ ______, which makes the lens more rounded to allow for close vision.
increase
Parasympathetic signals traveling down postganglionic axons from the otic ganglion cause an ______ in secretion from the parotid salivary glands.
Ciliary ganglion
Preganglionic axons from the oculomotor nerve (CNIII) extend to which ganglion?
white rami communicantes
Preganglionic sympathetic axons from the T1-L2 spinal nerves are carried to the sympathetic trunk through the
T1, L2
Preganglionic sympathetic axons travel within the spinal nerves numbered ___ to ___
vertebral column, aorta
Prevertebral ganglia are located anterior of the ______ ______ on the anterolateral surface of the ______
organs
Prevertebral ganglia typically cluster around the origins of the major abdominal ______ and are named for these structures.
adrenergic
Receptors that bind norepinephrine or epinephrine are called ______ receptors.
skeletal muscle fibers
Somatic motor neurons innervate
autonomic reflexes
Spinal shock, the initial reaction to spinal cord trauma or injury, is characterized by the loss of
visceral
Stimuli associated with blood vessels or internal organs are detected by the ______ sensory structures.
middle and inferior cervical ganglia
Sympathetic postganglionic axons innervating thoracic viscera extend from neuron cell bodies within the
superior mesenteric
The ______ ______ ganglion is adjacent to the origin of the superior mesenteric artery.
alpha, beta
The ______ adrenergic receptors have stimulatory effects, whereas ______ adrenergic receptors may be stimulatory or inhibitory.
parasympathetic
The ______ division of the autonomic nervous system is also called the craniosacral division because of the location of its preganglionic neurons.
submandibular
The ______ ganglion supplies postganglionic parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands to increase their secretions.
vagus
The ______ nerve causes increased smooth muscle motility and secretory activity in the organs of the digestive tract.
somatic, autonomic
The ______ nervous system and ______ nervous system are the subdivisions of the motor nervous system.
conscious
The autonomic and somatic nervous systems can be distinguished by whether or not we are ______ of the processes they control.
3
The beta ____ receptors are found in adipose tissues when they stimulate lipolysis.
autonomic reflexes
The brainstem nuclei in the mesencephalon, pons, medulla oblongata mediate the
autonomic
The branch of the nervous system most closely associated with maintaining homeostasis is the
Ciliary ganglion
The ciliary muscle and the iris of the eye receive postganglionic axons from which ganglion?
autonomic tone
The continuous activity of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system is called
sympathetic
The diameter of blood vessels is maintained in a partially constricted state by the effects of ______ tone.
pelvic
The distal portion of the large intestine, rectum, most of the reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and distal part of the ureter receive parasympathetic innervation from the ______ splanchnic nerves.
Sympathetic
The division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for fight or flight.
facial nerve (CN VII)
The greater petrosal nerve is a branch of the parasympathetic preganglionic axons of the ______
celiac ganglion
The left and right greater thoracic splanchnic nerves synapse on ganglionic neurons within the
inferior mesenteric ganglion
The lumbar splanchnic nerves terminate in the
superior mesenteric
The middle of the three prevertebral ganglia is the ______ ______ ganglion
celiac
The most superior of the prevertebral ganglia is the ______ ganglion
celiac
The most superior of the prevertebral ganglia is the ______ ganglion.
spinal cord
The parasympathetic activities associated with defecation and urination are processed and controlled at the level of the
homeostasis
The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system helps maintain ______, a constant internal environment.
adrenergic
The postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division are
pelvic splanchnic nerves
The preganglionic neuron cell bodies of the S2-S4 spinal cord segments are the origin of preganglionic parasympathetic axons that branch to form the
voluntary, involuntary
The somatic nervous system is under ______ control, while the autonomic nervous system is under ______ control.
Norepinephrine
The synaptic knobs of post ganglionic adrenergic neurons contain
synaptic
The terminal branches of sympathetic axons contain swollen beads called
spinal
The white rami communicantes connect the ______ nerves to each sympathetic trunk.
lateral horn
This area of gray matter of the spinal cord in segments T1-L2 houses the cell bodies of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons.
Sympathetic nervous system
This system is the portion of the autonomic nervous system that functions during times of stress or emergency.
Hypothalamus
What is the centrail brain structure involved in the emotions and drives that act through the autonomic nervous system?
Stretching the walls of the large vessels
What visceral sensory stimulus triggers the autonomic reflex causing the reduction of blood pressure
splanchnic nerves
Which are composed of preganglionic sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion?
cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
Which are effectors of the autonomic nervous system?
contraction of rectal smooth muscle, increased secretion from gastric glands
Which are effects of the gastrointestinal reflex on the GI tract?
Facilitate blood clotting, inhibiting insulin secretion
Which are functions involving alpha 2 adrenergic receptors?
alpha, beta
Which are types of adrenergic receptors?
Submandibular ganglion
Which autonomic ganglion is located near the angle of the mandible?
Otic ganglion
Which autonomic ganglion, located anterior to the ear, receives parasympathetic axons from the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)?
Chorda tympani nerve
Which branch of the parasympathetic preganglionic axons exiting the facial nerve terminates at the submandibular ganglion?
chorda tympani nerve
Which branch of the parasympathetic preganglionic axons exiting the facial nerve terminates at the submandibular ganglion?
Vagus (CN X)
Which cranial nerve is the wanderer traveling inferiorly through the neck and throughout the trunk.
Oculomotor (CN III)
Which cranial nerve sends preganglionic axons to the ciliary ganglion?
oculomotor (CN III), facial (CN VII), glossopharyngeal (CN IX), and vagus (CN X) nerves.
Which cranial nerves are associated with the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
Parasympathetic
Which division of the autonomic nervous system maintains homeostasis when we are at rest?
The specific organs with α1 receptors include most blood vessels (including those going to the skin, GI tract, and kidneys), arrector pili muscles, uterus, ureters, internal urethral sphincter, and dilator pupillae muscle of the eye.
Which effectors have alpha 1 receptors?
parotid salavary gland
Which gland receives parasympathetic innervation from the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)?
Acetylcholine
Which is NOT a catecholamine?
dilation of the pupil, contraction of the radial muscle of the iris
Which is a result of sympathetic stimulation of the muscles of the iris?
Erection of the penis and ejaculation of semen.
Which is an example of a cooperative effect of the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches?
acetylcholine and norepinephrine
Which neurotransmitters are used in the autonomic nervous system?
stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, duodenum, pancreas
Which organs are innervated by posganglionic axons from the celiac ganglion?
large intestine, the rectum, the urinary bladder, distal parts of the ureters, and most of the reproductive organs.
Which organs receive postganglionic axons from the inferior mesenteric ganglion?
duodenum, small intestine, large intestine, pancreas, kidneys, and ureters.
Which organs receive postganglionic axons from the superior mesenteric ganglion?
It is under voluntary control
Which statement describes the somatic nervous system?
Heart
Which structure receives parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve (CN X)?
sweat glands and smooth muscle in blood vessels of the head and neck, the dilator pupillae muscle of the eye, and the superior tarsal muscle of the eye
Which structures receive sympathetic innervation from the superior cervical ganglion?
Increase in blood pressure, breathing, and heart rate
Which system changes accompany sympathetic stimulation?
Acetylcholine
Which type of neurotransmitter is released by all preganglionic axons in the autonomic nervous system?
Muscarinic
Which type of receptors binds acetylcholine and uses second messenger systems
Parasympathetic
Which type of stimulation slows down the heart rate?
nicotinic, muscarinic
______ acetylcholine receptors open sodium channels to exite a cell, while ______ acetylcholine receptors may be have stimulatory or inhibitory effects.
Beta
______ one adrenergic receptors are found in the heart where they increase heart rate and force contraction.
Alpha
______ two receptors are found in the pancreas and inhibit insulin secretion.
Two
how many motor neurons are needed to stimulate cardiac muscle contraction in the autonomic nervous system
pterygopalatine ganglion
which autonomic ganglion is located near the junction of the maxilla and palatine bones?