A&P 4.0 Tissues
Most epithelial tissues have two words in their name followed by the word _____. The first word indicates the number of cell layers: And the second word in the name describes the shape of cells:
"Epithelium"; First word: simple= one layer of cells stratified= more than one layer of cells. Second word: Squamous= cells are wider than tall Cuboidal= cells are as wide as tall like cubes Columnar= cells are taller than they are wide like columns
Important characteristics of epithelial tissues: (5)
1- Cellularity. Epithelial cells are separated by minimal extracellular matrix (adjacent epithelial cells are connected to each other by lateral junctions. 2- Polarity. Cell regions of the apical surface differ structurally & functionally from the basal surface. 3- Regeneration. Lost cells are quickly replaced by cell division. 4- Avascular. Epithelia lack blood vessels & so receive nutrients from underlying connective tissue via diffusion. Though epithelia lack blood cells, the tissues are innervated. 5- Attachment. All epithelial sheets are supported & attached to underlying deeper tissues by a basal membrane.
Connective tissues share general characteristics: (3)
1- cells are specialized & separated by large amounts of extracellular matrix. 2- often underlies epithelial tissues. 3- highly vascularized and richly innervated
Connective tissues can be divided into four broad classes that vary in the consistency of their ground substance:
1- connective tissue proper (syrupy consistency to the ground substance) 2- cartilage (gelatinous consistency to the ground substance) 3- bone (crystallized consistency to the ground substance) 4- blood (liquid consistency to the ground substance)
Connective tissue contains specialized cells such as: (5)
1- fibroblasts 2- fibrocytes 3- macrophages 4- adipocytes 5- mast cells
Exocrine glands are classified by: (3)
1- mode of secretion. 2- number of cells. 3- morphology of gland
What are the functions of epithelium? (4)
1- protection. 2- absorption, secretion, & ion transport. 3- filtration. 4- forms slippery surface within the body
Because there are so many connective tissues in the body, connective tissues have a wide variety of functions. The functions include: (6)
1- structural framework of the body 2- physical protection 3- fluid & solute transport throughout the body 4- tissue interconnection & binding 5- fat storage 6- mircoorganism defense
An epithelial tissue that would function best in diffusion would be which of the following? A) simple squamous epithelium B) simple cuboidal epithelium C) simple columnar epithelium D) pseudostratified columnar epithelium
A
The tissue that lines the inside of the Fallopian tube: A) epithelium B) connective C) muscle D) nervous
A
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of epithelial tissues? A) highly vascularized B) highly regenerative C) composed almost entirely of cells D) structural & functional differences between the exposed & attached surfaces
A
Goblet cells=
A column-shaped cell found in the respiratory and intestinal tracts, which secrete the main component of mucus
(Fat cells) resident cells that full with liquid fat to store nutrients and have nuclei flattened and pushed to one side of the fat droplet
Adipocytes
Stratified tissues are named according to the shape of the cells along their ____ surface
Apical
Cell regions of the ____ (exposed) surface differ structurally and functionally from the ____ (attached to deeper) surface
Apical; basal
Apical portion of cytoplasm of cell becomes packed with secretory vesicles containing product and is then shed by modes of secretion
Apocrine
You are looking at a slide under a microscope at a tissue that is found bordering an open space. The tissue is composed of a single layer or square cells. This tissue would correctly be called A) transitional epithelium B) simple cuboidal epithelium C) simple columnar epithelium D) stratified cuboidal epithelium
B
All epithelial sheets are supported and attached to underlying deeper tissues by a ____
Basal membrane
Connective tissue (c.t.) composition can be written with the following equation:
C.t.= cells + extracellular matrix
What is a tissue composed of?
Cells, extracellular matrix, & interstitial fluid
Tissues contain ____ suspended in an _______. Extracellular matrix is located outside the cell that is composed of proteins & fluid. This fluid is called _______.
Cells; extracellular matrix; interstitial fluid
Whip-like, highly motile extensions of the apical surface of the cell that move in a coordinated fashion to pass substances along the apical surface
Cilia
Strongest and most abundant fibers that resist tension and provide flexibility to tissues
Collagen fibers
Three types of protein fibers in extracellular matrix:
Collagen fibers, reticular fibers, & elastic fibers
____ tissues are the most diverse and abundant tissue in the human body
Connective
_____ is characterized by a syrupy ground substances and the presence of fibroblasts, fibrocytes, defense cells and adipocytes
Connective tissue proper
Nervous tissue is responsible for ____
Control
Epithelium tissue is responsible for _____
Covering
Dr Punkarella is studying human sweat glands to learn more about the action of pheromones on human sexual behavior. Which of the following MUST be true of the glands she is studying? A) unicellular glands B) endocrine glands C) release products called hormones D) have a multicellular secretory unit
D
Types of anchoring junctions that reinforce tight junctions and prevent tearing
Desmosomes
Extracellular matrix (ECM) composition can be written with the following equation:
ECM= protein fibers + ground substance
Fibers that contain elastin that has the ability to stretch and the recoil
Elastic fibers
_____ tissue contains little or no extracellular matrix
Epithelial
______ tissues cover the body surface or line a body cavity. Any substance that enters or leaves the body must pass thru an _______.
Epithelial; epithelium
Four primary types of tissues:
Epithelium, connective, nervous, & muscle
Multicellular glands are composed of more than one cell. Made of two basic parts:
Epithelium-walled duct= conducts secretion to the surface of the epithelium. And secretory unit= cells are specialized for secretion
The extracellular matrix is produced by the ____ and is composed of group substance and protein fibers
Fibroblasts
Cells that produce the protein portion of the extracellular matrix and secrete molecules that form the ground substance are called _____. In cartilage, these specialized cells that secrete the extracellular matrix are called _____ while in bone they are called ____.
Fibroblasts; Chondroblasts; osteoblasts
Cells that are no longer secreting matrix; instead, they maintain and repair existing extracellular matrix are called _____. In cartilage, these specialized maintenance cells are called ____ while in bone they are called _____.
Fibrocytes; chrondocytes; osteocytes
Channels that connect adjacent cells and allow small molecules to move directly between neighboring cells to help intercellular communication
Gap junctions
Unicellular glands are composed of only one cell. Example:
Goblet cells
____ are unicellular exocrine glands that produce mucus that protects and lubricants many internal body surfaces
Goblet cells
Hydrophilic substance in which the cells and protein fibers are embedded. It normally has a syrupy consistency. However, it can vary in consistency. It is completely liquid in blood but is crystallized in bone
Ground substance
Extracellular matrix is composed of a ____ and ____
Ground substance & protein fibers
The entire cell becomes packed with secretions and bursts apart by modes of secretion
Holocrine
In the endocrine gland, ductless glands with cells that secrete substances directly into bloodstream. They produce molecules called _____
Hormones
Epithelia lack blood vessels and so receive nutrients from underlying connective tissue via diffusion. Although epithelia lack blood cells, the tissues are _____ (meaning they have nerve endings for sensation)
Innervated
Supplied with nerves=
Innervated
____ is a protective protein that waterproofs the skin
Keratin
Epithelial cells are separated by minimal extracellular matrix. In fact, adjacent epithelial cells are connected to each other by special _____
Lateral junctions
Connective tissue proper types vary in density and the types of protein fibers present: (2)
Loose connective tissues and dense connective tissues
Cells that phagocytize (engulf & destroy) pathogens, cell debris, and other foreign material
Macrophages
____ promote inflammation in response to infection or allergic reactions
Mast cells
Modifications of Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
May have cilia and/or contain goblet cells that secrete mucus
Product released by exocytosis by modes of secretion
Merocrine
Modes of secretion: (3)
Merocrine, Apocrine, & Holocrine
All connective tissues derive from a common embryonic origin- an embryonic tissue called ______
Mesenchyme
Finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane that maximize surface area across which small substances can enter or leave the cell
Microvilli
Muscle tissue is responsible for _____
Movement
In the exocrine/ducted gland, ducts carry products of exocrine glands to epithelial surface. Includes the following diverse glands:
Mucus & salivary glands Sweat & oil glands
____ provide support in the extracellular matrix
Protein fibers
Vascularized=
Provide (a tissue or structure) with vessels; especially blood vessels. Ex: the endocrine glands are highly vascularized tissues.
Name the tissue with a single layer of cells of different heights that falsely appear to be many layered
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Tissue whose functions is to secrete mucus, ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells)
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Tissues located in the ducts of male reproductive tubes, and lining of the trachea and most of upper respiratory tract
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Mesh-like network of protein fibers that provide tissue flexibility and support structures within
Reticular fibers
The shape of the nuclei conforms to the ___ of the cell
Shape
Name the tissue that's a single layer of column-shaped (rectangular) cells with oval nuclei
Simple columnar epithelium
Tissue located in the digestive tract lining and in small bronchi
Simple columnar epithelium
Tissue whose functions are absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes, & other substances, and ciliated type propels mucus or reproductive cells
Simple columnar epithelium
Name the tissue that's a single layer of cube-like cells with large, spherical central nuceli
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Tissue located in the kidney tubules & secretory portions of some glands
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Tissue whose functions are secretion & absorption
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Name the tissue that's a single layer of flat cells with disc-shaped nuclei
Simple squamous epithelium
Tissue located in the renal corpuscles, alveoli of lungs, and serous membranes
Simple squamous epithelium
Tissue whose functions is the passage of materials by passive diffusion & filtration. Also, secretes substances in serous membranes
Simple squamous epithelium
Modifications of Simple columnar epithelium:
Some bear cilia & microvilli
____ tissues are named according to the shape of the cells along their apical surface
Stratified
Name the tissue that has several layers of cells where the basal cells are usually cuboidal while the apical cells are columnar
Stratified columnar epithelium (rare tissue)
Tissue located in male urethra and large ducts of some glands
Stratified columnar epithelium (rare tissue)
Tissue whose function is protection and secretion
Stratified columnar epithelium (rare tissue)
Name the tissue that generally has two layers of cube-shaped cells
Stratified cuboidal epithelium (rare tissue)
Tissue that forms ducts of: mammary glands, salivary glands, & largest sweat glands
Stratified cuboidal epithelium (rare tissue)
Tissue whose function is protection
Stratified cuboidal epithelium (rare tissue)
Name the tissue that has several layers of cells of which the basal cells are cuboidal or columnar while the surface cells are squamous
Stratified squamous epithelium
Tissue located keratinized- forms epidermis or skin AND nonkeratinized- forms moist lining of body openings such as the mouth, anus, & vagina
Stratified squamous epithelium
Tissue whose function protects underlying tissues
Stratified squamous epithelium
Specializations of Transitional epithelium
Superficial cells in the unstretched organ will appear dome-like but will flatten out into a squamous shape when the organ is stretched
Innervated=
Supply (an organ or other body parts) with nerves
Connective tissue is responsible for _____
Support
Closes off the space between the cells to prevent molecules from passing between the cells of the epithelial tissues
Tight junctions
There are three types of lateral cell junctions that connect adjacent epithelial cells:
Tight junctions, desmosomes, & gap junctions
A ______ is a group of closely associated cells that perform related functions and are similar in structure
Tissue
The ground substance holds _____
Tissue fluid (interstitial fluid)
During Transitional epithelium cells in the tissue _____ between two shapes
Transition
Name the tissue that has several layers of cells where the basal cells are usually cuboidal or columnar while the superficial cells dome-shaped
Transitional epithelium
Tissue that lines ureters, urinary bladder, & urethra
Transitional epithelium
Tissue whose function stretches and permits distension of organ and is impermeable to urine
Transitional epithelium
Regarding exocrine glands, classification of the number of glands:
Unicellular and multicellular
Lots of blood supply=
Vascularized
