Anthro Midterm 2

The appearance of bone needles made with blade tools in the Upper Paleolithic of northern Eurasia, demonstrates that behaviorally modern people were capable of

sewing clothes

Which of the following appear earliest in caves like Blombos and Pinnacle Point in Africa

shell beads a paint making kit pressure flaked bifaces microblade tools Correct Answer all of these

The discovery of a Neanderthal hyoid bone at Kebara Cave and the FoxP2 gene in Neanderthal remains

suggests that they were capable of many of the same speaking abilities as modern humans

A continuous, projecting ridge of bone above and across the eye orbits in Homo erectus is called the

supraorbital torus

The first hominids to inhabit the Americas were

AMH (H. sapiens)

In the caves of Mt Carmel, like Skhul, Tabun and Kebara, TL dating (trapped charge) surprised the world by showing that

AMH remains were often as old or older than Neanderthal remains,, and the two coexisted for a period

Which is a term applied to an evolutionary process whereby humans modify, either intentionally orunintentionally, the genetic makeup of a population of plants or animals?

Domestication

Site _____ may be the earliest case of monumental architecture in the world, and appears to have been a megalithic temple, made of more than 200 stone pillars with elaborately carved animals. It was likely built by complex hunter-gatherers rather than farmers.

Göbekli Tepe

The proposition that increased aridity in the Near East at the end of the Ice Age led to thedevelopment of domestication around permanent water sources is known as the

Oasis Theory

Which red pigment source was found in Blombos Cave and is considered definitive evidence of artwork by many archaeologists?

Ochre

Recent genetic analysis of living members of the L0 MTDNA haplogroup among the Khosian-San, suggest what region as the possible homeland of the Mitochondial "Eve

Okavango Delta

Dogs are a domesticated descendent of which wild animal?

Old World wolves

Which site has provided evidence that Homo erectus hunted or scavenged giant baboons

Olorgesailie

Although traditional skeletal indicators based on modern forensics suggest Nariokotome Boy was about 13 years old when he died, studies of annually deposited tissue lining the surface of tooth roots, suggest he was actually

Only about 8 years old, suggesting shorter childhoods and more rapid growth in Homo erectus

How long ago did human groups begin actively controlling their food sources by artificially producing conditions under which these sources would grow?

Within the past 12,000 years

Some of the earliest indisputable evidence for the use of fire by hominins was found at ___ in South Africa

Wonderwork

The large, extinct herbivores of the Pleistocene era are referred to as

megafauna

Which theory suggests that AMH evolved simultaneously in various parts of the Old World after Homo erectus spread out of Africa almost 2 mya?

multiregional theory

The Younger Dryas:

was a period of rapid change to colder conditions and back to warm at the end of the Ice Age between 12.9 and 11.7 kya may have encouraged Epipaleolithic Natufian foragers of the Levant to start cultivating wheat may have helped cause the extinction of megafauna in the New World and impacted Clovis hunters Correct Answer all of these

Finds at the Upper Paleolithic site of Ohalo II, in the vicinity of the Sea of Galilee in modern Israel, demonstrate that hunter-gatherers during the coldest part of the last glacial cycl

were already harvesting a broad spectrum of fruit and cereal grains, including the wild ancestors of wheat and barley

"AMH" stands for

"AMH" stands for

The _____ are the most ancient undisputed hominin fossils outside Africa, dated to around 1.7- 1.8 m.y.a.

Dmanisi fossils

The earliest Americans are known to have arrived in the New World, south of Canada, by at least _______, if not earlier.

14.8 kya

Homo erectus appeared in East Africa between ___ million years ago.

2.0 and 1.8

The oldest AMH fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco have been dated to about _____ years ago.

300,000

The standardized, teardrop-shaped hand axe made by soft hammer percussion was characteristic of which tool tradition?

Achulean

Current fossil, mtDNA and Y-chromosome DNA evidence indicates that the earliest AMH were from which geographical location?

Africa

A genetic heritage from Neanderthal ancestors is most often found in contemporary people of ____ ancestry

African European Melanesian and Australian Asian

Which site has provided evidence of carnivory by Homo erectus in the form of faunal remains of large mammals, procured either by hunting or scavenging

All these have provided such evidence for Homo erectus

DNA is

An acronym for deoxyribonucleaic acid A double-stranded, self-replicating molecule Contains the genetic code by which heredity works Is found in chromosomes of cells

The oldest hominin remains in Western Europe date to about 800 kya and were found at the____ site

Atapuerca Gran Dolina

Which of the following was an Upper Paleolithic tradition associated with the earliest AMH in Europe?

Aurignacian

Recent finds at ____ in Bulgaria, suggest that the earliest AMH may have arrived in Europe as early as 46kya, allowing abundant time for cultural interactions and interbreeding with Neanderthals.

Bacho Kiro Cave

The ____ site in England is about as far north as Homo erectus have been found, and dates to a warm interglacial period, demonstrating to limits to which Homo erectus could adapt to high latitudes in the middle Pleistocene.

Box Grove

The following artifacts and features are evidence that Natufian peoples ate lots of plant foods, leading to the domestication of wheat, except

Clovis points

Under current climatic conditions, continental glaciers are found only in Antarctica and Greenland. However during cold "glacials" of the Pleistocene, massive continental glaciers also developed in

Canada Northern Europe and Russia

Of the Upper Paleolithic culture periods of Europe, one may have been produced by the last Neanderthals interacting with immigrating AMH.

Chatelperronian

Pleistocene European remains of AMH after about 40,000 years ago used to be classified as

Cro Magnon

Hominin bone remains from Vindija Cave in modern Croatia have been important in yielding

DNA showing the genetic relationships between Neanderthals with modern human populations and other hominins . Genetic evidence that Neanderthals lived in small, isolated inbred groups . Nitrogen isotope evidence that Neanderthals were top-level carnivores

Although the earliest AMH in Europe overlapped with Neanderthals, _______ is evidence that AMH were behaviorally modern in their capacity for abstract thinking, planning depth, and symbolic behavior, that Neanderthals may not have been fully capable.

Elaborate burial customs with grave goods Trade of shell and stone over great distances Elaborate cave art Symbols such as Venus figurines suggesting widespread belief systems Correct! All of these

Venus figurines are most commonly found on what continent

Europe

Which of the following is a potential advantage of using fire by early hominins?

Fire makes meat and roots more digestible and kills bacteria. Fire protects against animals and the elements. Fire produces light Fire can be used to modify the environment in beneficial ways

Recent analyses of the genes in modern human populations believed to have been inherited from Neanderthal or Denisovan ancestors are

Frequently related to modern human immune systems Sometimes help contemporary populations adapt to extreme environments like high altitudes Although certainly adaptive during the Pleistocene, sometimes cause health and medical problems today

The Sunghir burial site near Moscow is important because

Genetic evidence that AMH lived in small, isolated inbred groups AMH evolved directly from Neanderthals in Russia

Located in South Africa's "Cradle of Humankind" region, Rising Star Cave yielded fossils of at least 15 fossil Homo Naledi that surprised scientists by being only between 236,000 and 335,000 years old. They had previously believed Homo Naledi to be much older because

Homo Naledi had a brain size similar to the much earlier Homo habilis

Java man and Peking man belonged to the hominin species?

Homo erectus

The first proven use of fire by hominins is associated with

Homo erectus

Up until about 1.8 million years ago, the only home of bipedal primates was Africa. However, after that time, humans began to spread into China, Western Europe, Georgia, India, and Java. Which species was probably the first to migrate out of Africa?

Homo erectus

Which of the following is best describes the current position on the role of humans in megafaunal extinctions in Australia and North America?

Humans likely played only a contributing role in this event, which was largely driven by climate change.

Excavations at the Neolithic settlement that later grew to become the Biblical city of _____ haverevealed the remains of a sizable farming community occupied as early as 10,350 years ago.

Jericho

Which of the statements below about the "Nariokotome (Turkana) Boy" fossil is true?

It is one of the most complete H. erectus skeletons ever found

All of the following statements are true of cooking food except:

It led to an increase in the size of the human stomach and teeth

Fossils at sites like Trinil were some of the first examples of Homo erectus found and document that H. erectus arrived in the region as early as 1.6 mya and survived until 110 kya. Homo erectus may have even etched cross-hatch designs into a marine shell there. Trinil is located in

Java

Which of the following fossils has now been assigned to the species Homo erectus?

Java Man Peking Man

Which technique of making tools was used by Neanderthals to make flake tools by flaking a core into a preplanned form?

Levallois or Preparded Core

The oldest site in Sahul yielding evidence of hominin occupation purported to date about 65kya is ____ Cave.

Madjebebe

Elaborate rock art at ____ on the island of Sulawesi, appear to depict mythological creatures hunting realistically painted wild bigs and boars, dating about 43.9 kya

Maros (Leang Bulu' Sipong 4)

Although the Pleistocene Overkill theory is no longer widely accepted today, it initially received strong support from

Numerous megafauna kill and butchery sites made by Clovis hunters

The Late Pleistocene Mal'ta Boy burial, the Naia skeleton from Hoyo Negro, and coprolites from Paisley Cave are significant for proving ancient DNA relationships between

Modern indigenous Siberians and Native Americans

Securely dated remains from _____, indicate that modern human populations had spread as far as the southern part of South America by 14,800 years ago, if not earlier

Monte Verde

Who were the earliest people in the Fertile Crescent known to have stored plant food, as evidencedby basin-shaped depressions in the rocks found outside homes and plastered storage pits beneath thefloors of the houses?

Natufian

You are a paleoanthropologist excavating a site in western Eurasia. You come across several bodies buried in graves. Their brains are at least the size of modern humans. Their front teeth are large and worn down from use, the facial projection of their noses and teeth form a kind of prow, and both sexes are muscular and robust. At the back of the skull is a bony mass for the attachment of powerful neck muscles. None have chins or foreheads. You decide that they are

Neanderthal

Studies comparing the DNA of modern humans and Neanderthals show all of the following EXCEPT

Neanderthal DNA is more closely related to Europeans than to any other modern human population.

An Upper Pleistocene premodern hominin species that evolved in western Eurasia was

Neanderthals

When measured in microscopic exoskeletons extracted from deep seas cores, isotopes of which element have proven that the answer to the question above drove Pleistocene climate change?

Oxygen

The method of extracting ancient DNA from bone by producing copies of a DNA segment is abbreviated

PCR

Finely-made, pressure flaked, fluted spear points called Clovis are attributed to

Paleoindians in North America

About 1.8 million years ago the planet entered the ____ epoch, that has also been called the "Ice Age.":

Pleistocene

Sitesthat date roughly between 400,000 and 200,000 years ago usually contain only parts of one or a very few individuals. The exception contained the remains of multiple individuals of both sexes—juveniles as well as adults—who, possibly as an early form of burial, were deliberately dumped by their contemporaries into a deep cave shaft known today as

Rising Star Cave Sima de los Huesos

Which of the following is NOT a Late Pleistocene site of the New World?

Shanidar Cave

The combined landmass of the contemporary islands of Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and Bali that was continuous with mainland Southeast Asia at times of low sea levels is known as

Sunda

Archaeological analyses of the assemblages of Middle Paleolithic cave sites in the Dordogne Valley in Europe suggest that Neanderthals

Tended to live in small, isolated groups Had a technology, that while flexible for the tasks at hand, did not change or progress much for tens of thousands of years Did not tend to travel great distances compared to more recent hunter-gatherers Only rarely contained evidence of art or symbolic capability until late in the span of Neanderthal existence

Thus far, what do the remains of the Dmanisi hominins indicate?

The first hominins to leave Africa were possibly a very early and diverse form of H. erectus, possibly more like H. habilis.

High ratios of Nitrogen 15 to Nitrogen 14 in Neanderthal bone suggests that Neanderthals were

Top level carnivores who consumed mostly meat in their diet

Early archaeological evidence of hominin behavior indicating similar subsistence, cultural, language, and symbolic thinking capabilities as modern humans, recovered from caves like Blombos

Use of coastal, marine resources Manufacture of shell beads Discovery of a paint mixing kit Possible production of the tips of projectile weapons for hunting

Dating to about 780 kya, the Gesher Benot Ya'aqov (GBY) Site in Israel is important because it documents _____ by Homo erectus

Using fire to cook a diverse range of edible plants

An interglacial is:

a period in the Ice Age when ice melts and temperatures rise

Handstone and milling stone (Mano and metate) are identified as:

a round stone and flat stone grinding slab used for grinding plants.

Australian megafauna

a. May have gone extinct as a result of Pleistocene climate change c. May have gone extinct as a result of overhunting by AMH d. May have gone extinct as a result of ecological changes caused by AMH

Some evidence of the hunting capabilities of Homo erectus have been provided by an interesting archaeological find at Schöningen in Germany. What did they find?

a. bow and arrow b. wooden thrusting spears c. a wooden throwing stick d. a scavenged straight-tusked elephant

The Altai Mountains in south-central Siberia are an important region in prehistory because

a. some of the earliest evidence of dog domestication was found there b. The indigenous people are the Eurasian population most genetically similar to Native American populations suggesting Pleistocene links. c. Denisova Cave, where the ancient Denisovan hominins were genetically discovered occurs there. d. the indigenous people there have the highest percentages of Denisovans genes of any contemporary population Correct! e. All but d above

The explosion of the supervolcano, Mt Toba, about 75kya may have

a. wiped out many premodern hominin populations around the Indian Ocean b. been the catalyst that stimulated the evolution of the modern capability for culture, and symbolic thinking. c. created a founder effect that "pruned" away much of the genetic diversity of AMH populations in Africa

Archaeological evidence clearly demonstrate that "behaviorally" modern humans of the Late Pleistocene differed from many earlier hominins in their ability to

adapt to radically new environments culturally rather than by physical evolution think symbolically, as evinced by their creation of paintings, figurines, and jewelry participate in far flung social networks by mobility, trade and marriage all but d above

The remains of a partially blind amputee discovered in Shanidar Cave in Iraq (nicknamed Ned), suggest that Neanderthals

assisted handicapped individuals in their societies, allowing them to live longer than would have been possible alone

The tool that allowed Upper Paleolithic AMH to throw spears from a safe distance with speed and accuracy is also known as a(n)

atl atl or woomera

Made first in Africa, and later in Europe and Siberia, AMH of the Upper Paleolithic used this specially prepared flake, more than twice as long as wide, to make other tools from bone, antler, wood, and hide?

blade

During the Pleistocene, the Sahara Desert frequently was

both a and b above during glacial and interglacial times

Stratified assemblages from cave sites Blombos, show that from 125 to 60 kya, AMH had a technology and material culture that _________________. Similar observations can be made about assemblages in Europe after 40 kya.

changed dynamically in response to climate change, progress, and cultural preference

Between 1.4 million and 400,000 years ago, Achulean handaxe technology

changed only slightly, if at all, through periods of dramatic climate change was rare, if not absent from East Asia

The unique physical characteristics of Neanderthals may have arisen as adaptations to a ______ environment.

cold

Fossil skulls of AMH are identified in part by their

distinct chin

Lascaux, Chauvet, and Altamira are

famous for their elaborate cave paintings

Taking place around 200,000 years ago in Africa and Europe, a technological breakthrough called _____ required the affixing of small stone bifaces and flakes in handles of wood to make composite tools like spears and knives.

hafting

A group of similar sequences of Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) or mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences that must share a common ancestor because they share the same single mutation is a

haplogroup

Although the earliest hominins in Sahul used a lithic technology reminiscent of premodern hominins, _______ is evidence that they were behaviorally modern in their capacity for abstract thinking, planning depth, and symbolic behavior

intentional sea crossings burial practices using red ochre widespread rock art shell jewelry

When Neanderthal DNA was compared to that of modern human beings, it was determined that

is different from modern human DNA suggesting that the two populations underwent perhaps half a million years of evolutionary divergence since their last common ancestor

The famous Mungo Man skeleton is important because it

is the oldest hominin skeleton yet found in Sahul is clearly an AMH was intentionally buried and painted, suggesting behavioral modernity probably is at least 40,000 years old

In Homo erectus, the size of the hypoglossal canal may indicate the ability to

make tongue movements necessary for human speech

Which of the following is associated with cold periods of the Pleistocene?

large areas of Euarasia and North America were covered by glacial ice sea levels were dramatically lower than today land masses like Sunda, Sahul, Doggerland, and Berengia were exposed Parts of Africa and Australia were exceptionally dry

Neandertal brain size was

larger, on average, than that of modern humans

Mitochondrial DNA is

only found in energy-converting structures of the cell, not the nucleus passed onto children only from their mother, not their father an important source of genetic evidence for evolutionary relationships through the molecular clock technique suggests all living humans, but no Neanderthals, share a common female ancestor about 200- 300 kya

According to which theory did Neanderthals become extinct and not evolve into modern humans?

out of Africa

The epoch called the Ice Age was marked by:

periods of cooling of the earth's climate, separated by shorter warm intervals.

Which of the following was found in the 14,000 year old deposits of Paisley Cave?

preserved human feces or coprolitescontaining human mtDNA with links to Siberian haplogroups

One method of stone tool manufacture practiced by AMH produced the Solutrean laurel leaf bifaces in the Upper Paleolithic of Europe and the Clovis points in the North American PaleoIndian, but was developed much earlier in Africa

pressure flaking

Early humans in South Africa, who were both anatomically and behaviorally modern, appear to have adapted to a________ environment

sea shore, estuarine

Although hominins lived on the Sunda continental plate for more than a million years, AMH appear to be the earliest hominin to appear on the Sahul plate (Australia, New Guinea, and Tasmania). Most archaeologists believe that this reflects the ability to use _____ technology .

seafaring boat

The Yana RHS site in Siberia is significant because is demonstrates _________________ 27-32 kya

that humans had developed the skills to survive above the Arctic Circle humans were capable of migrating across Berengia

The Neolithic Revolution is associated with:

the development of agriculture

Natufian subsistence is associated with all of the following except:

use of horse drawn plows.