A&P

Figure 12-1 The NeuronUse Figure 12-1 to answer the following questions:On which structure do most neuron to neuron communications occur? Group of answer choices 4 1 5 3 2

1

Figure 12-2 The Nerve Action PotentialUse Figure 12-2 to answer the following questions:Which area of the graph shows when chemically gated sodium channels are open? Group of answer choices 4 3 5 1 2

1

Figure 15-1 Spinothalamic TractsUse Figure 15-1 to answer the following questions:Which structure conducts action potentials directly from a sensory receptor? Group of answer choices 7 2 3 5 1

1

Figure 13-1 The Spinal CordUse Figure 13-1 to answer the following questions:Where do somatic motor neurons reside? Group of answer choices 9 12 11 13

14

At the normal resting membrane potential of a typical neuron, its sodium-potassium exchange pump transports Group of answer choices 3 intracellular sodium ions for 1 extracellular potassium ion. 3 extracellular sodium ions for 2 intracellular potassium ions. 2 intracellular sodium ions for 1 extracellular potassium ion. 1 intracellular sodium ion for 2 extracellular potassium ions. 3 intracellular sodium ions for 2 extracellular potassium ions

3 intracellular sodium ions for 2 extracellular potassium ions.

Which of the following is a recognized function of skeletal muscle? Group of answer choices guard body entrances and exits produce movement maintain posture maintain body temperature All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Which of these muscles is a member of the quadriceps group? Group of answer choices vastus intermedius vastus medialis vastus lateralis rectus femoris All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

________ are receptors in the aorta that monitor the blood pressure. Group of answer choices Hair cells Proprioceptors Chemoreceptors Nociceptors Baroreceptors

Baroreceptors

Figure 12-1 The NeuronUse Figure 12-1 to answer the following questions:The structures labeled "1" are dendrites. Their membranes contain numerous chemically-gated ion channels. The first statement is false but the second statement is true. Both statements are false. Both statements are true. The first statement is true but the second statement is false.

Both statements are true.

open or close in response to binding specific molecules. Group of answer choices Voltage-gated channels Chemically gated channels Activated channels Leak channels Voltage-gated and chemically gated channels

Chemically gated channels

Which of the following can cause demyelination? Group of answer choices diphtheria mercury exposure arsenic poisoning multiple sclerosis Demyelination can be caused by arsenic, diphtheria, multiple sclerosis and mercury.

Demyelination can be caused by arsenic, diphtheria, multiple sclerosis and mercury.

________ line the brain ventricles and spinal canal. Group of answer choices Astrocytes Satellite cells Microglia Oligodendrocytes Ependymal cells

Ependymal cells

Which neurotransmitter has a direct effect on opening chloride channels? Group of answer choices dopamine norepinephrine serotonin GABA endorphins

GABA

The nuclei of which cranial nerves are associated with the midbrain? Group of answer choices V and VI I and II IV and V III and IV II and III

III and IV

Which of the following is true about the cerebral cortex? Group of answer choices It is a deep layer of white matter. It is a deep layer of gray matter. It is a superficial layer of white matter. It is a deep layer of both white and gray matter. It is a superficial layer of gray matter.

It is a superficial layer of gray matter.

How would the absolute refractory period be affected if voltage-regulated sodium channels failed to inactivate? Group of answer choices It would last indefinitely. It would be basically unaffected. It would be much briefer.

It would last indefinitely.

Figure 14-2 Cranial NervesUse Figure 14-2 to answer the following questions:What is the function of the nerve labeled "5"? Group of answer choices facial expression vision movement of the tongue

Viceral sensation & motor control

A lever consists of Group of answer choices a rigid structure and a fulcrum. a tendon and a muscle. a bone, a muscle, and a nerve. a fulcrum. a rigid structure.

a rigid structure and a fulcrum.

A reduction in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus is referred to as Group of answer choices transformation. transduction. negation. exhaustion. adaptation.

adaptation.

Cerebrospinal fluid enters the blood circulation at the Group of answer choices central canal. tentorium cerebelli. jugular veins. frontal sinus. arachnoid granulations.

arachnoid granulations.

The folds of the surface of the cerebellum Group of answer choices are called folia and are less prominent than the cerebral folds. consist of axons and dendrites of neurons. form a network of blood vessels over the brain. are called sulci. are bathed in spinal fluid.

are called sulci.

Cortical regions that interpret sensory information or coordinate motor responses are called ________ areas. Group of answer choices sensory commissural processing somesthetic association

association

Which of the following does not originate on the humerus? Group of answer choices biceps brachii brachioradialis anconeus and brachioradialis anconeus brachialis

biceps brachii

In which plexus does the ulnar nerve arise? Group of answer choices sacral lumbar cervical cranial brachial

brachial

Synaptic delay is caused by Group of answer choices production and transport of neurotransmitter within the neuron. binding of acetylcholine to post-synaptic receptors. calcium influx and neurotransmitter release. neurotransmitter diffusion. the lack of permeability of the post-synaptic membrane.

calcium influx and neurotransmitter release.

The spinal cord is part of the ________ nervous system. Group of answer choices peripheral autonomic somatic afferent central

central

What triggers the release of acetylcholine from a synaptic terminal? Group of answer choices synaptic vesicles fuse to dendrites graded potentials in the synaptic terminal diffusion of sodium ions out of the synaptic terminal release of calcium ions from the synaptic vesicles diffusion of calcium ions into the synaptic terminal

diffusion of calcium ions into the synaptic terminal

Which of the following describes the action of the digastric muscle? Group of answer choices depresses and retracts the tongue elevates the larynx and depresses the mandible depresses the larynx elevates the larynx elevates the mandible

elevates the larynx and depresses the mandible

The thick, flat sheet of tendon deep to the scalp is called the Group of answer choices plantar aponeurosis. epicranial aponeurosis. calcaneal tendon. linea alba. retinaculum.

epicranial aponeurosis.

The band of collagen fibers that laterally braces the knee is the Group of answer choices iliotibial tract. piriformis. linea alba. linea aspera. tensor fasciae latae.

iliotibial tract.

Central adaptation refers to Group of answer choices the decline in activity of peripheral receptors when stimulated. a characteristic of phasic receptors. a change in motor receptivity of a neuron. increases in conscious perception of a sensory stimulus. inhibition of nuclei located along a sensory pathway.

inhibition of nuclei located along a sensory pathway.

Which of the following is not correctly matched? Group of answer choices arcuate fibers: short association fibers commissural fibers: interconnect the cerebral hemispheres projection fibers: pass through the diencephalon internal capsule: bands of association fibers association fibers: interconnect areas within a single cerebral hemisphere

internal capsule: bands of association fibers

Ion channels that are always open are called ________ channels. Group of answer choices leak local active gated regulated

leak

Pam's daughter is born cross-eyed. As she grows, the problem does not become any better. Her physician suggests cutting an eye muscle to bring the eyes into a more normal position. Which muscle will he cut? Group of answer choices superior oblique medial rectus inferior rectus superior rectus lateral rectus

medial rectus

In a(n) ________ reflex, a sensory neuron synapses directly on a motor neuron. Group of answer choices ipsilateral commensual monosynaptic contralateral polysynaptic

monosynaptic

Figure 15-2 The Corticospinal PathwayUse Figure 15-2 to answer the following questions:Identify the type of information that travels along the structure labeled "4." Group of answer choices proprioception to the cerebral cortex pain and crude touch sensations fine touch to the cerebral cortex visceral motor commands to smooth muscle motor commands to skeletal muscles

motor commands to skeletal muscles

The temporoparietalis muscle acts to Group of answer choices depress the lip. close the eye. purse the lips. move the external ear. draw the corner of the mouth back and up.

move the external ear.

The white matter of the spinal cord is mainly Group of answer choices neuroglia. myelinated axons. unmyelinated axons. nodes of Ranvier. Schwann cells.

myelinated axons.

The area of the motor cortex that is devoted to a particular region of the body is proportional to the Group of answer choices size of the body area. size of the nerves that serve the area of the body. distance of the body area from the brain. number of motor units in that region.

number of motor units in that region.

Figure 14-2 Cranial NervesUse Figure 14-2 to answer the following questions:Identify the structure labeled "1." Group of answer choices optic nerve mammillary body olfactory bulb infundibulum oculomotor nerve

optic nerve

Most of the skeletal muscles in the body are ________ muscles. Group of answer choices parallel convergent straight pennate circular

parallel

The type of muscle whose functional characteristics most closely resemble those of its muscle fibers is the ________ muscle. Group of answer choices pennate circular convergent divergent parallel

parallel

The region(s) of the cerebral cortex superior to the lateral sulcus is/are the Group of answer choices temporal lobe. frontal lobe. occipital lobe. parietal and frontal lobes. parietal lobe.

parietal and frontal lobes.

Regional loss of sensory or motor function from nerve trauma or compression is termed Group of answer choices dermatome. shingles. peripheral neuropathy. areflexia. hemisection.

peripheral neuropathy.

Sensory neurons that adapt quickly are called ________ receptors. Group of answer choices chemical-channel phasic tonic opioid intracellular

phasic

The complex, interwoven network formed by contributions from the anterior rami of neighboring spinal nerves is termed a(n) Group of answer choices plexus. autonomic nerve. dermatome. lateral nerve. tract.

plexus.

A(n) ________ reflex has at least one interneuron placed between the sensory and motor neurons. Group of answer choices contralateral polysynaptic ipsilateral involuntary monosynaptic

polysynaptic

Figure 13-1 The Spinal CordUse Figure 13-1 to answer the following questions:Identify the structure labeled "1." Group of answer choices lateral white horn anterior white column posterior white column lateral white column median commissure

posterior white column

Using the two-point discrimination test you can fairly accurately determine whether you have been touched with one point or two because of the density of the Group of answer choices action potential. labeled line. perception. effectors. receptor fields.

receptor fields.

Spinal interneurons inhibit antagonist motor neurons in a process called Group of answer choices reciprocal inhibition. a crossed extensor reflex. a stretch reflex. reverberating circuits. a tendon reflex.

reciprocal inhibition.

During abdominal surgery, the surgeon makes a cut lateral to the linea alba. The muscle that would be cut is the Group of answer choices digastric. external abdominal oblique. scalenus. splenius. rectus abdominis.

rectus abdominis.

The spinal tract that normally plays a role in the subconscious regulation of the muscles of the arms is the ________ tract. Group of answer choices rubrospinal anterior corticospinal lateral corticospinal vestibulospinal reticulospinal

rubrospinal

Type ________ fibers have the largest diameter axons. Group of answer choices S B C F A

s

The long strap-like muscle on the anterior thigh is the ________ muscle. Group of answer choices rectus femoris gracilis sartorius iliotibial tract adductor longus

sartorius

Each of the following terms is a descriptive term for a muscle's action except Group of answer choices pronator. sartorius. levator. extensor. adductor.

sartorius.

We can localize sensations that originate in different areas of the body because Group of answer choices incoming sensory information is first processed by the thalamus. of the many types of tactile receptors. sensory neurons carry only one modality. different types of sensory receptors produce action potentials of different sizes and shapes. sensory neurons from specific body regions project to specific cortical regions.

sensory neurons from specific body regions project to specific cortical regions.

In the condition ________, a virus infects posterior root ganglia, causing a painful rash whose distribution corresponds to that of the affected sensory nerves as seen in their dermatomes. myasthenia gravis Hodgkin's disease neuronal damage shingles chickenpox

shingles

Which of the following activities or sensations is/are not monitored by interoceptors? Group of answer choices pain urinary activities sight activities of the digestive system cardiovascular activities

sight

Cerebrospinal fluid flows within the Group of answer choices subarachnoid space. dura mater. arachnoid mater. filum terminale. pia mater.

subarachnoid space.

Examination of a tissue sample from the central nervous system reveals many darkly pigmented cells. This tissue probably came from the Group of answer choices nucleus cuneatus. cerebellar nucleus. motor cortex. nucleus gracilis. substantia nigra

substantia nigra.

The corpora quadrigemina is composed of the Group of answer choices four cerebral lobes. first four cranial nerves. cranial nerve IV. superior and inferior colliculi.

superior and inferior colliculi.

Which eye muscle sends its tendon of origin through a pulley or trochlea before inserting on the globe? Group of answer choices inferior oblique superior rectus superior oblique lateral rectus inferior rectus

superior oblique

Sensory encoding of the perceived location of a stimulus depends on Group of answer choices the specific location of the cortical neuron that is stimulated. which labeled line is active. the number of receptors stimulated. the frequency of action potentials. the specific sensitivity of the peripheral receptor.

the specific location of the cortical neuron that is stimulated.

The conversion of the stimulus into an action potential to be interpreted by the brain is called Group of answer choices transpotential. translation. transduction.

transduction.

The muscle that extends the forearm when doing push-ups is the Group of answer choices brachialis. biceps. pectorals. triceps. deltoid.

triceps.

Which of the following types of nerve fiber possesses the fastest speed of impulse propagation? Group of answer choices type A type B type C type D type E

type A

The muscle that retracts and elevates the upper lip is the ________ muscle. Group of answer choices orbicularis oculi masseter orbicularis oris zygomaticus minor buccinator

zygomaticus minor

Figure 12-2 The Nerve Action PotentialUse Figure 12-2 to answer the following questions:Which area of the graph shows when membrane potential approaches the potassium equilibrium potential? Group of answer choices 1 2 3 4

4

Which of the following is not a property of the blood-brain barrier? Group of answer choices Astrocytes surround the CNS capillaries. It is intact except in areas known as circumventricular organs. The capillary endothelial cells are interconnected by tight junctions. It is absent in portions of the hypothalamus. It is very permeable to many water and lipid-soluble compounds.

It is very permeable to many water and lipid-soluble compounds.

________ channels open or close in response to physical distortion of the membrane surface. Group of answer choices Chemically gated Mechanically gated Leak Voltage-gated Active

Mechanically gated

The infraspinatus has its insertion on the Group of answer choices lesser tubercle and intertubercular groove of the humerus. greater tubercle of the humerus. clavicle and scapula. vertebral border near the spine. tuberosity of the radius.

greater tubercle of the humerus.

Which sensation(s) does the vestibulocochlear nerve carry? Group of answer choices hearing hearing, balance, and taste balance atmospheric pressure hearing and balance

hearing and balance

Which of the following muscles has its origin on the hyoid and inserts on the tongue? Group of answer choices geniohyoid sternohyoid thyrohyoid hyoglossus lateral pterygoideus

hyoglossus

Figure 11-2 Major Posterior Skeletal MusclesUse Figure 11-2 to answer the following questions:Identify the muscle labeled "6." Group of answer choices trapezius tensor fasciae latae rhomboid major latissimus dorsi adductor magnus

latissimus dorsi

Figure 13-2 Spinal NervesUse Figure 13-2 to answer the following questions:Ken has a herniated disc which is pinching the structure labeled "10". He is most likely experiencing impairment in which sensory pathway? Group of answer choices somatic and visceral motor somatic and visceral sensory somatic sensory visceral motor visceral sensory

somatic and visceral sensory

Figure 15-1 Spinothalamic TractsUse Figure 15-1 to answer the following questions:Identify the axon labeled "3." Group of answer choices axon of a second-order neuron axon of a upper motor neuron axon of a ganglionic neuron axon of a lower motor neuron axon of a first-order neuron

axon of a second-order neuron

The ________ nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord. Group of answer choices central peripheral afferent autonomic efferent

central

Most neurons lack ________ and so are permanently blocked from undergoing cell division. cytoplasm a nucleus centrioles ribosomes endoplasmic reticula

centrioles

Descending fibers from the pons to the cerebellum pass through these structures of the midbrain? Group of answer choices corpora quadrigemina reticular formation cerebral peduncles superior colliculus substantia nigra

cerebral peduncles

Muscles of the neck and shoulder are innervated by spinal nerves from the ________ region. Group of answer choices thoracic cervical coccygeal sacral lumbar

cervical

In each ventricle is a blood vessel network called the ________ that produces cerebrospinal fluid. Group of answer choices vertebral artery choroid plexus dural sinus jugular vein carotid artery

choroid plexus

The ________ reflex complements the flexor reflex by activating contralateral muscles. Group of answer choices reciprocal stretch crossed extensor flexor tendon

crossed extensor

Figure 11-2 Major Posterior Skeletal MusclesUse Figure 11-2 to answer the following questions:Identify the muscle labeled "2." Group of answer choices rhomboid deltoid teres major trapezius sternocleidomastoid

deltoid

These structures extending from the pia mater through to the dura mater support the spinal cord by preventing lateral movement. Group of answer choices coccygeal ligament spinal ligaments cauda equina denticulate ligaments rami communicantes

denticulate ligaments

Opening of sodium channels in the axon membrane causes Group of answer choices increased negative charge inside the membrane. hyperpolarization. depolarization. inhibition. repolarization.

depolarization.

Which of the following is not a property of the limbic system? Group of answer choices functions in maintaining homeostasis in cold weather located between the border of the cerebrum and diencephalon functions in emotions, learning, and memory primarily a functional grouping links conscious functions of the cerebral cortex with unconscious functions of the brain stem

functions in maintaining homeostasis in cold weather

ifficulty in swallowing may be a sign of damage to which cranial nerve(s)? Group of answer choices glossopharyngeal vagus glossopharyngeal and vagus facial hypoglossal

glossopharyngeal and vagus

The brain requires a substantial blood supply. The vessels that deliver blood to the brain are the Group of answer choices jugular veins. external carotid arteries. dural sinuses. internal carotid and vertebral arteries. facial arteries.

internal carotid and vertebral arteries

After suffering a stroke, Mary finds that she cannot move her right arm. This would suggest that the stroke damage is in the area of the ________ lobe. Group of answer choices left temporal occipital right frontal right temporal left fronta

left fronta

The two cerebral hemispheres are separated by the Group of answer choices central sulcus. postcentral sulcus. longitudinal fissure. transverse fissure. parieto-occipital sulcus.

longitudinal fissure.

What loss would result from cutting through the medial lemniscus on the right side? Group of answer choices loss of fine touch sensation on the right side of the body complete hemiplegia (paralysis) on the left side of the body loss of pain sensation on the left side of the body loss of pain sensation on the right side of the body loss of fine touch sensation on the left side of the body

loss of fine touch sensation on the left side of the body

Bill contracts a viral disease that destroys cells in the posterior gray horns in his spinal cord. As a result, which of the following would you expect? Group of answer choices problems moving his legs uncontrollable sweating of his feet problems with moving his arms loss of sensation in his torso inability to breathe

loss of sensation in his torso

Sensory information from visceral organs is carried by the Group of answer choices posterior ramus. rami communicantes. parasympathetic nerve. anterior ramus. sympathetic nerve.

sympathetic nerve.

Which of the following is not a way that reflexes are classified? Group of answer choices somatic/visceral innate/acquired sympathetic/parasympathetic monosynaptic/polysynaptic spinal/cranial

sympathetic/parasympathetic

Free nerve endings detect which stimulus/stimuli? Group of answer choices chemical deep pressure temperature, pain, stretch and touch pain only stretch

temperature, pain, stretch and touch

Figure 15-1 Spinothalamic TractsUse Figure 15-1 to answer the following questions:Identify the structure labeled "5." Group of answer choices primary sensory cortex primary motor cortex cerebral cortex autonomic ganglion thalamus

thalamus

Figure 15-2 The Corticospinal PathwayUse Figure 15-2 to answer the following questions:Identify the origin of the axon labeled "2."

upper motor neuron

Figure 15-2 The Corticospinal PathwayUse Figure 15-2 to answer the following questions:Identify the structure labeled "5." Group of answer choices upper motor neuron first-order neuron dorsal root second-order neuron ventral root

ventral root

Figure 13-2 Spinal NervesUse Figure 13-2 to answer the following questions:What is the function of the structure labeled "12"? Group of answer choices somatic sensory input somatic motor control sensory receptor for pain

viceral sensation & motor control

The heart muscle is a ________ effector. Group of answer choices afferent visceral sympathetic somatic higher-order

visceral