A&P book chap 16
Autonomic tone is present in the heart because
ACh (acetylcholine) released by the parasympathetic division decreases the heart rate, and norepinephrine (NE) released by the sympathetic division accelerates the heart rate.
The most common and incapacitating form of senile dementia is
Alzheimer's disease
The degree of wakefulness at any moment is an indication of the level of ongoing activity.
CNS
A common age-related anatomical change in the nervous system is increased brain size and weight. an increased number of neurons. increased blood flow to the brain. T/F
False
The lower motor neurons of the somatic nervous system (SNS) exert direct control over skeletal muscles. By contrast, in the ANS there is
a synapse on visceral motor neurons, which lie between the CNS and the peripheral effector.
At their synaptic terminals, preganglionic autonomic fibers release .
acetycholine
At synapses and neuroeffector junctions, all preganglionic and postganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic division release
acetylcholine
At their synapses with ganglionic neurons, all preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division release
acetylcholine
Most of the ACh released during parasympathetic stimulation is inactivated by .
acetylcholinesterase
The two components of the limbic system essential to memory consolidation are the
amygdaloid body and hippocampus
Due to its functions, the parasympathetic division is referred to as the system.
anabolic
Visceral reflexes provide
automatic motor responses
The primary factor that determines an individual's autonomic tone is the
autonomic motor neuron activity
The system that coordinates cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive functions is the
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
The release of small amounts of acetylcholine and norepinephrine on a continual basis in an organ with dual innervation is referred to as .
autonomic tone
Preganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division of the ANS originate in the
brain stem and sacral segments of the spinal cord
All parasympathetic neurons are .
cholinergic
The three unpaired sympathetic ganglia that lie anterior to the vertebral bodies are the .
collateral ganglia
A state of awareness of and attention to external events and stimuli implies
consciousness
When a bright light shines in the eyes, a parasympathetic reflex causes
constriction of the pupils in both eyes
Sympathetic postganglionic fibers entering the thoracic cavity can create
dilated respiratory passageways
A distinct similarity between the organization of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems is that both are
efferent divisions that carry motor commands
The two neurotransmitters released into circulation by sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medulla are norepinephrine and .
epinephrine
Preganglionic fibers always have a(n) effect on postganglionic neurons.
excitatory
Compounds that stimulate norepinephrine release in certain brain pathways can cause
exhilaration
Because the sympathetic division of the ANS stimulates tissue metabolism and increases alertness, it is called the subdivision.
fight or flight
Centers and nuclei in the medulla oblongata are subject to regulation by the .
hypothalamus
Coordination and regulation of sympathetic function occurs in centers in the medulla oblongata, which can be influenced directly at an additional level by activity of the
hypothalamus
The cellular mechanism(s) that seem to be involved in memory formation and storage include
increased neurotransmitter release,facilitation of synapses, and formation of additional synaptic connections,
The lower motor neurons of the SNS exert voluntary control over skeletal muscles, while in the ANS the control of smooth and cardiac muscle is .
involuntary
Cholinergic postganglionic sympathetic fibers that innervate the sweat glands of the skin and the blood vessels of the skeletal muscles are stimulated during exercise to
keep the body cool and provide oxygen and nutrients to active skeletal muscles
The effect of secretions from the adrenal medulla is that they
last longer than those produced by direct sympathetic stimulation.
The system in the brain that would most likely exert an influence on autonomic control if an emotional condition is present is the system.
limbic
The conversion from short-term to long-term memory is called .
memory consolidation
Compared to sympathetic stimulation, the effects of parasympathetic stimulation are usually
more specific and localized
The G protein-based cholinergic receptors in the parasympathetic division are the receptors.
muscarinic
The two types of parasympathetic receptors that occur on the postsynaptic membranes are
nicotinic and muscarinic
At neuroeffector junctions, typical sympathetic postganglionic fibers release
norepinephrine
The neurotransmitter that is released by sympathetic postganglionic fibers and that causes constriction of most peripheral blood vessels is .
norepinephrine
In an organ with dual innervation, sympathetic and parasympathetic actions would likely be described as .
opposing
Where dual innvervation exists, the two divisions of the ANS commonly have
opposing effects
Extracellular accumulations of fibrillar proteins, surrounded by abnormal dendrites and axons, are called .
plaques
Visceral reflexes have the same basic components as somatic reflexes, but all visceral reflexes are
polysynaptic
Active dreaming occurs during sleep.
rapid eye movement
The effects of a neurotransmitter substance on a postsynaptic cell can vary widely due to the type of .
receptor
The sympathetic division can change tissue and organ activities by
releasing norepinephrine at peripheral synapses,distribution of norepinephrine by the bloodstream, and distribution of epinephrine by the bloodstream.
Whether a neurotransmitter produces stimulation or inhibition of activity depends on the
response of the membrane receptor to the presence of the neurotransmitter
Because the parasympathetic division of the ANS conserves energy and promotes sedentary activity, it is known as the subdivision.
rest and digest
An important brain stem component involved in the conscious state is the
reticular activating system
Excessive secretion of dopamine may be associated with .
schizophrenia
The major effect(s) produced by the parasympathetic division include
secretion by digestive glands.,increased smooth muscle activity along the digestive tract, and constriction of the respiratory passageway
Compounds that inhibit serotonin production or block its action cause
severe depression and anxiety
When the heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and energy utilization decline by up to 30 percent, it indicates
slow wave or non-REM sleep
The response of the entire sympathetic division in a crisis causes an event called .
sympathetic activation
Preganglionic fibers from the thoracic and lumbar segments form part of the
sympathetic division of the ANS
The division of the nervous system that "kicks in" during periods of exertion, stress, or emergency is the
sympathetic division of the ANS
A visceral reflex arc consists of a receptor, a sensory neuron, a processing center, and
two visceral motor neurons
In general, the parasympathetic division of the ANS predominates
under resting condition
Approximately 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow is provided by the .
vagus nerve
The lowest level of integration in the ANS consists of
visceral motor neurons that participate in cranial and spinal visceral reflexes
The simplest functional units in the ANS are .
visceral reflexes
The nerve bundle that carries preganglionic fibers to a nearby sympathetic chain ganglion is the
white ramus