A&P CH 13 - Anatomy of the nervous system

Parts of the Cerebrum: -part of the parietal lobe that is particularly responsible for language, or controlling movements responsible for speech.

Broca's area

what is the purpose of cerebrospinal fluid?

CSF circulates to remove metabolic wastes from the interstitial fluids of nervous tissues and returns them to the blood stream. also a cushion for the brain and spinal cord.

a disease of the basal nuclei, more specifically the substantia nigra. the neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta die. basal nuclei are stuck in a indirect pathway without the direct pathway being activates

Parkinson's disease

disorder in which a a groove does not form along the dorsal surface of the embryo, which is supposed to become deeper until its edges meet and close off to form the neural tube.

Spina Bifida

a type of mild spina bifida where the vertebral bones do not fully surround the spinal cord, but the spinal cord remains unaffected.

Spina bifida occulta

Cranial Nerves: - VI, motor, eye movements

abducens

the loss of sense of smell

anosmia

Spinal Cord Structures: -area of white matter between the 2 anterior horns, it is bound by the axons of motor neurons emerging from that area of gray matter

anterior columns

Spinal Cord Structures: -an area of gray matter that sends out motor signals to the skeletal muscles

anterior horn

The Meninges: -a membrane of thin fibrous tissue that forms a loose sac around the central nervous system. (middle)

arachnoid mater

Spinal Cord Structures: -area of white matter that carry sensory information up to the brain

ascending tracts

Cranial Nerves: - VIII, sensory, for hearing and balance

auditory (vestibulocochlear)

Blood Supply to the Brain: -the 2 vertebral arteries merge into this, which gives rise to branches to the brain stem and cerebellum

basilar artery

Which Nerve Plexus? -Spinal nerves C4 through T1 reorganize through this plexus and give rise to the nerves of the arms

brachial plexus

Spinal Cord Structures: -long bundle of nerves that resemble a horses tail.

cauda equina

Parts of the Cerebrum: -sulcus that separates the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe.

central sulcus

the "little brain". covered in gyri and sulci and looks like a mini cerebrum. it is largely responsible for comparing information from the cerebrum with sensory feedback from the periphery through the spinal cord. It accounts for approximately 10 percent of the mass of the brain.

cerebellum

Parts of the Cerebrum: -thin, wrinkled gray matter covering the rest of the underlying brain. this is responsible for the higher function of the nervous system.

cerebral cortex

Which Nerve Plexus? - composed of axons from spinal nerves C1 through C5 and branches into nerves of the posterior head and neck, as well as the phrenic nerve, which connects to the diaphragm at the base of the thoracic cavity

cervical plexus

Blood Supply to the Brain: -the left and right internal carotid arteries and the branches of the basilar artery all combine to make this. it is a confluence of arteries that can maintain perfusion of the brain even if narrowing or a blockage limits flow through one part

circle of Willis

Parts of the Cerebrum: -deep within the cerebrum, this area made of white matter provides the major pathway for communication between the 2 hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

corpus callosum

Spinal Cord Structures: -area of white matter that carry motor commands from the brain.

descending tracts

Spinal Cord Structures: -axons enter the posterior side of the spinal cord through this, which marks the posterolateral sulcus on either side.

dorsal nerve root

Types of Ganglia: -most common type of sensory ganglion. these ganglia are the cell bodies of neurons with axons that are sensory endings in the periphery (such as in the skin), and that extend into the central nervous system through the dorsal nerve root

dorsal root ganglion

The Meninges: -a thick fibrous layer and a strong protective sheath over the entire brain and spinal cord (deepest)

dura mater

Nerve Coverings: -loose connective tissue that covers individual axons

endoneurium

Nerve Coverings: -fibrous connective tissue on the outside of a nerve

epineurium

Parts of the Diencephalon: -contains the pineal gland

epithalamus

Cranial Nerves: - VII, motor and sensory, motor nerve for your face and sense of taste

facial

Parts of the Cerebrum: -front most part of the cortex. it is the part of the brain that controls important cognitive skills in humans, such as emotional expression, problem solving, memory, language, judgment, and sexual behaviors.

frontal lobe

A group of neuron cell bodies in the periphery nervous system. can be categorized (for the most part) as either sensory or autonomic.

ganglia

Cranial Nerves: - IX, sensory and motor, motor for your throat and sense of taste

glossopharyngeal

Parts of the Cerebrum: -a ridge in the wrinkles of the cerebral cortex

gyrus

the ____ are made of gray matter and the _____ and ______ are made of white matter.

horns; columns; canals

Cranial Nerves: - XII, motor, for the lower throat

hypoglossal

Parts of the Diencephalon: -this is inferior and slightly anterior to the thalamus. this is a collection of nuclei that are largely involved in regulating homeostasis. it is the executive region in charge of the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system through its regulation of the anterior pituitary gland.

hypothalamus

Blood Supply to the Brain: -a branch of the major carotid artery. there are 2 of these, 1 on each side of the neck.

internal carotid arteries

what is cerebrospinal fluid made of?

it has low protein concentration, and is made of various ions and enzymes. it is the product of plasma filtration and membrane secretion

Blood Supply to the Brain: -these are in the neck and drain blood from the head, brain, face and neck and convey it toward the heart

jugular vein

Spinal Cord Structures: -area of white matter on either side of the spinal cord, between the posterior horn and the axons of the anterior horn neurons.

lateral column

Spinal Cord Structures: -area of gray matter only found in thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions that contain cell bodies of motor neurons of the autonomic nervous system.

lateral horn

Parts of the Cerebrum: -a sulcus that separates the temporal lobe from the other lobe regions.

lateral sulcus

List the structures CSF passes through on its way to the dural sinuses.

lateral ventricles, 3rd ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, 4th ventricle, central canal of the spinal cord, median and lateral apertures, subarachnoid space

Parts of the Cerebrum: -large area separating the left and right side of the cerebrum

longitudinal fissure

Which Nerve Plexus? -this plexus arises from all the lumbar spinal nerves and gives rise to nerves enervating the pelvis region and the anterior leg.

lumbar plexus

Parts of the Brain Stem: -white matter that is continuous with the white matter of the spinal cord. The tegmentum of the midbrain and pons continues into this area because this gray matter is responsible for processing cranial nerve information.

medulla oblongata

inflammation of the meninges. can be caused by infection from bacteria or viruses.

meningitis.

Parts of the Brain Stem: -a small, original part of the embryonic brain. it's located between the thalamus and pons. it is broken down into 2 parts; the tectum and tegmentum. the cerebral aqueduct passes through this area as well.

midbrain

Bundles of axons in the peripheral nervous system are called ________.

nerves

Parts of the Cerebrum: -posterior region of the cortex, which has no obvious anatomical border between it and the parietal or temporal lobes on the lateral side of the brain. visual processing center.

occipital lobe

Cranial Nerves: - III, motor, for eye movements

oculomotor

Cranial Nerves: - I, sensory, for smell

olfactory

Cranial Nerves: - II, sensory, for vision

optic

Parts of the Cerebrum: -located at the upper back of the cortex. it processes sensory information it receives from the outside world, mainly relating to touch, taste, and temperature.

parietal lobe

Nerve Coverings: -fibrous connective tissue that surround the fascicles within the nerve

perineurium

The Meninges: -this is directly adjacent to the surface of the central nervous system, it is a thin fibrous membrane that follows the convolutions of gyri and sulci in the cerebral cortex and fits into other grooves and indentations. (most superficial)

pia mater

Parts of the Brain Stem: -it is visible on the anterior surface of the brain stem as the thick bundle of white matter attached to the cerebellum. this is the main connection between the cerebellum and the brain stem.

pons

Parts of the Cerebrum: -this is part of the parietal lobe that is posterior to the central sulcus. it is the primary somatosensory cortex, which is identified as Brodmann's areas 1, 2, and 3. All of the tactile senses are processed in this area, including touch, pressure, tickle, pain, itch, and vibration, as well as more general senses of the body such as proprioception and kinesthesia, which are the senses of body position and movement, respectively.

postcentral gyrus

Spinal Cord Structures: -area of white matter that is between the 2 posterior horns.

posterior columns

Spinal Cord Structures: -an area of gray matter responsible for sensory processing

posterior horn

Parts of the Cerebrum: -part of the frontal lobe that is the primary motor cortex. cells from this region of the cerebral cortex are the upper motor neurons that instruct cells in the spinal cord to move skeletal muscles.

precentral gyrus

Which Nerve Plexus? -this plexus come from the lower lumbar nerves, L4 and L5, and the sacral nerves S1 through S4. the sciatic nerve comes from this plexus

sacral plexus

a form of spina bifida where a cyst form on the meninges causing them to protrude through the spinal column, but nerves may not be involved and few symptoms are present.

spina bifida meningocele

a form of spina bifida where a cyst form on the meninges causing them to protrude through the spinal column and the spinal nerves are involved which can cause sever neurological symptoms to be present

spina bifida myelomeningocele

Cranial Nerves: - XI, motor, for the head and neck

spinal accessory

disruption of blood supply to the brain. caused by a blocked artery to the brain

stroke

Parts of the Cerebrum: -the groove between to gyri

sulcus

Blood Supply to the Brain: -this runs in the groove of the longitudinal fissure, where it absorbs cerebrospinal fluid from the meninges.

superior sagittal sinus

Types of Ganglia: -this type constitute a row of ganglia along the vertebral column that receive central input from the lateral horn of the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord.

sympathetic chain ganglia

Parts of the Cerebrum: -lower lobe of the cortex, it sits about ear level on either side of the head. is responsible for creating and preserving both both conscious and long-term memory.

temporal lobe

Types of Ganglia: -these receive input from cranial nerves or sacral spinal nerves and are responsible for regulating the parasympathetic aspect of homeostatic mechanisms.

terminal ganglia

Parts of the Diencephalon: -this is a collection of nuclei that relay information between the cerebral cortex and the periphery, spinal cord, or brain stem. All sensory information, except for the sense of smell, passes through this before processing by the cortex.

thalamus

a type of stroke that is much shorter in duration

transient ischemic attack

Blood Supply to the Brain: -this sinus allows blood to drain from the back of the head. they run laterally in a groove along the interior surface of the occipital bone.

transverse sinus

Cranial Nerves: - V, sensory and motor, for your face

trigeminal

Cranial Nerves: - IV, motor, for eye movements

trochlear

Cranial Nerves: - X, motor and sensory, for the viscera (autonomic)

vagus

Spinal Cord Structures: -the axons emerging from the anterior side of the spinal cord do so through this.

ventral nerve root

Blood Supply to the Brain: -second set of arteries that are protected as they pass through the neck region by the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae

vertebral arteries