A&P ch 3 questions

13) Which of the following statements is correct regarding RNA? A) Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA play a role in protein synthesis. B) If the base sequence of DNA is ATTGCA, the messenger RNA template will be UCCAGU. C) There is exactly one specific type of mRNA for each amino acid. D) rRNA is always attached to the rough ER.

A) Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA play a role in protein synthesis.

27) Which of the following is a principle of the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure? A) Phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules. B) Phospholipids consist of a polar head and a nonpolar tail made of three fatty acid chains. C) The lipid bilayer is a solid at body temperature, thus protecting the cell. D) All proteins associated with the cell membrane are contained in a fluid layer on the outside of the cell.

A) Phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules.

49) Which of the following would NOT assist in establishing a resting membrane potential? A) Selective diffusion allowing more uncharged particles into the cell. B) Selective diffusion allowing more positively charged ions to diffuse out of the cell. C) Selective diffusion allowing fewer positively charged ions to diffuse into the cell. D) Having greater concentration of glycolipids on the outside surface of the membrane.

A) Selective diffusion allowing more uncharged particles into the cell.

10) If cells are placed in a hypotonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what could happen? A) The cells will swell and ultimately burst. B) The cells will lose water and shrink. C) The cells will shrink at first, but will later reach equilibrium with the surrounding solution and return to their original condition. D) The cells will show no change due to diffusion of both solute and solvent.

A) The cells will swell and ultimately burst.

37) Cancerous cells can divide so rapidly that they will often produce a glycocalyx that is different than the other cells in the body. This may result in ________. A) cells of the immune system recognizing the tumorous cells as foreign and destroying them B) the cancer cells conserving energy for more growth C) allowing the cancer cells to bind to their healthy, neighboring cells D) a decrease in the permeability of the tumor cell's plasma membrane preventing the uptake of chemotherapy drugs

A) cells of the immune system recognizing the tumorous cells as foreign and destroying them

11) Riboswitches are folded RNAs that act as switches to turn protein synthesis on or off in response to ________. A) changes in the environment B) specific tRNAs C) specific codes from the DNA D) the presence or absence of ubiquitins

A) changes in the environment

17) Which of these is an inclusion, not an organelle? A) melanin B) lysosome C) microtubule D) cilia

A) melanin

21) Passive membrane transport processes include ________. A) movement of a substance down its concentration gradient B) movement of water from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low concentration C) consumption of ATP D) the use of transport proteins when moving substances from areas of low to high concentration

A) movement of a substance down its concentration gradient

30) The functions of centrioles include ________. A) organizing the mitotic spindle in cell division B) providing a whiplike beating motion to move substances along cell surfaces C) serving as the site for ribosomal RNA synthesis D) producing ATP

A) organizing the mitotic spindle in cell division

44) A cell engulfing a relatively large particle will likely utilize ________. A) phagocytosis B) pinocytosis C) receptor-mediated endocytosis D) exocytosis

A) phagocytosis

42) If active transport establishes a concentration gradient with the use of ATP, then the concentration gradient can be looked at as ________. A) potential energy that can be harnessed when molecules passively diffuse down the concentration gradient B) an unusable byproduct of active transport that will simply diffuse away C) unwanted pressure that will be alleviated by channel mediated facilitated diffusion D) a byproduct of active transport that will be alleviated by pinocytosis

A) potential energy that can be harnessed when molecules passively diffuse down the concentration gradient

3) In certain kinds of muscle cells, calcium ions are stored in ________. A) the smooth ER B) the rough ER C) both smooth and rough ER D) the cytoplasm

A) the smooth ER

35) Which of the following is NOT one of the concepts collectively known as the cell theory? A) Cells only arise from other cells. B) All cells must be motile and divide. C) The cell is the smallest unit of life. D) All organisms are made of one or more cells.

B) All cells must be motile and divide.

29) Which organelle is responsible for processing and packaging proteins destined for export from the cell? A) endoplasmic reticulum B) Golgi apparatus C) lysosomes D) peroxisomes

B) Golgi apparatus

53) Colchicine is a drug that can prevent the formation of microtubules. Which is the most likely effect colchicine would have on cell division? A) It will enhance mitosis by moving chromosome toward the spindle equator. B) It will arrest mitosis by preventing the formation of spindle microtubules. C) It would have little or no effect on mitosis. D) It would delay mitosis by preventing S phase.

B) It will arrest mitosis by preventing the formation of spindle microtubules.

48) A type of transport protein found in the plasma membrane of cells lining the inside of the intestine allows sodium ions to diffuse down their concentration gradient. The ions move through the transport protein, and into the cell. These transport proteins will use the kinetic energy of the diffusing sodium ions to bring glucose into the cells as well. Which of the following would stop transport of glucose through this transport protein? A) Increasing the concentration of glucose outside of the cell. B) Stopping the activity of the sodium potassium pump. C) Increasing the number of digestive enzymes in the digestive tract. D) Lowering the energy of activation.

B) Stopping the activity of the sodium potassium pump.

8) Which of the following statements is correct regarding net diffusion? A) The rate is independent of temperature. B) The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate. C) Molecular weight of a substance does not affect the rate. D) The lower the temperature, the faster the rate.

B) The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate.

34) If a tRNA had an AGC anticodon, it could attach to a(n) ________ mRNA codon. A) AUG B) UCG C) TCG D) UGA

B) UCG

24) Peroxisomes ________. A) are functionally the same as lysosomes B) are able to detoxify substances by enzymatic action C) function to digest particles ingested by endocytosis D) sometimes function as secretory vesicles

B) are able to detoxify substances by enzymatic action

16) The electron microscope has revealed that one of the components within the cell consists of pinwheel array of 9 triplets of microtubules arranged to form a hollow tube. This structure is a ________. A) centrosome B) centriole C) chromosome D) ribosome

B) centriole

9) In a tissue type that undergoes a relatively great deal of mechanical stress, like the tissue that lines the intestine, you would expect to see an abundance of ________ between the individual cells of the tissue. A) gap junctions B) desmosomes C) connexons D) tight junctions

B) desmosomes

18) Which of the following is NOT a factor that binds cells together? A) glycoproteins in the glycocalyx B) glycolipids in the glycocalyx C) wavy contours of the membranes of adjacent cells D) special membrane junctions

B) glycolipids in the glycocalyx

15) Mitosis ________. A) is the formation of sex cells B) is division of the genetic material within the nucleus C) creates diversity in genetic potential D) is always a part of the cell cycle

B) is division of the genetic material within the nucleus

14) Which of the following would NOT be a constituent of a plasma membrane? A) glycolipids B) messenger RNA C) glycoproteins D) phospholipids

B) messenger RNA

26) In which stage of mitosis do the identical sets of chromosomes line up along the midline or equator of the cell? A) prophase B) metaphase C) anaphase D) telophase

B) metaphase

7) Which of the following structures would aid a cell in allowing more nutrients to be absorbed by the cell? A) stereocilia B) microvilli C) primary cilia D) flagella

B) microvilli

12) Which of the following is a function of a plasma membrane protein? A) circulating antibody B) molecular transport through the membrane C) forms a lipid bilayer D) oxygen transport

B) molecular transport through the membrane

2) Which vesicular transport process occurs primarily in some white blood cells and macrophages? A) exocytosis B) phagocytosis C) pinocytosis D) intracellular vesicular trafficking

B) phagocytosis

45) If a cell is non-selectively engulfing samples of extracellular fluid, for example to absorb nutrients, it will likely utilize ________. A) phagocytosis B) pinocytosis C) receptor-mediated endocytosis D) exocytosis

B) pinocytosis

50) When tissues are injured or infected, chemical signals can be releases that affect the plasma membrane of cells that line the nearby blood vessels. These blood vessels' cells (endothelial cells) respond to the chemical signals by displaying a type of glycoproteins on their surface. These proteins will attach to circulating white blood cells bringing them to the site of injury or infection. These glycoproteins would best be described as ________. A) transport proteins B) G-proteins C) Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs) D) desmosomes

C) Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)

28) Which of the following statements is most correct regarding the intracellular chemical signals known as "second messengers"? A) Second messengers act through receptors called K-proteins. B) Second messengers usually inactivate protein kinase enzymes. C) Cyclic AMP and calcium may be second messengers. D) Second messengers usually act to remove nitric oxide (NO) from the cell.

C) Cyclic AMP and calcium may be second messengers.

39) Which of the following will NOT speed up the net rate of diffusion for glucose into a cell? A) Increasing the concentration of glucose outside of the cell. B) Increasing the number of glucose transport proteins within the plasma membrane. C) Decreasing the number of phospholipids in the plasma membrane. D) Decreasing the concentration of glucose within the cell.

C) Decreasing the number of phospholipids in the plasma membrane.

36) If a human cell were to increase the amount of cholesterol embedded within its plasma membrane, which of the following would most likely happen? A) The cell would form a plaque that could potentially block a blood vessel. B) The plasma membrane would become more fluid and the phospholipids less stable. C) The plasma membrane would become more stable, less fluid, and less permeable. D) The plasma membrane would become more permeable to ions and less permeable to lipids.

C) The plasma membrane would become more stable, less fluid, and less permeable.

19) If the nucleotide or base sequence of the DNA strand used as a template for messenger RNA synthesis is ACGTT, then what would be the sequence of bases in the corresponding mRNA? A) TGCAA B) ACGTT C) UGCAA D) GUACC

C) UGCAA

32) Crenation (shrinking) is likely to occur in blood cells immersed in ________. A) an isotonic solution B) a hypotonic solution C) a hypertonic solution D) blood plasma

C) a hypertonic solution

6) Which of the following describes the plasma membrane? A) a single-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus of the cell B) a double layer of protein enclosing the plasma C) a phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell D) a membrane composed of tiny shelves or cristae

C) a phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell

31) A gene can best be defined as ________. A) a three-base triplet that specifies a particular amino acid B) noncoding segments of DNA up to 100,000 nucleotides long C) a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain D) an RNA messenger that codes for a particular polypeptide

C) a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain

47) A type of transport protein found in the plasma membrane of cells lining the inside of the intestine allows sodium ions to diffuse down their concentration gradient. The ions move through the transport protein, and into the cell. These transport proteins will use the kinetic energy of the diffusing sodium ions to bring glucose into the cells as well. This transport protein would best be described as ________. A) a pump B) a channel C) a symporter D) a carrier protein

C) a symporter

23) Mitochondria ________. A) contain digestive enzymes called acid hydrolyses B) are single-membrane structures involved in the breakdown of ATP C) contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function D) synthesize proteins for use outside the cell

C) contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function

38) The myocardium (cardiac muscle tissue) undergoes a significant amount of physical stress due to its contractions. You would expect to see relatively large numbers of which of the following embedded within their plasma membrane? A) transport proteins B) tight junctions C) desmosomes D) glycolipids

C) desmosomes

25) Which of the following is NOT a function of lysosomes? A) digesting particles taken in by endocytosis B) degrading worn-out or nonfunctional organelles C) help in the formation of cell membranes D) breaking down bone to release calcium ions into the blood

C) help in the formation of cell membranes

51) Myocardium (cardiac muscle tissue) must rhythmically contract for a lifetime. This requires a considerable amount of energy production by the cells. You would expect to see a relatively high amount of which organelle in these cells? A) lysosomes B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum C) mitochondria D) cytoskeleton

C) mitochondria

43) Which of the following would NOT be restricted (limited) by low levels of ATP? A) pinocytosis B) exocytosis C) osmosis D) phagocytosis

C) osmosis

40) The lungs deliver a regular supply of oxygen to the blood, which is in turn circulated to most all the cells of the body. At the same time oxygen is consumed during aerobic cellular respiration within these cells. This implies that ________. A) the concentration gradient for oxygen is steepness inside of the cell B) the rate of oxygen diffusion is independent of concentration C) oxygen will passively diffuse into the cells D) oxygen requires active transport to enter most cells

C) oxygen will passively diffuse into the cells

20) Which transport process is the main mechanism for the movement of most macromolecules by body cells? A) phagocytosis B) pinocytosis C) receptor-mediated endocytosis D) secondary active transport

C) receptor-mediated endocytosis

46) If a cell is selectively reducing the concentration of a particular enzyme in the extracellular fluid it will likely utilize ________. A) phagocytosis B) pinocytosis C) receptor-mediated endocytosis D) exocytosis

C) receptor-mediated endocytosis

4) The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the ribosome for protein formation is ________. A) rRNA B) mRNA C) tRNA D) ssRNA

C) tRNA

5) Describe the difference in cell division between normal cells and cancer cells.

Cancer is a complex genetic disease that is caused by specific changes to the genes in one cell or group of cells. In contrast to normal cells, cancer cells don't stop growing and dividing. This uncontrolled cell growth results in the formation of a tumor.

4) Your patient has a respiratory disease that has literally paralyzed the cilia. Explain why this patient would be at an increased risk for a respiratory infection.

Cilia have a rhythmic waving or beating motion. They work to keep the airways clear of mucus and dirt, allowing us to breathe without irritation. If these were paralyzed then they can't protect our airways making us more susceptible to a respiratory infection.

52) Beta cells in the pancreas produce and secrete the protein hormone insulin. You would expect to see a relatively large amount of which organelles in these cells? A) cytoskeleton, and peroxisomes B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosomes C) mitochondria, and cilia D) Golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum

D) Golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum

1) Which of the following is FALSE regarding the membrane potential? A) In their resting state, all body cells exhibit a resting membrane potential. B) The resting membrane potential occurs due to active transport of ions across the membrane due to the sodium-potassium pump. C) The resting membrane potential is determined mainly by the concentration gradients and differential permeability of the plasma membrane to K+ and Na+ ions. D) The resting membrane potential is maintained solely by passive transport processes.

D) The resting membrane potential is maintained solely by passive transport processes.

41) The movement of water across the plasma membrane can be described by all of the following EXCEPT ________. A) simple diffusion B) facilitated diffusion through aquaporins C) passive membrane transport D) carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

D) carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

22) Which of the following is NOT a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? A) lipid metabolism and cholesterol synthesis B) steroid-based hormone synthesis C) breakdown of stored glycogen to form free glucose D) protein synthesis in conjunction with ribosomes

D) protein synthesis in conjunction with ribosomes

33) Some hormones enter cells via ________. A) exocytosis B) primary active transport C) pinocytosis D) receptor-mediated endocytosis

D) receptor-mediated endocytosis

5) A red blood cell placed in pure water would ________. A) shrink B) swell initially, then shrink as equilibrium is reached C) neither shrink nor swell D) swell and burst

D) swell and burst

3) At the age of 6 months, Caleb was diagnosed with Tay-Sachs disease. As his primary care physician, what would you tell his parents about this disease?

Tay-Sachs disease is a genetic disorder that results in the destruction of nerve cell in the brain and spinal cord. Its caused by mutations in both alleles of a gene on chromosome 15. Chromosome 15 codes for the alpha subunit of the enzyme, that is found in lysosomes. Lysosomes break down and recycle large molecules for the cell.

1) A patient was admitted to the hospital for severe dehydration. Explain what changes occur in extracellular and intracellular fluid compartments during dehydration.

The salts in the water, the higher the osmotic pressure. In normal circumstances, the osmotic pressure is the same in both intracellular & extracellular compartments. When you are dehydrated however, the salt concentrations are different in the compartments.

2) Your patient is sitting in your office for a pre-operative appointment and asks you why he will be given a saline IV rather than one containing pure sterile water. What is your response?

Water is hypotonic, so the concentration of dissolved solutes is less than that of your body fluids and cells.

6) Research shows that neurofibrillary tangles associated with the disintegration of microtubules are the primary cause of Alzheimer's disease. If microtubules disintegrate, what then might happen to brain cells?

Without microtubules, the elongated brain cell might either lose shape or lose its ability to move materials from end to end and keep its distant parts well-supplied and alive. This results in loss of signal then cell death.