A&P Ch.1

What is an Endergonic Reaction?

A reaction that requires input of energy from another source. Products contain more energy than reactants

What are the two parts to a Chemical equation?

Reactants (starting ingredients) and Products (results of chemical reaction)

What is the specialized cellular structure that detects the stimulus.

Receptor (sensor)

What is the source of electrolytes?

Salt

What are the 3 states in which matter can exist?

Solid, liquid and gas

What is an Effector?

Something that has an effect on the original stimulus

What are globular proteins? What are they composed of?

Spherical or globe-like; Function as enzymes, hormones and other cell messengers. Composed mostly of Polar amino acids

What is the Mass Number?

The sum of all the protons and neutrons found in the atomic nucleus

Negative feedback loops ________ initial change in a regulated variable; ________ output

oppose/inhibit ; reduce

What does the Octet Rule state?

An atom is most stable when it has 8 electrons in its outer shell

What are Carbohydrates composed of?

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. Function primarily as fuel in the body. Has limited structural roles

Wrist

Carpal

What is Hydrolysis?

Catabolic reaction that uses water to break up polymers into smaller subunits

What is required to coordinate body functions?

Cell-to-Cell Communication

Head

Cephalic

Neck

Cervical

An attractive force between atoms that has an energy relationship

Chemical bond

What is a buffer?

Chemical system that resists changes in pH. Prevents large swings in pH when an acid or base is added

What 3 forms of energy are found in the human body?

Chemical, Electrical and Mechanical

What can a Metabolic Process yield?

Chemicals called waste products. (They serve no purpose and can become toxic if accumulated).

A concentration difference between two connected regions is called?

Concentration Gradient

Organic compounds Give examples.

Contain Carbon bonded to hydrogen Ex: Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

What is an Electrolyte? What is it capable of?

Contain ions. Capable of conduction an electrical current

What is a Solution? Give an Example

Contains a solute dissolved in a solvent; will not settle out. Light can get through. Ex: Salt Water, Sugar Water

What controls the Effector?

Control Center

Where is the stimulus sent to determine that the variable is outside out its set point?

Control Center (usually cells of nervous or endocrine system)

What is the strongest bond that can be formed?

Covalent Bonds

Hipbone

Coxal

Leg

Crural

Cellular Level

Groups of several different types of molecules are combined in specific ways to form structures.

What is the sum of all chemical reaction in your body?

Metabolism

Long bones of the hand

Metacarpals

Long bones of the foot

Metatarsals

What is a Cell?

The basic unit of life and the smallest unit capable of carrying out the functions of life. All living organisms are composed of cells.

What is Energy?

The capacity to do work or put matter into motion or fuel chemical reactions

What is the smallest level of organization in the human body?

The chemical level

Anatomy

The study of the structure/form of the human body.

When does growth occur?

When the "building" process outweighs the "breaking down" process?

True or False: Disaccharides can be absorbed.

False

What do we use as Primary Fuel?

Chemical Energy

What are Tripeptides?

3 amino acids

Armpit

Auxiliary

What are changes in the environment called?

Stimuli

What are the two types of Metabolic Processes?

1. Building: Smaller chemicals are combined Ex: Building Muscle 2. Breaking down: Larger chemicals are broken down. Ex: Digestion

The pH scale ranges from?

0 to 14

In what 3 situations do Non-polar molecules occur?

1) Atoms sharing electrons are the same element 2) Arrangement of atoms makes one atom pull more strongly than other atom Ex: CO2 3) Bond is between Carbon and Hydrogen

What Factors influence reaction rate?

1) Concentration, 2) Temperature 3) Partical size and shape 4) Catalyst

What are the four main properties of Water?

1) High-heat capacity- Can absorb heat without raising it's temperature 2) High heat of Vaporization- Carries heat with it when it evaporates 3) Cushions and protects body structures because of relatively high density 4) Acts as a Lubricant between two adjacent surfaces

What are 2 characteristics of Monosaturated fatty acids? Give an example

1) Liquid at room temp. 2) Have 1 double bond between two carbons in the hydrocarbon chain E: Olive oil

What are 2 characteristics of Polyunsaturated fatty acids?

1) Liquid at room temp. 2)Have 2 or more separate double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon chain

What are the four misconceptions about Homeostasis?

1) Negative feedback is bad for the body; positive feedback is good 2) Maintaining homeostasis means body's internal environment is static or unchanging 3) Regulatory mechanisms and feedback loops are either "on" or "off", like a switch 4)Any physiological variable can be controlled

What are 2 characteristics of Saturated fatty acids? Give an example

1) Solid at room temp. 2) Carbon atom with no double bonds Ex: Butter

What are the 4 main properties of enzymes?

1) Speed up reaction by lowering Activation energy 2) Highly specific for individual substrates 3) Do not alter the reactants or products 4) Not permanently altered in reactions catalyzed

What are the properties common to all living organisms?

1. Cellular Composition, 2. Metabolism, 3. Growth, 4. Excretion, 5. Responsiveness, 6. Movement, 7. Reproduction

Reproduction takes what two forms in multicellular organisms?

1. Individual cells reproduce in the organism during growth 2. The organism itself reproduces to yield similar offspring.

What are two types of Movement?

1. Motion of one or more cells within the organism 2. Movement of the organism itself.

What two types of growth can occur?

1. The growth of an individual cell 2. An increase in the number of cells

What are Polypeptides?

10 or more amino acids

What is a Tertiary Structure?

3D shape that peptide chain assumes (twists, folds + coils) including secondary structure. Stabilized by H. bond

What is the pH of Blood? What is it inside cells?

7.35-7.45. 7.2 Inside cells

What is an Ion? Give an Example.

A Charged Atom Ex: Salt (Sodium + Chlorine)

What is a polypeptide?

A chain of amino acids

What is Metabolism?

A collection of chemical processes carried out by living organisms.

What are Lipids? Give 2 examples.

A group of Non-polar hydrophobic molecules composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen. Ex: Fats and Oils

What is Suspension? Give an example.

A mixture that contains 2 or more components with large unevenly distributed particles. The particles are so heavy that they cannot stay afloat in the mixture; will settle out. Ex: Blood

What is a Colloid? Give an example.

A mixture that contains 2 or more components with small, evenly distributed particles; will not settle out. Cant't see through this type of solution Ex: Milk, Plasma

What is an anion? When is it formed?

A negatively charged ion. When a nonmetal gains one or more electrons.

What is a cation? When is it formed?

A positively charged ion. When a metal loses one or more electrons

What is Transcription?

A process in which RNA copies the recipe for a specific protein found in a gene on DNA

What is Translation?

A process in which cellular ribosomes create proteins. In translation, messenger RNA (mRNA)—produced by transcription from DNA—is decoded by a ribosome to produce a specific amino acid chain, or polypeptide.

What is a base?

A proton acceptor; number of H+ ions decrease in H20 when a bases is added

What is an acid?

A proton donor; number of H+ ions increase in H20 when acid is added.

What is an Exergonic Reaction?

A reaction that releases excess energy. Products have less energy than reactions

What is a Catalyst?

A substance that increases reaction rate by lowering activation energy. It does not get consumed it just facilities the reaction. Catalyst can be used over and over

The production of large quantities of ATP requires what?

ATP

What is used exactly by the cell for energy?

ATP

What is the energy required for all chemical reaction called?

Activation Energy

What synthesizes ATP?

Adenosine and a diphosphate

What is a Primary Structure?

Amino Acid sequence of polypeptide chain

What is Atomic Weight?

An Average of Mass Numbers

What does the Duet Rule state? When does this rule apply?

An atom is most stable when its valence electron shell holds 2 electrons. When an atom has 5 or fewer electrons

What is an Isotope?

An atom with the same atomic number but different mass number.

What can't be broken down into a simpler substance by chemical means?

An element

What does an Ionic bond result in the formation of?

An ion: cation and anions

What is Dehydration Synthesis?

Anabolic reaction that links monomers together and makes a molecule of H20

Forearm

Antebrachial

Front of Elbow

Antecubital

Salt

Any metal cation and nonmetal anion held together by ionic bonds. Salt can dissolve in water to form cation anions.

What is a Mixture?

Atoms of 2 or more elements physically intermixed without changing the chemical nature of the atom itself. Combining 2 substances

What is it called when something exists more in one area than another?

Gradient

If something dissociated into a hydroxyl ion its a _______.

Base

What is Induced-fit mechanism?

Binding of a substrate causes a small shape change that reduces activation energy. Allows transition state to proceed to final products

Upper Arm

Brachial

Cheek

Buccal

Polar molecules with partially positive and negative ends are known as __________.

Dipoles

What can disturbances in homeostasis lead to if they are uncorrected?

Disease or death

What are polysaccharides covalently bound to either proteins or lipids called?

Glycoproteins or gylcolipids

What are the physiological responses that return the variable back to a normal range called?

Effectors

What is it called when protons attract electrons?

Electronegativity

Are Anabolic Reactions considered Endergonic or Exergonic

Endergonic

What is Mechanical Energy? Give an example

Energy directly transferred from one object to another. 1 object pushing or pulling another. Ex: Using your arms to row a boat

Are Catabolic Reactions considered Endergonic or Exergonic?

Exergonic

Are Redox Reactions considered Endergonic or Exergonic?

Exergonic

True or False: Atoms can only have 3 shells

False

True or False: Positive feedback loops are more common than negative feedback loops.

False

What is the monomer for Lipids?

Fatty acids

Thigh

Femoral

Digital

Fingers or toes

Pollex

First digit of the Forelimb (Thumb)

What is the most electronegative element?

Flourine (F)

What is a Molecule?

Formed by chemical bonding between 2 or more atoms of the same element

What is a Compound?

Formed by chemical bonding when 2 ore more atoms of different elements combine

On a periodic table how does an elements electronegativity increase?

From bottom left to the upper right

Skull

Frontal or Cranial

Inorganic compounds Give examples.

Generally don't contain carbons bonded to hydrogen Ex: Water, Acids, Bases, and Salts

How is Electrical Energy Generated? Give an example.

Generated by Movement of charged particles or ions Ex: Nerve/Muscle Impulses

What are 4 examples of Monosaccharides?

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Ribose and Deoxyribose

What are phopholipids composed of?

Glycerol backbone, two fatty acids tails, one phosphate group "head"

CO2 and H20 react and form what?

H2CO3

Big toe

Hallux

What is the maintenance of the internal environment called?

Homeostasis

What are the four major elements that make up 96% of the human body?

Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen

What type of solutes do not dissolve in water?

Hydrophilic

Where is Chemical Energy found?

In bonds between atoms. Drives nearly all the chemical processes

What roles do protein play a part in?

Involved in movement, function as enzymes, play structural roles, function in the body's defenses, and can be used as fuel

What is a Catabolic Reaction?

Large Molecules are broken down into smaller ones

What is a Quaternary Structure?

Links together more than 1 polypeptide chain in a specific arrangement; critical to function of protein as a whole. Held together by H. bond

What are fibrous proteins? What are they composed of?

Long rope-like strands that link things together & add strength and durability. Composed mostly of Non-polar amino acids

Chin

Mental

What control Responsiveness?

Nervous System

Give and example of Cell-to-Cell communication.

Nervous system communication with cells

What is the range of values in a feedback loop called?

Normal range

Atomic Number

Number of protons in the nucleus

Eye or Vision

Ocular

What are Proteins composed of?

One or more polypeptide chains folded into distinct structures that must be maintained to be functional.

What is a Secondary Structure? What holds it together? Give two examples.

One or more segments of primary structure folded in specific ways. Held together by hydrogen bonds. Ex: Alpha helix: coiled spring and Beta-pleated sheet: Venetian blind

Mouth

Oral

Eye

Orbital

Ear

Otic

Polar Covalent Bonds are ____________ charged.

Partially

Kneecap

Patella

Amino acids are linked by what into polypeptides?

Peptide bonds

Back of the knee

Popliteal

What is Kinetic Energy? Give an example.

Potential energy that has been release or set in motion. Ex: Ball rolling down a hill

Pressure differences between two connected regions is called?

Pressure Gradient

Water is considered the body's ________ ________.

Primary Solvent

What is protein denaturation?

Process of destroying a protein's shape by heat, pH changes or exposure to chemicals

What defines an element?

The atomic number

What types of physiological processes do Gradients drive?

Respiration, nutrient exchange, formation of urine

What is Responsiveness?

Sensing and reacting to changes in the environment.

What is the normal value called in a feedback loop?

Set point

Acromial

Shoulder Blade

What happens in a positive feedback loop when conditions return to the normal range?

Shuts off

What is an Anabolic Reaction? Give an example.

Small molecules join to make larger ones Ex: Building Muscle

What is the information that detects when a regulated variable is outside its normal range?

Stimulus

What is Potential Energy? Can it be released? Give an example.

Stored Energy. Yes to do work at some later time. Ex: Ball on top of a hill

What is a Solvent?

Substance that dissolved the solute (larger) Ex: Water

What is a Solute?

Substance that gets dissolved (smaller) Ex: Salt

What key property of water are hydrogen bonds responsible for?

Surface tension

Ankle

Tarsal

A temperature difference between two connected regions is called?

Temperature Gradient

What side of the equation are the products on?

The left side

What is Excretion?

The process in which waste products are removed from the body.

What side of the equation are the reactants on?

The right side

What is an Atom? What charge does it have?

The smallest unit of matter that retains original properties. Neutral charge

What is a Triglyceride? Give example.

The storage polymer for fatty acids Ex: Fat, Adipose

What is Glycogen?

The storage polymer for glucose found mostly in skeletal muscle and liver cells

Physiology

The study of the body's function.

How do humans and animals perceive stimuli?

Through their senses such as: Sight, Pain, Touch, Hearing and Smell.

What two sizes do chemicals range from?

Tiny atoms to complex structures called molecules (composed of atoms ranging from 2 to 2 million).

True of False: Form follows function

True

True or False: All atoms have kinetic energy.

True

True or False: Chemical, Electrical, and Mechanical energy can be kinetic or potential depending on the location or process.

True

True or False: Every system requires good communication?

True

True or False: Homeostasis is independent to what goes on outside the body.

True

True or False: Lack of communication can lead to disease.

True

True or False: Negative feedback loops end or close once the variable has returned to normal.

True

True or False: The Valence shell is the only shell involved in chemical reactions.

True

True or False: The set point is usually a range of values.

True

What are Dipeptides?

Two amnio acids

What are Radioisotopes?

Unstable Isotopes that have high energy or radiation

What determines how an atom interacts with other atoms and whether it will form bonds with a specific atom?

Valence electrons

What are Macromolecules?

Very large molecules composed of many atoms

Covers the surface of the lungs?

Visceral Pleura

What are Hydrogen Bonds? Give and example.

Weak attractions between the partially positive end of one dipole and the partially negative end of another dipole. Ex: Water molecule bonded to another water molecule

If you are healthy you are considered what?

Well-balanced

What is radioactive decay?

When a Radioisotope releases high energy or radiation in order to become more stable

When does a Chemical reaction occur?

When a chemical bond is formed, broken, or rearranged, or when electrons are transferred between two or more atoms

What is a Redox reaction?

When electrons and energy are exchanged instead of atoms. The reactant that loses electrons is oxidized while the reactant that gains electrons is reduced

When is an Ionic bond formed?

When electrons are transferred from a metal to a nonmetal.

When is a Polar Covalent bond formed? Give an example.

When nonmetals with different electronegativities interact, resulting in an unequal sharing of electrons. Ex: Oxygen and Hydrogen

What is an Exchange Reaction?

When one or more atoms from reactants are exchanged for one another

When is a Non polar Covalent bond formed?

When two nonmetals in a molecule with similar or identical electronegativities pull with the same force and share the electrons equally.

When are Peptides formed?

When two or more amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds through dehydration synthesis

When is a Covalent bond formed?

When two or more nonmetals share electrons between themselves to complete their outer shell.

When are Chemical bonds formed?

When valence electrons in the valence shell of atoms interact

In positive feedback loops; the effector activity _________ and __________ initial stimulus.

increases; reinforces