A&P Chapter 5
Of the four main types of tissue, ___ tissue fills the spaces between other tissues and binds tissues to one another.
connective
The tissue found covering body surfaces, lining body cavities, forming the internal and external linings of many organs, and constituting most gland tissue is ___ tissue.
epithelial
A single skeletal muscle cell is also called a muscle ___.
fiber
A cellular component of blood or lymph is a ___ element.
formed
By definition, a(n) ___ is a cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body.
gland
What is a noncontinuous patch-like area that mechanically links two cells together via plaques and J-shaped proteins?
Desmosomes
What is the ability of stem cells to differentiate into a diverse number of mature cell types called?
Developmental plasticity
What is the main characteristic of nervous tissue?
The ability to communicate by using electrical signals
What is endoderm?
The inner layer of the primary germ layers
What is mesoderm?
The middle layer of the primary germ layers
Which of the following is an example of a cutaneous membrane? The lining of the knee joint The lining of the abdominal cavity The lining of the digestive tract The skin
The skin
Which of the following best describes tight junctions?
They consist of transmembrane cell-adhesion proteins around the upper part of a cell and hold neighboring cells together.
What is the function of transitional epithelium?
To allow stretching
What is the primary function of blood?
To transport cells, nutrients, gases and dissolved matter through the body
How would an exocrine gland that is branched with sacs at the end of each branch be classified?
Compound acinar
In histology, a very thin slice of a tissue is a referred to as what?
A histological section A tissue layer Reason: This term is too general. A microtissue section Reason: This term does mean "very small tissue" section, but it is not the correct term.
What is an osteocyte?
A mature bone cell located in a lacuna
Cartilage is best described as which of the following?
A relatively stiff connective tissue with a rubbery matrix
Which tissue would be the best at resisting pulling forces applied from several directions?
Dense irregular connective tissue
What is a histological section?
A thin slice of tissue prepared for microscopic observation
Which are functions of epithelial tissue?
Absorption Protection Excretion
Which connective tissue contains loosely arranged cells, elastic fibers, and collagenous fibers?
Areolar connective tissue
Which tissue type is found in tissue sections from most parts of the body?
Areolar tissue
What is the shrinkage of a tissue called?
Atrophy
Which surface of an epithelial cell faces the basement membrane? Basal Apical
Basal
Which layers within a stratified epithelium undergo mitosis?
Basal layers
The image shows a bone cut in a(n) ___ section.
Blank 1: cross, transverse, Cross, Transverse, or cross section
Glands classified as ____ glands release their secretions by exocytosis.
Blank 1: merocrine, eccrine, or Merocrine
How are the different types of fibrous connective tissue distinguished from one another?
By whether the arrangement of fibers is dense or loose
What are the two types of bone tissue?
Calcified and noncalcified Reason: These two terms refer to bone development, not what the two types of bone tissue are. Spongy and compact Dense regular and dense irregular Reason: These are two types of connective tissue.
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Cardiac Skeletal Smooth
Which of the following is a relatively avascular class of connective tissue?
Cartilage
___ is a type of supportive connective tissue with a relatively rigid, but flexible matrix.
Cartilage
How do holocrine glands release their secretions?
Cell lysis
What are two processes by which tissues grow?
Cells increase in number Existing cells get larger
What is a cartilage cell that has become enclosed in a lacuna called?
Chondrocyte Chondroblast Reason:Chondroblasts secrete the cartilage matrix, and become embedded in it in small cavities, lacunae. Once enclosed in the matrix, the cells are called chondrocytes.
What type of gland is shown in the figure?
Compound
Which tissue class is comprised of widely-spaced cells and abundant extracellular material?
Connective Muscular Reason: Muscular tissue consists of long, cylindrical cells packed tightly together into bundles. Nervous Reason: Nervous tissue consists of neurons and neuroglia (glial) cells. There is little extracellular material. Epithelial Reason: Epithelial tissue will be found on the surface of an organ or space and will consist of a cells of various shapes that have a free surface.
What are the three main types of body membranes?
Cutaneous Serous Mucous
Where would dense irregular connective tissue be found?
Deeper part of dermis
What are the two broad categories of fibrous connective tissue based on their relative abundance of fibers?
Dense and loose
Identify the three primary germ layers.
Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm
What are the three fiber types found in fibrous connective tissue?
Elastic Collagenous Reticular
While preparing some chicken wings for cooking you observe white fibers connecting the bones and the muscles to bone. What type of fibers are these?
Elastic Reason: Tendons connect muscle to bone. What kind of fibers are these made of? Reticular Collagenous Myosin
Muscular tissue consists of what type of cells or fibers?
Elongated fibers (cells) that are specialized to contract
What are the two broad classes of glands?
Endocrine and exocrine
What is the tissue shown in the figure?
Hyaline cartilage
What is the most abundant type of formed element in the blood?
Erythrocyte
Which of the following are formed elements of blood?
Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets
Which type of gland consists of a secretory region and a duct running to a surface?
Exocrine
What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?
Exocrine glands secrete onto a surface. Endocrine glands secrete into the blood.
Which cell produces collagen fibers and ground substance?
Fibroblast
Which cell types are found in fibrous connective tissue?
Fibroblasts, macrophages, white blood cells, adipocytes
Identify the two ways that tissue can be repaired.
Fibrosis Regeneration
Loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue are classified as what type of connective tissue?
Fibrous
Which is a location of dense irregular connective tissue?
Fibrous sheath around bones
What are the cells and cell fragments of blood collectively referred to as?
Formed elements
What are two processes by which tissues grow?
Hyperplasia Hypertrophy
Where is dense regular connective tissue found?
Ligaments
Where would transitional epithelium be found?
Lining the lumen of the urinary bladder
______ are connective tissue cells that arise from monocytes.
Macrophages
Which cell types are found in fibrous connective tissue?
Macrophages Fibroblasts Mast cells Adipocytes
What is the extracellular material of a tissue called?
Matrix Ectoderm Reason: The ectoderm is one of the germ layers. Epithelium Reason: Epithelium is a type of tissue, not extracellular material. Mesenchyme
Cutaneous, mucous, and serous are terms that refer to which of the following? Membranes Connective tissues Epithelial tissues Exocrine glands
Membranes
What is the ability of an epithelium to change from one type of tissue to another called?
Metaplasia
Children have red bone marrow in their long bones which changes to yellow bone marrow (fat) by adulthood. This is an example of which of the following?
Metaplasia (a change from one type of mature tissue to another)
Which tissue can exert physical force on other tissues and organs?
Muscle
The type of epithelium shown in the image is ciliated ___ columnar epithelium.
Pseudostratified
Which tissue type covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, forms the internal and external linings of many organs, and constitutes most gland tissue?
Muscular Reason: Muscle tissue would not be found at surfaces. Epithelial Nervous Reason: Nervous tissue would not be at surfaces. Connective Reason: Connective tissue is found in deeper tissues.
Identify the four primary tissue types.
Nervous Muscle Epithelial Connective
What is a small space in tissue such as bone or cartilage that contains a chondrocyte or osteocyte called?
Osteocyte Reason: This is a cell type within a lacuna of bone. Foramen Reason: A foramen is a small hole in the bone for the passage of blood vessels or nerves. Lacuna Chondrocyte Reason: This is a cell type found within a lacuna of cartilage.
What are the stem cells that can develop into any embryo cell type but not the accessory structures of pregnancy called?
Pluripotent Unipotent Reason: Unipotent cells can produce only one mature cell type. Multipotent Reason: Multipotent cells have the potential to develop into two or more types of cells, but not into an unlimited variety of cell types. Totipotent Reason: Totipotent cells can differentiate into any cell type, including the accessory structures of pregnancy.
Which layers give rise to all of the body's mature tissues?
Primary germ
Which epithelial type is shown in the image?
Pseudostratified Stratified Reason: This epithelium does have every cell touching the basement membrane; however, they do not all extend to the surface. The nuclei are at various levels. but there is only one layer of cells. Simple Reason: This epithelium does have every cell touching the basement membrane; however, they do not all extend to the surface. The nuclei are at various levels. Transitional Reason: This epithelium does have every cell touching the basement membrane; however, they do not all extend to the surface. The nuclei are at various levels. but there is only one layer of cells. This is pseudostratified columnar epithelium (also note the cilia).
Which epithelium lines the respiratory tract from the nasal cavity to the bronchi?
Pseudostratified columnar
What is the replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cells as before called?
Regeneration
Which connective tissue is composed of loosely arranged reticular fibers and lymphocytes?
Reticular connective tissue
Which function of epithelial tissues is best suited to detecting changes in the environment? Multiple choice question. Protection Secretion Excretion Sensation
Sensation
What type of gland is shown in the figure?
Simple coiled tubular
Which type of epithelium makes up the air sacs of the lungs, inner lining of the heart and blood vessels, and serous membranes of the viscera?
Simple squamous
Where is reticular connective tissue found?
Spleen
What are cells that have the potential to differentiate into one or more types of mature functional cells called?
Stem
What are the four types of stratified epithelia?
Stratified columnar, stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, and transitional
True or false: The class of epithelium depicted is pseudostratified.
True Reason: Pseudostratified epithelium consists of tall columnar cells and shorter basal cells. All cells resting on the basement membrane creating a false appearance of stratification. This is simple epithelium (one layer). Notice that all of the cells contact the basement membrane and extend to the free surface. False
Where would areolar connective tissue be found?
Visceral pleura Surrounding blood vessels Fascia between muscles
The epithelial cell shape shown is
columnar.
A(n) ___ is another term for a fat cell.
adipocyte
Functions of ______ tissue include energy storage and thermal insulation.
adipose
Small numbers of ___ stem cells are found within mature organs and tissues throughout one's life.
adult
The free surface of the epithelial layer describes the ___ surface.
apical
An exocrine gland with a branched duct is said to be ___.
compound
A specialized layer that serves to anchor an epithelium to the connective tissue below is a ____ membrane.
basement
Between an epithelium and underlying connective tissue lies a layer known as the ______ membrane.
basement
The image shows a type of connective tissue called ___.
blood
The image shows a section of ___ tissue, a type of connective tissue.
bone
What is another name for osseous tissue?
bone
A cartilage cell that has become enclosed in a lacuna in the cartilage matrix is called a ___.
chondrocyte
In dense regular connective tissue, the collagen fibers are ______.
closely packed
Cells that have a square or round shape, such as those shown, are classified as ___ cells.
cuboidal
The intercellular junction shown within the circle is a
desmosome
Cartilage in the outer ear is ______.
elastic cartilage
The innermost layer of the primary germ layers is the
endoderm.
The study of tissues is called
histology.
Growth of a tissue due to an increase in cell number is called __.
hyperplasia
A small cavity in a tissue such as bone or cartilage is a(n) ___.
lacuna
A tissue cut on its long axis is called a ______.
longitudinal section
Large phagocytic cells that wander through the connective tissues are called __.
macrophages
The middle layer of the embryonic germ layers is the
mesoderm.
The basal cells of a stratified epithelium undergo ___ allowing more epithelial cells to be produced.
mitosis
Premature, pathological tissue death due to trauma, toxins, or infection is called ___.
necrosis
The type of cell indicated by the arrow in the image is a ___.
neuron
The ground substance of blood is ______.
plasma
The liquid portion of blood is called ___.
plasma
Stem cells have various degrees of developmental ___, , or diversity of mature cell types to which they can give rise.
plasticity
The cells at the tip of the arrow form ___ squamous epithelium.
simple
The epithelium consisting of one layer of cells in which all cells rest directly on the basement membrane, but appear to be arranged in layers, is ______ epithelium.
simple
Epithelial cells that have a flat and scaly shape are classified as ______ cells.
squamous
The epithelial cell shape shown is
squamous.
Undifferentiated cell that can divide and differentiate into more functionally specific cell types such as blood cells and germ cells are called ___.
stem cells
Considering the number of cell layers only, the type of epithelium shown is ___ epithelium.
stratified
The type of cell junction that holds cells together and seals off the space between adjacent cells making it difficult for substances to pass between them is a ___ junction.
tight
A group of similar cells and cell products performing a common function is a(n)
tissue.
Leukocyte is another term for a ___ blood cell.
white