A&P: Chapter 8

Tarsus

Consists of 7 tarsal bones: - Talus - Calcaneus (largest and strongest) - Navicular - First cuneiform - 2nd cuneiform - 3rd cuneiform - cuboid Mnemonic: Tall Centers Never Take Shots From Corners Joints between are inter tarsal joints. Talus is only bone of foot that articulates with fibula and tibia, with medial and lateral malleolus. These are called talocrural joint.

Female and Male pelvis differences

Female's pelvis wider and shallower than male's. More space in true pelvis of female to accommodate pregnancy.

Transverse arch

Found between medial and lateral aspects of foot and is formed by navicular, 3 cuneiforms, and bases of 5 metatarsals.

Longitudinal arch

Medial part, lateral part.

Phalanges (foot)

Numbered I-V. Each phalanx has base, shaft, and head. Great toe has two heavy phalanges called proximal and distal phalanges. Other toes have 3 phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal). Joints between are interphalangeal joints.

Radius

Smaller bone of forearm and located on lateral aspect of forearm. Radius is narrow at proximal end and widens at distal end. Head: Proximal end. Articulates with capitulum of humerus and radial notch of ulna. Neck: Inferior to head. Radial tuberosity: Area inferior to neck on anteromedial side. Point of attachment for tendons of biceps brachia muscle. Styloid process: Lateral side, can be felt proximal to thumb. Provides attachment for barchioradialis muscle and attachment of radial collateral ligament to wrist.

Pelvic hip girdle

Two hip bones. Coxal, pelvic bones, or os coxa. - Pubic sympysis - sacroiliac joint - bony pelvis - 3 bones: ilium, pubis, and ischium

Development of skeletal system

pgs 282-283

All 3 (Ilium, ischium, and pubis)

- Acetabulum: Deep fossa formed by all 3. Accepts rounded head of femur. These form hip joint - Acetabular notch: forms foramen through which blood vessels and nerves pass. Attachment for ligaments of femur.

Ischium

- Body - ramus (fuses with pubis) - ischial spine - lesser sciatic notch - ischial tuberosity (hurts after sitting for long time) - Obturator foramen - Obturator membrane

True and false pelves (landmarks)

- Pelvic brim/inlet divides these two Landmarks: - sacral promontory - arcuate lines - pectineal lines - pubic crest to pubic symphysis

Phalanges

Bones of digits. Distal part of hand. 14 phalanges in 5 digits of each hand. Digits numbered 1-5. Single bone of digit referred to as phalanx. Consists of proximal base, intermediate shaft, and distal head. Thumb has two phalanges, and 3 phalanges in each of other 4 digits. Proximal row articulates with metacarpal bones and 2nd row of phalanges. Middle row articulates with proximal row and 3rd row. Distal row is last one. Thumb has no middle phalanx. Joints between phalanges are interphalangeal joints.

Femur

Longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in body. Proximal end art with acetabulum, distal end art with tibia and patella. - Body (shaft) Angle of convergence: greater in females - Head - Fovea capitis - Neck - Greater trochanter and less trochanter: points of attachment for tendons. Greater trochanter commonly used as landmark for IM injections - Intertrochanteric line - Intertrochanteric crest - Gluteal tuberosity - Linea aspera - Medial condyle: articulate with tibia - Lateral condyle: articulate with tibia - Medial epicondyle: ligaments of knee - Lateral epicondyle: ligaments of knee - intercondylar fossa - Patellar surface - Adductor tubercle: site for adductor magnus muscle

Pubis

- Superior ramus - inferior ramus - body - Pubic crest - Pubic tubercle - Pectineal line - These two ^^ help distinguish which are superior (false) and inferior (true) portions of bony pelvis - Pubic symphysis: consists of disc of fibrocartilage, important in delivery - pubic arch

Upper limb

30 bones in 3 locations: 1) humerus in arm. 2) ulna and radius in forearm. 3) 8 Carpals in wrist, 5 metacarpals in palm, and 14 phalanges in hand.

Lower limb

30 bones in four locations: 1) femur in thigh 2) patella 3) tibia and fibula in leg 4) 7 tarsals in tarsus, 5 metatarsal in metatarsus, 14 phalanges in foot

Metatarsus

5 metatarsal bones numbered I-V. Each consists of base, shaft, and head. Articulate proximally with 1st, 2nd, and 3rd cuneiform bones with cuboid to form tarsometatarsal joints. Articulate with phalanges to make metatarsophalangeal joints.

Metacarpals

Intermediate region of hand, consisting of 5 metacarpals. Each metacarpal has proximal base, intermediate shaft, and distal head. Numbered 1-5 starting with thumb, from lateral to medial. Bases articulate with distal row of carpal bones to form carpometacarpal joints. Heads articulate with proximal phalanges to form metacarpophalangeal joints. Knuckles are heads of metacarpals.

Arches of foot

Two arches: longitudinal arch and transverse arch. These held in position by ligaments and tendons. Enables foot to support weight of body, distribution of weight over soft and hard tissues of foot, and leverage while walking.

Pectoral/shoulder girdles

Two. Attach to bones of upper limbs to axial skeleton. Consists of clavicle and scapula. Clavicle is anterior bone and articulates with manubrium of sternum at sternoclavicular joint. Scapula articulates with clavicle at acromioclavicular joint and with humerus at glenohumeral joint. Pectoral girdles do not articulate with vertebral column. Held in position by muscles.

Clavicle

Collarbone. S-shaped. Lies anterior and superior to first rib. SubQ and palpable. S-shaped because medial half is convex anteriorly, and lateral half concave anteriorly. Rougher/more curved for males. Sternal end: medial end. With manubrium forms sternoclavicular joint. Acromial end: Lateral end. With acromion of scapula makes acromioclavicular joint. Conoid tubercle: attachment for conoid ligament. Impression for costoclavicular ligament: point of attachment for costoclavicular ligament which attaches to clavicle and 1st rib.

Ulna and radius

Elbow joint: Ulna and radius articulate with humerus. Head of radius articulates with capitulum of humerus, and trochlear notch of ulna articulates with trochlea of humerus. 3 other sites of connection: Interosseous membrane: Fibrous connective tissue that joins shafts of two bones. Site of attachment for some tendons of deep skeletal muscles of forearm. Ulna and radius articulate at proximal and distal ends. Proximal radioulnar joint: head of radius articulates with ulna's radial notch proximally. Distal radioulnar joint: Head of ulna articulates with ulnar notch of radius. Radiocarpal joint: Distal end of radius articulates with 3 bones of wrist - lunate, scaphoid, and triquetrum,

Ilium

Largest of 3. - Ala - Body - Acetabulum - Iliac crest - anterior superior iliac spine (bruising hip pointer) - anterior inferior iliac spine - posterior superior iliac spine - posterior inferior iliac spine Spines: attachment for tendons of muscles. - Greater sciatic notch (for sciatic nerve) - Iliac fossa - Iliac tuberosity - Auricular surface articulates with sacrum for sacroiliac joint - Arcuate line - Posterior gluteal line, anterior gluteal line, inferior gluteal line Gluteal muscles attach ti ilium between these lines

Humerus

Longest/largest bone in upper limb. Articulates proximally with scapula and distally with ulna and radius to form elbow joint. Head: Proximal end. Articulates with glenoid cavity to form glenohumeral joint. Anatomical neck: Distal to head. Former site of epiphyseal plate in adult humerus. Greater tubercle: Lateral projection distal to anatomical neck. Most laterally palpable bony landmark of shoulder region. Lesser tubercle: Projects anteriorly. Between two tubercles is groove called inter tubercular sulcus. Surgical neck: constriction in humerus just distal to tubercles. Fx often occur here. Body shaft Deltoid tuberosity: Middle portion of shaft, V-shaped area. Point of attachment for tendons of deltoid muscle. Radial groove: Posterior surface of humerus. Runs along deltoid tuberosity and contains radial nerve. Capitulum: Rounded knob on lateral aspect of bone that articulates with head of radius. Radial fossa: Anterior depression above capitulum. Articulates with head of radius when forearm is flexed. Trochlea: Medial to capitulum. Spool-shaped surface that articulates with trochlear notch of ulna. Coronoid fossa: Anterior depression that receives coronoid process of ulna when forearm is flexed. Olecranon fossa: Receives olecranon of ulna when forearm is extended. Medial and Lateral epicondyle: Either side of distal end of humerus to which tendons of most muscles of forearm are attached. Ulnar nerve felt above medial epicondyle.

Ulna

Medial aspect of forearm. Longer than radius. Olecranon: Proximal end of ulna. Coronoid process: Articulates with trochlea of humerus. Trochlear notch: Area between olecranon and coronoid process that forms part of elbow joint. Radial notch: Lateral/inferior to trochlear notch. Articulates with head of radius. Ulnar tuberosity: Inferior to coronoid process, which biceps and brachia muscle attaches. Head: Distal end. Separated from wrist by disc of fibrocartilage. Styloid process: Posterior side of ulna's distal end. Attachment for ulnar collateral ligament to wrist.

True (lesser) pelvis

Portion of bony pelvis inferior to pelvic brim. Inlet, outlet, and cavity. Bounded by sacrum and coccyx posteriorly, inferior portions of ilium and ischium laterally, and pubic bones anteriorly. True pelvis surround pelvic cavity. Contains rectum, bladder, vagina, cervix, and prostate of males. Superior opening of true is called pelvic inlet, inferior opening is called pelvic outlet. Pelvic axis is route taken by baby's head during childbirth.

False (greater) pelvis

Portion of pelvis superior to pelvic brim. Bordered by lumbar vertebrae posteriorly, upper portion of hip bones laterally, and abdominal wall anteriorly. Contains superior portion of bladder when full, as well as sex organs.

Carpals

Proximal region of hand and consists of eight carpals jointed to one another by ligaments. Articulations among these are called inter carpal joints. Arranged in two transverse rows of 4 bones each: Proximal row, from lateral to medial: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform. Proximal carpals articulate with distal ends of ulna and radius to form wrist joint. Distal row, lateral to medial: Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate. Capitate largest carpal bone. Articulates with lunate. Most fractures are scaphoid. Carpal tunnel: anterior concave space formed by pisiform, hamate, scaphoid, and trapezium with rootlike covering flexor retinaculum.

Patella

Sesamoid bone. - Base - Apex - Articular facet for medial femoral condyle - Articular facet for lateral femoral condyle - Patellofemoral joint between posterior surface of patella and patellar surface of femur, is intermediate component of tibiofemoral (knee) joint. Patella increases leverage of tendon of quadriceps femurs muscle, maintains position of tendon when knee is bend, and protects knee joint.

Tibia

Shin bone. Most frequently fx. Larger, medial bone of leg. Tibia means flute. Articulates at proximal end with femur and fibula, and distal end with fibula and talus bone of ankle. Tibia and fibula connected by interosseous membrane. - Lateral condyle - Medial condyle These form tibiofemoral (knee) joints with femur - Intercondylar eminence - Tibial tuberosity: attachment for patellar ligament - Anterior border (crest): aka shin - Medial malleolus: can be felt - Fibular notch articulates with distal end of fibula to form distal tibiofibular joint.

Scapula

Shoulder blade. In superior part of posterior thorax between levels of 2nd and 7th rib. Spine: runs down diagonally across posterior surface of scapula. Lateral end projects from acromion. Glenoid cavity: Inferior to acromion. Accepts head of humerus to form glenohumeral joint. Medial vertebral border: Closer to vertebral colum. Medial and lateral borders joint at inferior angle. Superior border: Joins medial border at superior angle. Scapular notch: Indentation along superior border where suprascapular nerve passes. Caracoid process: Lateral end of superior border. Tendons of muscles and ligaments attach. Supraspinous fossa: Superior to spine. Surface of attachment for suprapinatus muscle of shoulder Infraspinous fossa: Inferior to spine. Surface of attachment for infraspinatus muscle of shoulder. Subclavicular fossa: Anterior surface. Surface of attachment for subscapularis muscle.

Fibula

Smaller then tibia. Does not articulate with femur. Stabilized ankle joint - Head: articulates with lateral condyle of tibia to make proximal tibiofibular joint. - Lateral malleolus articulates with talus of ankle.