A&P Exam 2 Study Guide: Bone and Cartilage
What is the perichondrium?
-Covering of cartilage -A fibrous membrane that surrounds cartilage
What characteristic does the high water content give cartilage?**
...
What matrix substance gives cartilage its ability to hold onto water? **
...
What are the two parts of the skull?
1. Cranial Bones 2. Facial Bones
What are trabeculae? Where are they found in a bone?
An open lattice of narrow plates of bone found in spongy bone.
What is longitudinal growth?*
Growing longer
What is appositional growth?
Is an increase in width along the outside edge, or periphery, of the cartilage
What bone is your "collar bone"?
Long Bone
Describe the composition and structure of bone tissue in terms of organic (fibrous) and inorganic (ground substance) components.**
Organic, 1/3 composed of: 1. Cells 2. Collagen fibers 3. Ground Substance Inorganic composed of: 1. Calcium Phosphate 2. Calcium hydroxide 3. Hydroxyapatite
What bone is your "heel bone"?
Short Bone
Articular Cartilage 150
The thin layer of HYALINE cartilage covering the epiphysis at a joint surface. Function: Helps reduce friction and absorb shock in movable joints
What bone is your "jaw"?
...
What is the function of the pectoral and pelvic girdles (if discussed, may be covered in lab)?
...
What is/are the function/s of the rib cage (if discussed, may be covered in lab)?
...
How do the 3 cartilages above differ in terms of their matrix composition?**
1. Hyaline matrix has collagen, 2. Elastic has elastic fibers 3. Fibrocartilage's ground substance is less.
What bone is your "thigh bone"?
Long Bone
What bone makes up your "shin"?
Long Bone
What bones form your fingers and toes?
Long Bone
What is found in the lacunae of bone?
Osteocyte
What is the function of the cranium (if discussed, may be covered in lab)?
Provide attachment sites for several jaw, head, and neck muscles; Protects the brain
Diaphysis 150
The shaft; Contains the elongated cylindrical structure. Function: The elongated, usually cylindrical diaphysis provides for the leverage and major weight support of a long bone.
Be able to recognize the portions of the skeletal system composed of cartilage.**
...
Compact Bone
...
Describe the fiber(s) and ground substance (proteoglycan) ratio found in elastic cartilage
...
Describe the fiber(s) and ground substance (proteoglycan) ratio found in hyaline cartilage
...
Describe the gross anatomy of a typical long bone including these parts and their functions (when applicable): periosteum, endosteum, epiphyses, diaphysis, articular cartilage, spongy bone, compact bone, epiphyseal line, medullary cavity.
...
Describe the microscopic components of compact bone and their arrangement in osteons including: lamellae, central canal, osteocytes, lacunae, canaliculi, perforating canals.**
...
How does the ribcage influence the mobility and stability of the spine (may be covered in the joints lecture)
...
Which of the matrix components allow the bones withstand tension (pulls, twists, and bends)? Compression (pushing forces)? 153
1. Collagen fibers 2. Calcium Phosphate (inorganic)
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
1. Hyaline Cartilage 2. Elastic Cartilage 3. Fibrocartilage
Where are the different types of cartilage found within the body? 106
1. Hyaline: Tracheal rings, end of nose, end of sternum and in articulating joints, Fetal Skeleton 2. Elastic: External ear, Epiglottis of the larynx 3. Fibrocartilage: Invertebral disks, Pubic Symphysis, Menisci of Knee Joints
Name and identify the 3 cells found in bone tissue and give the function of each cell type.
1. Osteoblast; Creates matrix; Secrete the initial semisolid, organic form of bone (osteoid) 2. Osteocytes; Mantains matrix ; feedback on stress experience; Detect mechanical stress on a bone 3. Osteoclast: Destroys matrix (Bone resorption)
State the functions of the skeletal system.
1. Protection 2. Movement 3. Hemopoiesis 4. Storage of mineral and energy reserves
What is/are the function(s) of the perichondrium? 148
1. Supports the layer around cartilage 2. Assist with Growth and repair of cartilage (It is where undifferentiated stem cells begin to divide)
What are the two kinds of cells commonly found in cartilage? Where are they located?** 147
2 Cells: 1. Chondroblast 2. Chondrocyte Location:?
Epiphyses**
A part or process of a bone separated from the main body of the bone by a layer of cartilage and subsequently uniting with the bone through further ossification.
Periosteum 152
A tough sheath, made of dense irregular connective tissue, that covers the outer surface of the bone, except for the areas covered by the articular cartilage. Function: It protects the bone from surrounding structures, anchors blood vessels and nerves to the surface of the bone, and provides stem cells for bone width growth and fracture repair
Describe the arrangement of Spongy bone in a Flat bone 153
A.K.A "dipole". It is sandwiched between 2 layers of compact bone.
What is found in central and perforating canals of compact bone?
Blood vessels and nerves that supply bone.
What is intramembranous ossification?
Bone growth within the membrane.
How does the histology/composition of bone allow it to resist pulling and bending forces?
Bone has a collagen fiber at its matrix, in which Give a bone tensile strength by resisting stretch and twist, and contribute to its flexibility.
What are perforating fibers and what is there function?
Collagen fibers that The Periosteum is anchored to the bone
Describe the arrangement of compact bone in a flat bone
Compact bone forms solid external walls of the bone ( spongy is located internally)
Which cartilage is the most flexible and has ability to return to its original shape
Elastic Cartilage. It is because it conns abundant elastic fibers.
What cartilage(s) are not surrounded by a perichondrium?
Fibrocartilage
Which cartilage is the strongest/most durable?
Fibrocartilage, the densely interwoven collagen fibers contribute to the extreme durability of this type of cartilage. ( Knee joint, pelvic bones, etc).
What bone is your "shoulder blade"?
Flat bone
What is found in and what are the functions of canaliculi?
Found: Tiny interconnected channels housing osteocytes. Function: Allows intercellular communication and transport, oxygen, nutrients, and waste between the central canal and the osteocytes.
Recognize and describe the actions of hormones related to bone remodeling/the skeletal system as described in lecture 163
Growth Hormone (somatotropin): Directly stimulates growth of cartilage in the epiphyseal plate Thyroid Hormone: Stimulates bone growth by influencing the basal metabolic rate of bone cells. Calcitonin: Encourages calcium deposition from blood into bone and inhibits osteoclast activity. Parathyroid Hormone: Stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone and thereby increase calcium levels in blood Sex Hormones: Increase the rate of bone formation by osteoblasts in ossification centers within the epiphyseal plate, resulting in increased length of one bones and increased height.
Describe the fiber(s) and ground substance (proteoglycan) ratio found in fibrocartilage.
Has SCARCE amount of Ground substance because of the DENSELY interwoven collagen fiber.
Where are red and yellow marrow located within a bone? Within the entire skeleton?
In children, red bone marrow is located in the spongy bone and the medullary cavity of most of the bones of the body. As children turns into adults, much of the red bone marrow degenerates and turns into a fatty tissue called yellow bone marrow. As a result, adults have red bone marrow only in selected portions of the axial skeleton, such as the flat bones of the skull, the vertebrae, the ribs, the sternum, etc. You can locate yellow bone marrow inside the medullary cavity in adults.
Endosteum 151
Is an incomplete layer of cells that covers all internal surfaces of the bone, such as the medullary cavity. Function: Endosteum contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts, all of which are associated with BONE GROWTH, BONE REPAIR, and BONE REMODELING
Epiphyseal line**
Is the remains of epiphyseal plate, which is a thin layer of compact bone. Function: It is the part of the bone that replaces the epiphyseal growth plate. Can be used to indicate the age of skeletal remains
Explain how articular cartilage (which is avascular) receives nutrients. 147
Nutrients must diffuse through the matrix. Whenever movement occurs at a synovial joint. The combined compression and re expansion of the articular cartilage circulate the synovial fluid into and out of the cartilage matrix.
What characteristics (functions) does the organic component/collagen fibers of bone tissue provide? The mineral component? 153
Organic: Organic components includes cells, collagen fibers, and Ground substance. Collagen fibers give a bone tensile strength by resisting stretching and twisting, and contribute to its flexibility. The ground substance suspends and supports the collagen fibers Inorganic: It provide its compressional strength. Ex: Calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide interact to form crystals of hydroxyapatite. These crystal deposit around the collagen fiber in the extra cellular matrix, leading to hardening of the matrix. Crystals also incorporate other salts like calcium carbonate and ions in the process of calcification.
If osteoblast activity is greater than osteoclast activity what is happening to the amount of bone tissue in the body? What is happening to the amount of calcium in blood?**
Osteoblast Secrete the initial semisolid, organic form of bone matrix called osteoid; It produces new bone. Thus, If the osteoblast a person have a greater osteoblast activity than osteoclast, there wouldn't be any balance for bone growth, and it will make your bone much much larger. Calcium?
Explain 'bone remodeling' including what cells are involved, what happens to the bone material, and what factors influence bone remodeling.**
Osteoblast cretaes new bones while osteclast destroys it. every 5- 7 years the entire skeletal system remodels. The continual deposition of new bone connective tissue and the removal (resorption) of old bone connective tissue, where it occurs In both Periosteal and Endosteal surfaces of a bone.
If osteoblast activity is less than osteoclast activity what is happening to the amount of bone tissue in the body? What is happening to the amount of calcium in blood?
Osteoclast exhibits a ruffled border, in which INCREASES their surface area exposure to the bone; It is involved in a process called BONE RESORPTION. This will make the amount of bone tissue to be less, and thus will shrink. Calcium?
What is the function of the facial bones (if discussed, may be covered in lab)? 175
Protect the entrances to the digestive and respiratory systems as well as providing attachment sites for facial muscles.
State the functions of red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow. Describe the composition of each (i.e., what is each made of)?
Red bone marrow = Blood cell production Yellow Bone marrow = It stores fat which the body consumes as a last resort in cases of extreme starvation. It also turns into red marrow in emergencies such as blood loss or anemia.
What bone is your "knee cap"
Short Bone
Describe the structure and function of the periosteum and endosteum
The endosteum contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. Active during bone growth, repair, and remodeling. The periosteum contains dense irregular tissue, outer fibrous layers, and inner cellular layer. Periosteum is anchored to the bone by collagen fibers called perforating bones; Protects the bone from surrounding structures, anchors blood vessels and nerves to the surface of the bones.
Medullary cavity.
The hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis. Function: It is where red and yellow bone marrow are stored.
Spongy Bone 156
The inner part of the bone, which forms an open lattice of narrow plates of bone called Trabeculae. Function: The structure of it provides Great resistance to stresses applied in MANY DIRECTIONS by distribution the stress throughout the entire framework.
How does the matrix composition of the bone relate to the skeletal system function of mineral storage? 150
When calcium(contraction) and phosphate bone connective tissue is broken down and release in bloodstream, energy is released in form of lipids resulting in the storage of yellow bone narrow (located in shafts of long bones).
What is endochondral ossification?
Within cartilage Process of laying down new bone material, in which it begins with a hyaline cartilage model and produces most of the other bones of the skeleton, including those of the upper and lower limbs, the pelvis, vertebrae, etc. Ex: Long bone development
