A&P Final

o Dendrite

What type of process conducts nerve impulses toward the cell body?

a) Is organized into thin sheets of tissue

lamellar bone

a) Osteocyte

1) Which type of bone cell has processes that lie in canaliculi

a) Osteoblast

1) Which type of bone cell possesses extensive ER and ribosomes

Compact bone

1) Which type of bone tissue is considered dense bone?

a) Smooth muscle

1) Which type of muscle tissue causes peristalsis

a) osteogenesis imperfecta

1) brittle bone disorder is another name for

a) Irregular

1) The zygomatic bone is an example of a(n)_________bone.

a) Contributes to laughing and smiling

1) The zygomaticus major muscle

a) Extrinsic

1) Which term below best describes the deltoid?

o Motor neuron

A ____________ conducts action potentials from the spinal cord to an effector organ

a) Is associated with decreased osteoclast activity

Calcitonin

§ Amount of overlap between thick and thin filaments

Cross-bridge cycle and relative positions of the thick and thin filaments: greater

the active sites on actin must be blocked

In order for muscle relaxation to occur,

a) Increased muscle size b) Kidney damage c) Diminished testosterone secretion d) Sterility

Known effects of illegal use of anabolic steroids in large dosages

o Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes

Lymphatic system

o Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors

Nervous system

a) Possess striations

a) Possess striations

a) Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

sarcoplasm

o Nuclear pores- allow molecules to move between the nucleus and cytoplasm

· Which of the following correctly matches a nuclear structure with its function?

o Contraction

· Which of the following is NOT a function of connective tissue?

o Actin filaments

· Which of the following is NOT an example of a cytoplasmic inclusion?

a) Supraspinatus

1) A baseball pitcher who injures one of its SITS muscles most commonly sustains tears to the tendon of which muscle

a) Nondisplaced

1) A bone fracture in which the two bone sections do not separate is a/an _________ fracture

a) Lactate

1) A by-product of anaerobic respiration in muscle fibers is

a) Perichondrium

1) A connective tissue sheath around cartilage is the

a) Hair growth

1) A hair product that stimulates matrix cells will likely increase

a) Atrophy of the flexor digiti minimi brevis

1) A male sustains a crushing injury to his foot. After weeks of care, he begins to notice that he cannot bend the little toe on his right foot. Which of the following would be a logical diagnosis?

a) Extensor indicis

1) A muscle that extends both the wrist and the index finger is the

The constant tension produced by muscles for long periods of time

1) A proper definition of muscle tone is

a) Tetanus

1) A sustained muscle contraction is known as

a) A group of muscles that work together to cause movements

1) A synergist is

a) Myosin heads

1) ATPase is found in

a) Contain strands of fibrous actin

1) Actin myofilaments

a) False, low pH is acidic

1) Scientists have identified three unique strains of the bacterium P. acnes., all of which are found on the skin. These bacteria break down fats, resulting in a low skin pH. This low pH is alkaline in nature and makes the environment unfavorable to invading bacteria.

a) Canaliculi

1) Small channels extending through the bone matrix are________

a) Are under involuntary control

1) Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are similar in that they both

a) Yes, the effect is on the dermis, and the sebaceous glands are located there

1) Some drugs for treating acne include peroxides that increases 'peeling' or shedding of skin. This drugs side effects include drying of the skin, rashes, bleaching, and possible loss of hair in areas in contact. Considering this information, do peroxides have an effect on the sebum production?

a) Stratified squamous epithelial tissuei) It does contain macrophages, loose connective tissue, fibroblasts and adipocytes

1) Subcutaneous tissue contains all of the following except

a) Action potential frequency is high enough that no relaxation of muscle fibers occurs

1) Tetanus of muscles is described as

a) Somatic; autonomic

1) The __________ nervous system communicates with the skeletal muscles and the__________ nervous system communicates with the smooth and cardiac muscle as well as glands.

a) Presynaptic terminals

1) The __________ of a neuron release(s) neurotransmitters

a) A hair follicle

1) The arrector pili muscle is attached to

a) Hamstring muscle

1) The biceps femoris is part of the

a) Origin and insertion

1) The brachioradialis is named for its

a) Contractility

1) The capacity of a muscle cell to shorten forcefully is known as

a) Spinal cord

1) The central nervous system includes the________

a) External callus

1) The collar that forms around the opposing ends of bone fragments is called a/an

a) Sodium; potassium

1) The concentration of ____________ ions is much greater outside the cell as compared to inside the cell, whereas the concentration of ___________ ions is much greater inside the cell as compared to outside the

a) Perichondrium

1) The connective tissue sheath of cartilage is called the_______.

a) Periosteum

1) The covering of the outer surface of the bone is the ___________

a) Is responsible for most of the skins structural strength

1) The dermis

a) Central nervous system

1) The division of the nervous system responsible for problem solving is the______

a) Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption

1) The elevated oxygen consumption relative to activity level after exercise has ended is called

a) Detection of heat and touch

1) The integumentary system has many functions, one of which is

a) Longer than the length of a contracted sarcomere

1) The length of the resting sarcomere is

a) Diaphragm

1) The major movement produced during quiet breathing is accomplished by the

a) Depolarization: hyperpolarization

1) The membrane potential becoming more positive in value is called ________ whereas, _________ refers to the membrane potential becoming more negative than the resting membrane potential

a) Fractures

1) The most common bone disease is osteoporosis. The most common consequence of this disease

a) Muscles and glands in the dermis

1) The nerve fibers in the dermis stimulate

a) Sensory neurons

1) The neurons that conduct information towards the CNS are

a) Positively charged

1) The outside of the resting plasma membrane is__________ relative to the inside of the resting plasma membrane.

a) Cranial nerves

1) The peripheral nervous system includes the ________.

a) Lay down bone matrix

1) The primary function of osteoblasts is to

a) Both processes form woven bone

1) The process of intramembranous and endochondral ossification are similar in several respects. Which of the following statements applies to both intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification?

a) Osteoblast and osteoclast activity

1) The remodeling of bone tissue is a function of

Hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa of the scapula

1) The rotator cuff muscles

a) Proliferation b) Hypertrophy c) Calcification d) Cell death e) Ossification f) Remodeling

1) The sequence of events that produces growth at the epiphyseal plate is

a) The same cells that give rise to monocytes

1) The stem cells of osteoclasts are

a) Origin

1) The sternocleidomastoid muscle extends from the mastoid process of the temporal bone to the sternum and medial clavicle. When both sternocleidomastoid muscles contract, the head is flexed. The end of the muscle that connects to the sternum is the

Orbicular

1) The type of muscle that functions as a sphincter is

a) Melanosomes

1) The vesicles that contain melanin are called

Rapid degradation of acetylcholine

1) Too much acetylcholinesterase causes

a) Whithin the hair of the dermis and epidermis

1) Touch receptors of the skin are located in all of these areas, except______________

a) in the hair of the dermis and epidermis

1) Touch receptors of the skin are located in all of these areas, except______________

a) A dimple in the chin

1) Well-developed mentalis muscles result in

a) Medullary cavity

1) What is the area where marrow is located

a) Epiphyseal plate

1) What is the site of longitudinal growth in long bones

a) Rectus femoris b) Vastus lateralis c) Vastus medialis d) Vastus intermedius

1) What muscles are part of the quadriceps group

a) Levator palpebrae superioris b) Zygomaticus major c) Corrugator supercilia d) buccinator

1) What muscles of facial expression are innervated by the facial nerve

a) Osteoclasts

1) When a fracture begins to heal, one type of bone cell moves into the fracture site and tears down the damaged bone tissue. Which of the following does this?

a) Pronator teres

1) When a nurse draws blood, it is not uncommon for the needle to penetrate which muscle near the cubital region

a) Depressor annuli oris; levator anguli oris

1) When someone says to "turn that frown upside down," they mean to relax your________ and contract your__________.

a) Genioglossus

1) When you say "ah" and stick out your tongue, which muscle do you use?

a) External abdominal oblique

1) Which abdominal wall is the most superficial of the oblique muscles

a) Longissimus capitis

1) Which back muscle extends the head?

a) Increased osteoblast activity

1) Which effect can be attributed to increased pressure on a bone

a) Extensor hallicus longus

1) Which muscle extends the big toe

a) Moving your feet in walking

1) Which of the following actions is caused by contraction of skeletal muscle?

a) It indirectly inserts on all digits of the hand except the thumb

1) Which of the following best describes the insertion of the extensor digitorum

a) Increased permeability of the membrane to Na+ and increased intracellular concentration of K+

1) Which of the following changes have the potential to dramatically affect the potential difference across the plasma membrane?

a) Acts as a reservoir for O2

1) Which of the following correctly describes myoglobin's special function in muscle tissue?

Neurotransmitter combines with a receptor molecule

1) Which of the following events occurs on the postsynaptic membrane

a) Constriction of organs

1) Which of the following is NOT a function of skeletal muscle?

a) Biceps femoris

1) Which of the following is a posterior thigh muscle

a) Increased immunity

1) Which of the following is not a complication of a major burn?

a) Matrix

1) Which of the following is the growth region of a nail

a) Basal cell carcinoma

1) Which of the following is the most common form of skin cancer?

a) A threshold stimulus will cause a contraction of a muscle fiber.

1) Which of the following is true

a) Every muscle fiber receives a branch of an axon from the nerve

1) Which of the following is true about skeletal muscle?

a) Potassium is concentrated primarily inside the cell

1) Which of the following is true during the resting membrane potential

a) periosteum

1) Which of the following membranes covers the surface of a mature bone?

a) Biceps femoris

1) Which of the following muscles attaches on the head of the fibula

Gastrocnemius

1) Which of the following muscles is used when walking on your tiptoes?

a) Trapezius

1) Which of the following muscles moves the scapula

a) Hyperextension of the head

1) Which of the following represents a class I lever system

a) Depolarization causes voltage-gated sodium ion channels to open

1) Which of the following situations occurs in electrically excitable cells?

a) Endochondral growth in long bones occurs at the epiphyseal plate

1) Which of the following statements about bone growth is TRUE

a) Each ion species follows its own diffusion gradient, regardless of differences in the concentration of other ion species

1) Which of the following statements best describes the movement of ions across the plasma membrane?

a) Tetanus occurs when stimulation of muscle occurs frequently with little to no relaxation between stimuli; treppe occurs when stimulation of muscle occurs frequently, but complete relaxation occurs between stimuli

1) Which of the following statements best distinguishes between tetanus and treppe

a) ATP production from creatine phosphate would decrease

1) Which of the following statements best predicts the effect of a substance that blocks creatine kinase activity?

a) Both actin and myosin myofilaments shorten during contraction

1) Which of the following statements regarding the sliding filament model is false

a) Twitch

1) Which of the following would occur as a result of a single muscle contraction?

a) Digastric

1) Which of these muscles helps to open the mouth

a) Parathyroid hormone

1) Which substance causes an increase in the blood calcium level

a) intramembranous; endochondral

1) during development, some bones arise from thick connective tissue membranes in a process known as_________________ ossification and other bones arise from a hyaline cartilage model in a process known as ______________ ossification

a) psoas major and iliacus

1) flexion of the hip isa movement produced by the

a) greenstick fracture

1) incomplete bone fracture generally found in children is a/an

a) epiphyseal plate

1) it is possible to determine if a child's long bone is growing by examining a radiograph of the

a) orbicularis oculi

1) of the following muscles of the head, which one wraps around the orbits

a) accounts for a sprinters stance

1) the gluteus maximus

a) sex hormones

1) the growth spurt seen in puberty is triggered by

a) puckers the mouth for kissing

1) the orbicularis oris muscle

a) osteochondral progenitor cells

1) the stem cells of osteoblasts and chondroblasts are

a) synergist

1) when you "pull your tummy in"

a) optimal actin and myosin overlap will produce maximal contraction

1) which of the following is true about actin and myosin overlap

a) biceps femoris

1) which of the following muscles would be considered an antagonist to the rectus femoris

a) a calcium-calmodulin complex initiates cross-bridge formation

1) which of the following statements concerning smooth muscle is true

a) anaerobic respiration

1) which type of respiration rapidly produces ATP for short time periods

a) around the central canal of an osteon

1) you would look for concentric lamellae

a) Sharpey fibers

2) What strengthens the attachment of the tendon or ligaments to bone?

· of rough ER and golgi apparatus

A cell that produces many proteins for secretion would have large numbers

a) Keratin

A protein called ______ is found in the nails, hair, and epidermis

o Sensory receptor

A stimulus is detected by

o The solution would have an increase in H+ with some of the weak acid molecules still intact

A weak acid was introduced to a solution. Which of the following accurately describes the condition of the solution after adding the weak acid?

o Pancreatic amylase is a merocrine secretion

Acinar cells in the pancreas produce an enzyme called pancreatic amylase. This enzyme is released from the cells via exocytosis, where it is available to aid in the digestion of carbohydrates in the small intestine. Based on this information, which of the following is true

O polarity

Due to water's __________ , it is capable of dissolving a great number of substances

a) Spongy bone

In which type of bone tissue are trabeculae present?

a) The condition in which the muscle fiber only partially relaxes between contractions

Incomplete tetanus

a) False, low pH is acidic

Scientists have identified three unique strains of the bacterium P. acnes., all of which are found on the skin. These bacteria break down fats, resulting in a low skin pH. This low pH is alkaline in nature and makes the environment unfavorable to invading bacteria

Permitting the passage of substances

Simple squamous epithelium allows carbon dioxide to be diffuesed from the blood into the lungs

store adipose tissue

Some marrow of long bones is termed "yellow" marrow under normal conditions. The function of yellow marrow is to

o Multiple layers of cells

Stratified epithelium consists of

o Sarcolemma; t-tubules; sarcoplasmic reticulum; calcium ions

Structures in the order they participate in excitation-contraction coupling

a) Sarcolemma

T tubules are invaginations of the

o Cerebral

The cerebral cortex receives blood from the anterior, middle and posterior _________ arteries

hydroxyapatite crystals

The compression (weight-bearing) strength of bone matrix is due to the presence of

a) Thigh adductors

1) After childbirth, a woman begins experiencing tremendous pain in her groin, making it difficult for her to walk. An x ray shows a fracture extending from her symphysis pubis to the inferior ramus of the pubis. As a result of the fracture, which group of muscles might be impaired?

a) 9%

1) An accident victim has burns covering his entire right upper limb. What is the approximate percent of body surface area that has been affected

a) A muscle working in opposition to another muscle

1) An antagonist is

a) Diaphysis

1) An x-ray determines that Peter fractured the shaft of his humerus. The break is in the __________ of the bone.

a) Increased; decreased

1) Blood vessel dilation in the dermis results in _________ heat loss from the skin, and blood vessel constriction results in___________ heat loss from the skin.

a) As bones grow b) As bones adjust to stress c) As fractures heal d) Constantly during a person's lifetime

1) Bone remodeling may occur

a) Immunity

1) By covering the whole body surface, the skin acts as a protective barrier and plays a role in

a) Cartilage matrix

1) Chondroblasts produce

a) The muscle produces increasing tension as it shortens

1) Concentric contractions occur when

a) The muscle would have no way to relax and spastic contractions would result

1) Consider a chemical that blocks the action of acetylcholinesterase. What effect does this have on muscles?

a) Extend and laterally flex the neck

1) Contracting the trapezius muscle would

a) Become perpendicular to the skin, resulting in the hair "standing on end"

1) Contraction of the arrector pili muscles causes the hair follicle to

a) Lanugo hairs

1) Delicate unpigmented hairs that cover the fetus in early development are called

a) Creatine phosphate

1) During resting conditions, _________ is synthesized to store energy.

a) Actin-myosin cross-bridges form

1) During the contraction phase of a muscle twitch

a) The body is attempting to maintain homeostasis by increasing heat loss through the skin, and blood vessel dilation in the dermis is allowing increased blood flow from the deeper tissues to the skin

1) Explain why your skin fells hot when you have a fever

a) Dermal papillae

1) Fingerprints and footprints are produced by projections into the epidermis called_________.

a) Two K+ into the cell and three Na+ out of the cell

1) For each atp molecule used, the sodium-potassium pump transports

a) Both astrocytes and microglial cells

1) Glial cells that are directly involved in defending the CNS against infection and injury include__________.

a) Ganglia

1) Groups of related nerve cell bodies located outside of the central nervous system are called

a) Aerobic respiration

1) Heather is watching a movie. Which type of chemical pathway does her muscles depend on at this time?

a) It is impacted by inadequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D in the diet

1) How does the digestive system contribute to osteoporosis

a) Bones b) Cartilage c) Ligaments d) Tendons

1) Identify the components of the skeletal system

a) It is responsible for locomotion

1) Identify the statement concerning skeletal muscle that is true

a) incomplete tetanus

1) If one nerve stimulus arrives at a muscle fiber so soon that the fiber has only partially relaxed from the

a) Knee and hip extensor

1) In lifting a heavy weight from the floor, one should use the power of the ______

a) Right lateral rectus b) Left medial rectus

1) In order for both eyes to direct their gaze to the right, which of the following muscles are used?

a) Suprahyoid

1) In order to stabilize the hyoid so that the larynx can be elevated in swallowing, the ________ muscle group is used

a) Both Ca2+ binding to calmodulin and myosin kinase adding a phosphate to myosin heads

1) In smooth muscle, cross-bridging occurs due to

a) Medullary cavity

1) In which of the following locations in a growing bone would the greatest osteoclast activity be found.

a) Compact bone

1) In which type of bone tissue are osteons present?

a) Forms the bones of the roof of the skull

1) Intramembranous ossification

a) Calcaneal tendon

1) Jason was attempting a jump shot and fell to the ground in pain, grasping at the calf of his leg. There is an enormous bulge in his leg just below the popliteal fossa, and he can't plantar flex that foot. Most likely he has injured his

a) Produces a layer of cells that resist abrasion

1) Keratinization

a) Epiphyseal plate

1) Long bones grow in length at the

a) White

1) Michael Jordan was arguably the best player in professional basketball history. Scientifically, one would expect him to have highly developed__________ fibers.

a) Nondisplaced fracture

1) Miguel fell out of a tree and broke his fall by putting his arm out, fracturing his radius and ulna. The bones were still aligned at the fracture site. Which specific type of bone fracture is Miguel most likely to have?

a) Motor units contract out of phase at their own particular rates

1) Movements of the body are usually smooth and occur at differing rates because

a) Wall of blood vessels

1) Multiunit smooth muscle is located in the

a) Responds to stimulation by the nervous system

1) Muscles exhibit the property of excitability. This means that the muscle

a) Intrinsic

1) Muscles that change the shape of the tongue are called ___________ muscles

a) Replacement of muscle tissue by connective tissue

1) Muscular dystrophy is characterized by

a) Thick myofilament

1) Myosin is also known as the

a) Epidermis

1) Name the layer from which fingernails and toenails are derived

a) Calcium b) Phosphate c) Vitamin D

1) Normal bone growth requires adequate amounts of certain substance from the diet. Which of the following list three of the dietary needs for normal bone growth.

a) Oblique; perpendicular

1) Normally, hair is in a/an ________ position, but contraction of the arrector pili muscles causes the hair to be in a/an__________ position.

a) Increased cardiovascular fitness

1) Not known effects of illegal use of anabolic steroids in large dosages

a) Increase in the number and efficiency of epidermal dendritic cells causes an increase in immune responsveness

1) Of the following factors, which one does not contribute to skin aging?

a) Dilation of the blood vessels in the dermis of the cheeks

1) On coming inside from the cold, a child notices that her cheeks are red. This results from

a) Decreased bone matrix and decreased collagen fibers

1) One effect of aging on the skeletal system is

a) A steroid

1) One type of experimental contraceptive device is a skin patch that contains a chemical absorbed through the skin. Which of the following substances would most likely be the type of chemical involved?

a) Collagen

1) Osteogenesis imperfecta can be caused by abnormally formed

a) Cell bodies

1) Protein synthesis in neurons occurs in

a) Occipitofrontalis

1) Raising the eyebrows is the action of the __________ muscle

a) Deltoid

1) Raising your arm to shoulder level is accomplished almost entirely by the

A disease in children characterized by soft, bowed, and swollen bones.

1) Rickets is

a) Cross-bridges form but cant release

1) Rigor mortis occurs after death because

a) Parathyroid hormone

1) Sam an older man has been diagnosed with osteoporosis and his blood calcium levels are above normal. The pathologist found cancer cells that were oversecreting _________ causing Sam's symptoms.

a) Levator ani and coccygeus muscles

The pelvic diaphragm is formed by the

o Dorsal root

The sensory neurons conduct action potentials through the _____________ of the spinal cord

· Primary structure of a protein

The sequence of amino acids in the polypeptie chain

o Proximal

The shoulder is __________ to the elbow

a) Hyaline cartilage

The type of cartilage associated with bone function and development is

Pennate

The type of muscle that can contract with the greatest force is the

o Distal

The wrist is ________ to the

a) Has a calcium-binding site

Troponin

o Phrenic nerve

Which nerve emerging from the cervical plexus provides innervation to the diaphragm

a) Depletion of ATP reserves

Which of the following conditions in muscle fibers would contribute to muscle fatigue?

o Na2HPO3(H2O)5

Which of the following is NOT an organic compound?

a) Hydrogen ions form an acid environment in bone matrix

Which of the following is associated with osteoclast reabsorption of bone?

a) Gastrocnemius

Which of the following is inserted on the calcaneus by the Achilles tendon

Internal intercostals

Which of the following muscles contracts during forced expiration

a) Pectoralis major

Which of the following muscles of the chest has its insertion on the humerus?

a) A 68-year-old male with blond hair and blue eyes

Which of the following people would have the greatest risk of getting sin cancer

· o Epithelial

Which of the following tissues is highly cellular with little extracellular space

o Increase the number of available carrier molecules

Which of the following would increase the rate of mediated transport?

o Systematic

Which subdivision of anatomy involves the study of organs that function together

o Cardiac muscle cells (require large amounts of ATP)

Which type of cell has abundant mitochondria

Cerebellum

a nurse is caring for a patient who exhibits the following symptoms: o Inability to maintain balance while walking o Normal intelligence o Can initiate voluntary movements although they are somewhat uncoordinated o Decreased tone in skeletal muscles § The patient is probably suffering from a condition that affected the

· Hydrophilic

hydrophoic or philic o Ions o Carbohydrates o Glucose o Polar compounds o Carbohydrates o K+ o Glucose o Enzymes

· Hydrophobic

hyrdophobic or philic o Lipids o Cholesterol o Triglycerides o Oil

a) Dermatitis

inflammation of the skin

a) The end of the muscle where the action occurs

insertion

· Common features of the cerebrum and cerebellum

o A superficial layer of gray matter o The presence of white matter deep to the cortex o Nuclei located within the white matter

· Additionally, the ________ artery lies on the ventral side of the pons

o Basilar

§ Hyponychium

o Beneath the free edge of the nail body, a thickened region of the stratum corneum

· Denaturation

o Change in shape of a protein

§ Nail bed

o Composed of the epithelial tissue; located between the nail matrix and hyponychium

· These arteries include the ___________ arteries that enter the cranium via the _____________ and the ___________arteries, which enter the cranium by way of the_______________

o Foramen magnum

§ Detect pain, itch, tickle, and temperature

o Free nerve endings

· Flagella

o Longest of these organelles o Always motile o Propel an entire cell o Contain microtubules

§ Detect simultaneous stimulation at two points on the skin

o Meissner corpuscles

· Cilia

o Move overlying fluids o Contain microtubules

§ Secreting substances

o Mucous glands and the enzyme-secreting portions of the pancreas secrete their products into ducts that subsequently deliver their products to other areas of the body

§ Permitting the passage of substances

o Oxygen is diffused through the epithelium in the lungs

§ Detect deep pressure

o Pacinian corpuscles

§ Nail matrix

o Proximal to the nail root, produces nail

· Which of the following occur as a result of inhibiting the release if chemical mediators of inflammation shortly after injury in a tissue

o Reduced stimulation of pain receptors o Reduced permeability of blood vessels o Reduced redness

sebaceous glands

o Secretions from sebaceous glands oil the hair and the skin o Secretions from sebaceous glands provide protection against bacteria o Sebaceous secretions are lipid soluble o Most sebaceous glands are connected by a duct to the upper portion of the hair follicle

· Microvilli

o Shortes of these organelles o Increase cell surface area o Have actin framework

§ Nail fold

o Skin the covers the lateral and proximal edges of the nail

§ Secreting substances

o Sweat glands secrete their products onto epithelial surfaces of the body

§ Absorbing substances

o The epithelial cells of the intestine absorb digested food molecules, vitamins, and ions

§ Protecting underlying structures

o The epithelium of the oral cavity protects the underlying structures from a food as it is being chewed

§ Acting as barriers

o The epithelium of the skin is a barrier to water and reduces water loss from the body

§ Acting as barriers

o The epithelium of the skin prevents the entry of many toxic molecules and microorganisms into the body

§ Cuticle

o The portion of the stratum corneum of the nail fold that grows onto the nail body

· Ribose

o The sugar found in rna and atp

§ Lunula

o Whitish, crescent-shaped area at the based of the nail

· By covering the whole body surface, the skin acts as a protective barrier and plays a role in

o immunity

false i) A nerve is a collection of many axons bundled together outside the CNS

t/f 1) A nerve is a single neuron that transmits impulses

a) True

t/f 1) A young woman is in a car accident. When she regains consciousness, she notices a sharp pain in her left arm. Looking down, she sees a bone sticking out. This is a open (compound) fracture

a) False

t/f 1) The acne-associated bacterium Propionibacterium acnes are found in sebum-rich of the skin, such as the arms, palms, and axillary regions

o True o Alternative splicing allows for a single gene to code for multiple possible proteins. Therefore, the number of proteins coded for in the genome is greater than the number of individual genes.

t/f · Due to alternative splicing, there are likely more protein varieties in the body than there are genes in the human genome

recovery oxygen consumption/uptake

the elevated oxygen consumption relative to activity level after exercise has ended is called

a) Monitors internal and external stimuli b) Transmits information in the form of action potentials c) Interprets or assess information d) Maintains homeostasis

the nervous systm

a) Is the time during which the tissue cannot respond again

the refractory period

a) Osteoclast activity increases

when blood calcium levels are low

Iliocostalis

which muscle flexes the vertebral column

a) vastus lateralis

which of the following is a part of the quadriceps femoris muscle group

depolarization of the sarcolema

which of the following is not an important function of calcium ions in skeletal muscle activity

palatopharyngeus

which of the following muscle is involved in swallowing

a) orbicularis oculi

which of the following muscles of facial expression is not innervated by the facial nerve

osteoblasts form collagen and proteoglycans

which of the following occurs in the formation of mineralized bone matrix

o Slow-twitch oxidative (SO) fibers

§ Endurance activities § High myoglobin content § High resistance to fatigue § Many mitochondria

o Creatine phosphate

§ Energy source: creatine phosphate § Oxygen required: No § ATP yield: 1 per creatine phosphate § Duration: up to 15 seconds

o Anaerobic glycolysis

§ Energy source: glucose § Oxygen required: no § ATP yield: 2 per glucose molecule § Duration: 30-40 seconds

o Aerobic respiration

§ Energy source: glucose, lactic acid, fatty acids, amino acids § Oxygen required: yes § ATP yield: up to 36 per glucose molecule § Duration: hours

o The outermost layer of the skin (the epidermis) protects the underlying structures from the environment

§ Protecting underlying structures

o Fast-twitch Glycolic (FG) Fibers

§ Rapid, intense activities § Low myoglobin content § Low resistance to fatigue § Few mitochondria

o Coronal

· "cutting off your nose" would be a section in the _______ plane.

o Solution, solute

· A ___________ contains a dissolved substance called a _______________

o He lost both working and short-term memory

· A baseball pitcher was hit on the side of the head by a line drive. When he was revived, he could not remember how many balls and strikes the batter had. This was because

o Subdural space

· A blood vessel ruptures and bleeds between the meningeal dura mater and arachnoid mater. Which of the following describes the location of this bleed

o The number of mitochondria

· A cell can meet increased energy demands by an increase in

o Sodium-potassium pump transporting sodium and potassium ions

· A cell is exposed to cyanide, a toxic molecule that blocks mitochondrial ATP synthesis. Which of the following processes will be most directly affected?

o Elastin

· A coiled fibrous protein in connective tissue that is stretchy is called__________.

Proximal

· A cut along which plane would result in the anterior perspective of the body appearing normal with no evident cuts

o Frontal

· A cut along which plane would result in the anterior perspective of the body appearing normal, with no evident cuts?

o Longitudinal

· A cut through the long axis of an organ is a/an__________ section

o Diffusion of lipid soluble molecules through the plasma membrane

· A group of cells was treated with a proteolytic (protein digesting) enzyme. Which of the following processes would be least affected by this treatment

o Premotor area

· A patient is asked to tie their shoe while the clinician recorded the brain activity on a PET scan. Which of the following brain regions would "light up" the most?

o Dorsal rami

· A patient suffering from nerve damage is having trouble maintaining posture and moving his vertebral column. Which component of the nearby spinal nerves has been damaged

o Secondary

· A receptor cell is stimulated, generates a graded potential, and releases neurotransmitter that binds to a sensory neuron. The receptor cell described is an example of a _____________ receptor

o Trigeminal nerve, reticular formation, thalamus, cerebral cortex

· A receptor detects light touch on the face. Which of the following correctly lists the pathway the signal will pass to its final destination in the brain

water molecules decreased

· A research group is monitoring a series of reactions and have determined it is most likely a hydrolysis reaction because the number of________.

o Simple acinar

· A student is asked to classify a gland based on the following observations: it contains a duct, the duct is straight without branches, and the secretory portion is a saclike structure. What type of gland is being described?

o Mucus

· A thin, sticky secretion produced by goblet cells is called_________.

o Trigeminal nerve

· After suffering a head injury, a patient exhibits weak and uncoordinated movement of the jaw as well as numbness of the tongue and lower gums. Based on these symptoms, predict which nerve might have been damaged

o Both anion and an isotope

· An atom with 12 electrons, 13 neutrons, and 11 protons is a/an________.

o Delta waves

· An electroencephalogram obtained from an adult in stage 4 sleep would likely display an abundance of __________.

o Diaphysis

· An x-ray determines that Philip fractured the shaft of his humerusj. The break is in the ________ of the bone

o Ligand

· Any chemical signal molecule used by cells to communicate with each other, is called a(n)

o Yellow bone marrow

· Blood cells are produced in hemopoietic tissue found in

o Positive feedback

· When a woman is giving birth, the head of the baby pushes against her cervix and stimulates the release of the hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin travels through the blood and stimulates the uterus to contracts. Labor contractions become more and more intense until the baby is expelled. This is an example of____________.

Cohesiveness

· When jumping into water, you notice resistance. This resistance is caused by water's______.

o Negative, positive, positive, negative

· When salt is added to water, the ______ poles of the water molecules are attracted to the __________ sodium ions, and the __________ poles of the water molecule are attracted to the ________ chlorine ions

o Synovial membrane

· Which body membrane would be found lining the inside of the knee joint?

Superficial fibular nerve

· Which nerve provides innervation to the anterior and lateral muscles of the leg and foot

o Right iliac

· Which of the following abdominal regions would contain the appendix

o Golgi apparatus

· Which of the following cell structures would be most important in secretory epithelial cells?

o ADP +Pi + energy -> ATP + H2O

· Which of the following chemical reactions best represents the synthesis of ATP?

o The cell does nothing but the rest

· Which of the following is NOT associated with interphase?

o Movement is with a concentration gradient

· Which of the following is NOT consistent with active transport?

o A toilet tank refills itself after a flush

· Which of the following is most similar to the negative feedback mechanism in human physiology?

o GTACAG

· Which of the following is the correct complementary strand to CATCTC?

o Atom, amino acid, protein, cell

· Which of the following is the correct sequence from smallest to largest?

o Difficulty with balance and coordination

· Which of the following may be a symptom of damage to the olives of the medulla oblongata

o The cell may be stimulated to open ion channels in the plasma member o The cell may be stimulated to activate one or more intracellular signal pathways o The cell may be stimulated to activating enzymes associated with the plasma membrane § All of the choices are correct

· Which of the following may happen after a G protein-type receptor binds its ligand?

o Ion channel

· Which of the following membrane proteins must be an integral protein to carry out its function?

o 2,4,6

· Which of the following occur as a result of inhibiting the release of chemical mediators of inflammation shortly after injury in a tissue?

o Protein

· Which of the following organic groups does hemoglobin belong

o Oxidation- Gain of electrons

· Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

§ Water evaporation heats the body

· Which of the following statements is false? o Water serves as an effective lubricant in our bodies; Water evaporation cools the body; water transports nutrients in the body; water evaporation heats the body; water allows the body to resist sudden temperature changes

o In order to maintain homeostasis, a person's body temperature must remain precisely at its set point

· Which of the following statements regarding homeostasis is false

o The mechanism that detects a decrease in tire pressure on an automibile

· Which of the following structures is most like the receptor of a homeostatic control mechanism?

o Difficulty flexing the shoulder

· Which of the following would be a likely result of damaging the musculocutaneous nerve

o Skeletal muscle cells

· Which of these cells would most likely have the largest number of mitochondria?

o Cholesterol

· Which of these molecules is hydrophobic?

renal

· Which system removes nitrogenous waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance?

o Chondroblast

· Which type of cell forms cartilage

Cardiac muscle cells (require large amounts of ATP)

· Which type of cell has abundant mitochondria?

Fibroblast (makes protein fibers)

· Which type of cell has abundant ribosomes?

o Holocrine

· Which type of gland accumulates its secretion in the cytoplasm of the cell, the cell then ruptures and becomes part of the secretion

o Endocrine

· Which type of gland releases products by secretion into the blood?

o Mucous

· Which type of membrane lines cavities that open to the outside and often contains mucous glands?

o Columnar cells of small intestines

· Which types of cells are covered with microvilli for increased absorption

o Inferior

· While Stacy is in the process of passing over the bar during a pole vault, her hips are considered to be

o The rate of chemical reactions increases in muscle fibers during contraction, so the rate of heat production also increases

· Why does muscle activity affect the temperature of the body?

o They cant pass through bone

· X rays can be used to view bones because

o Intracellular digestion

· You are looking at a cell with the electron microscope and you notice the following characteristics: presence of many mitochondria and lysosomes; few, if any, Golgi apparatus; and many ribosomes. Which of the following is the most likely function of that cell?

endochondral ; intramembranous

· bone formation associated with cartilage is called ____________ ossification while bone formed in connective tissue membranes is called ___________ ossification

o One enzyme can have many reactions

· the following is NOT true of enzymes?

o Cerebral cortex

· Imagine a deficit in arachnoid granulations, causing CSF to accumulate in the subarachnoid space (external hydrocephalus) which of the following brain regions or structures will the surrounding CSF press up against

o Positive

· Imagine the following scenario: Platelets adhere to a damaged blood vessel-> Platelets secrete various substances-> platelets adhere to a damaged blood vessel This is an example of __________ feedback

o Salt, water, salt water

· In a mixture of salt water, _________ is the solute, _______ is the solvent, and _______ is the solution

o Ideal normal value

· In reference to the body temperature in living organisms, the set point can be defined as the

o Receptor, stimulus

· In the homeostatic feedback loop, the first step involves the __________ that monitors the change in a __________ (or variable)

o Cerebellum

· In what brain area would a tumor have the most detrimental effect on the ability to execute complex movements

o Control center, set point

· Information about the variable is sent to the ___________, which compares the value of the variable to the _____________.

o Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands

· Integumentary system

o Two molecules

· Intermolecular forces are weak electrostatic attractions that exist between

o Polysnaptic

· Interneurons are used in ___________ reflex arcs

o Immune System o Digestive System

· It has been suggested that humans and microbes are completely interconnected and involved in the development and maintenance of which following systems

o Testes, associated ducts, penis

· Male reproductive system

o Melanocytes and keratinocytes

· Melanin is found in which cells

o Anatomical variation among organisms

· Most people have 5 lumbar vertebrae, some have 6 and some have 4. what is this an example of

o Myoblasts, contractile

· Muscle fibers originate from immature, cells known as _________ when ___________ proteins form in the cell cytoplasm

o Contractility

· Muscle tissue is characterized by its

o Muscles, tendons

· Muscular system

o Elongated fibers (cells) that are specialized to contract

· Muscular tissue consists of which type of cells or fibers?

Responsiveness.

· Nerve cells generate elctrical signals in repsonse to changes in the environment. This is an example of

Critical because enzymes work best within narrow ranges of pH.

· Normal pH for blood is 7.35 to 7.45. Maintenance of the pH in this range is

o Temporal lobes

· Olfaction and hearing are processed in the

o Hypertrophy; size

· Physical exercise results in the growth of muscle or ___________ and occurs due to an increase in _____ of muscle fibers

o They are overstretched. Resulting in poor overlap between thick and thin filaments

· Picking up a heavy box from the floor is best performed with bent legs and a relatively straight back. Simply bending at the waist (and keeping the legs straight) makes it more difficult for the low back muscles to generate a strong contraction, and they are likely to become damaged. Which of the following best explains why the back muscles generate such a weak contraction?

o Unhealthy individuals

· Positive feedback mechanisms are more commonly seen in ____________

o Exhibits specificity

· Receptor-mediated endocytosis exhibits

o Lungs and respiratory passages

· Respiratory system

o Subthalamic nucleus

· Select the brain structure that is most similar in function to the substantia nigra

o Bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints

· Skeletal system

· Gap junction

· Small specialized contact region bw cells containing protein channels that aid intercellular communication by allowing ions and small molecules to pass from one cell to another

o Solution B has a higher hydrogen ion concentration than solution A

· Solution A has a pH of 10 and solution b has a pH of 2. which of the following statements about these solutions is true

o David stated that it is smooth muscle, eliminating cardiac muscle because the tissue is not located in the heart and skeletal muscle because it is not under voluntary control

· Students were asked to identify the type of muscle tissue that makes up the arrector pili, a structure that moves the hair relative to the skin. Which of the following correctly identified the muscle tissue type

o Primary auditory cortex

· The __________ is most likely to be stimulated first upon hearing a spoken word

o Frontal lobe

· The __________ provides critical function in motivation, logical reasoning, expression of emotion, and social attitudes

o Parietal lobes

· The ___________ receives sensory information other than that from smell, hearing, taste, and vision

o Zone of cell proliferation

· The _______________ is marked by an expansive production of chondrocytes that align in rows in order to replenish those undergoing calcification

o Shoulder to the elbow

· The anatomical arm refers to the part of the upper limb from the

o Cerebral arterial circle

· The basilar artery and internal cartoid arteries contribute to the ring-shaped ________________

o Insula

· The deepest of the cerebral lobes, the _________ receives taste sensory input

o Thigh

· The femoral region is the_______.

·chon

· The four most abundant elements in the human body are

o Superior

· The head is ___________ to the thorax

o Groin

· The inguinal region is commonly known as the ________.

o Subarachnoid

· The larger arteries that supply the brain with blood are located within the _____________ space

neutrons plus protons in the atom

· The mass number of an atom is the number of

o A double-layered serous membrane that anchors some of the abdominal organs to the body wall

· The mesentery is

o Can be lowered by enzyemes

· The minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction

o Ventral

· The motor neurons conduct action potentials through the ____________ of the spinal cord

o Zone of hypertrophy

· The next layer is the ______________ where the existing columnar chondrocytes mature and enlarge and thus force the separations between lacunae to become very thin

o Medial

· The nose is _______ to the eyes

o Appositional growth

· The osteoblasts lay down new bone matrix by _______________

o False

· The part of the feedback mechanism that processes information, relates it to other information and makes a decision of action is the receptor

o Chest area

· The pectoral region is the

o Apoptosis

· The process of controlled cell death is referred to as __________.

o Strength of the bone

· The proportion of collagen to hydroxyapatite in bone determines the

o There is an increase in carbon dioxide in the blood o Carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid o Carbonic acid dissociates, forming bicarbonate and hydrogen ions o PH decreases in the blood (it becomes more acidic) o Receptors in the brain detect an increase in the acidity of blood o Increase in breathing rate, exhaling more carbon dioxide o Carbonic acid dissociates into water and carbon dioxide o PH of the blood increases (becomes more basic)

· The regulation of breathing is controlled not by the amount of oxygen we have circulating in our blood, but instead by the pH of the blood. Receptors in the brain respond to changes in the pH of the blood, triggering an increase in the breathing rate if the blood becomes to acidic. Place the following events in order, showing how the body maintains a stable blood pH in response to changes in the carbon dioxide levels in the blood. Assume that a person is exercising and her muscles are releasing carbon dioxide

o Dissociate

· The result is that the sodium and chlorine ions _________ in water

o Posterior

· The scapula is ________ to the breastbone

o Atom

· The smallest particle of an element that still exhibits the chemical characteristics of the element is a/an

Peritonitis

· The suffix "-itis" means inflammation. Which of the following terms means inflammation of the membrane lining the body cavity that contains the liver?

o Toward the back of the body

· The term "dorsal" means

o Lateral

· The thumb is _________ to the fifth digit (little finger).

o Naval

· The umbilical region is commonly known as the _________.

o Many nuclei

· These cells contain _________ caused by the fusion of precursor cells

o Peroxisomes

· To prevent the entry of toxic substances into the bloodstream, the liver screens everything that the digestive system takes in. Because this organ's cells are actively involved in the detoxification of chemicals, many liver cells contain large quantities of ___________.

false

· True or false o Epithelial tissue heals well because it is highly vascular

o True

· True or false: most pre-mRNAs are larger than the mRNAs formed from them

o True

· True or false: the importance of O2 in the human body is to extract energy (atp) from food molecules

o Kidney, urinary bladder

· Urinary system

o Visual cortex o Visual association area o Wernicke area o Broca area o Premotor area o Primary motor area

· What are the areas of the cortex form the functional pathway of accomplishing reading a poem aloud

o Difficulty with dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

· What is a likely result of severing the tibial and common fibular nerves

o The electrical charge difference across the plasma membrane resulting from differences in ion concentrations inside and outside the cell

· What is membrane potential?

o Sweating is an example of homeostasis o For a cell to function normally its variables must remain within a normal range o Homeostasis is defined as the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body

· What is true regarding homeostasis

o Beta

· What of brain wave would characterize the EEG of a student taking a calculus exam

o Mitochondria

· When a person trains for running long distances, which of the following organelles increasing in number in his/her muscles?

a) Have striations

. Cardiac muscle cells are like skeletal muscle cells in that they both A. have striations. B. depolarize as a result of sodium and calcium influxes. C. possess intercalated disks. D. lack sarcomeres. E. are multinucleated

a) Biceps femoris

Alexandria a sprinter experienced thigh pain during the start of her last race. Within 48 hours of the race, she noticed extensive bruising on the back of her thigh extending into the back of the knee and has difficulty rising from a seated position and flexing her knee. Bending at the waist generates more pain. Which muscle is likely injured

a) Deltoid

All of the following muscles are rotators of the arm. Which is a lateral rotator of the arm?

o Increased, decreased

Blood vessel dilation in the dermis results in ________ heat loss from the skin, and blood vessel constriction results in ________ heat loss from the skin

· Muscle fibers originate from immature, cells known as _________ when ___________ proteins form in the cell cytoplasm

Cross-bridge cycle and relative positions of the thick and thin filaments: less

§ Width of the A-band § Width of the M-line

Cross-bridge cycle and relative positions of the thick and thin filaments: same

o Glands that secrete hormones

Endocrine system

o Fast-twitch oxidative (FOG) Fibers

Endurance activities § High myoglobin content § Intermediate resistance to fatigue § Many mitochondria

o A nerve impulse causes ACh to be released at a neuromuscular junction o The T tubules carry the action potential to the interior of the muscle fiber o Calcium ions are released into the sarcoplasm o Calcium ions bind to troponin molecules on the actin myofilaments o The troponin-tropomysin complex moves, exposing the active sites on the actin myofilaments o The heads of myosin myofilaments bind to sites on the actin myofilaments, forming cross-bridges

Events of excitation-contraction coupling in the correct order

· Adhesion belt

Found just below the tight junction, acts as a weak glue that holds cells together

inhibition of acetylcholinesterase

One cause of spastic paralysis might be

o Chondroblasts produce a cartilage model that is surrounded by a perichondrium o The perichondrium of the diaphysis becomes the periosteum, and a bony collar is produced o Chondrocyte's hypertrophy, die, and calcified cartilage forms o A primary ossification center forms as blood vessels and osteoblasts invade o Osteoblasts lay down bone matrix, forming spongey bone in the primary ossification center o Secondary ossification centers form in the epiphyses of long bones o The cartilage model is almost completely ossified, the remaining cartilage becomes the epiphyseal plate and articular cartilage o The epiphyseal plate become the epiphyseal line, and all cartilage (except articular) has become bone

· Bone remodeling in order

o Cadherins

· Cancer cells are often associated with losing the ability to attach to neighboring cells. Which of these protein types might cancer cells stop producing?

o Molecule and compund

· Carbon dioxide is considered a

o Heart, blood vessels, blood

· Cardiovascular system

· Desmosomes

· Consist of adhesive glycoproteins that bind cells together and intracellylar proteins attached to intermediate filaments that extend into the cytpolasm of cells · Found in epithelial tissues that are sunjected to stress

Lower limbs; hips; upper limbs

· Damage to the T11 and T12 spinal nerves could result in loss of movement in the __________ and __________ but would not affect the movement of the __________

o Water is used to split a compound into two parts § Hydrolysis o Water is a product in this reaction § Dehydration o Synthesis reaction § Dehydration o Decomposition reaction § Hydrolysis

· Dehydration or hydration;

o Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines

· Digestive system

o Depolarization; repolarization

· During the ____________phase, the inside of the cell becomes positively charged, and during the ___________ phase, the membrane potential returns to its resting value

o Conduct electricity when dissolved in water

· Electrolytes are substances that

o Hyaline

· Elongation of bones through endochondral ossification requires the zone of resting cartilage where normal _______ cartilage persists near the epiphysis

o Thyroid hormone o Estrogen o Testosterone o Vitamin C o Vitamin D o Growth hormone

· Factors important for bone growth

o Fatty acid B is Saturated

· Fatty acid A has 10 double covalent bonds scattered throughout its carbon chain while fatty acid B has only single covalent bonds between the carbons in its chain

o Ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands

· Female reproductive system

o Axillary nerve o Median nerve o Musculocutaneous nerve o Radial nerve o Ulnar nerve

· Five major nerves off the brachial plexus

o Innervation

· Following that, __________ occurs as nerves grow into the area of developing muscle fibers

o Increase

· For most chemical reactions, an increase in temperature will cause the reaction rate to

o Glucose

· From the following list, select the one organic substance found in the human body

o Protection against uv radiation of the sun

· Function associated with skin

o Innervates the muscles that extend the thigh o Innervates the skin on the posterior portion of the leg o Innervates the skin on the sole of the foot

· Functions of the tibial nerve and its branches

tight junction

· Hold cells together and form a permeability barrier · Formed by proteins in the plasma membranes of adjacent cells that join one another to make avery tight seal

o Maintaining

· Homeostasis involves ____________ body functions near a/an set point, which is the ideal normal value for that component

o The maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body

· Homeostasis is defined as

o Occipital lobes

· Housing the visual centers, the _____________ receive inputs from the optic radiation

o Elevated blood calcium levels

· Hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone may result in

o Zone of calcification

· Hypertrophied chondrocytes lie within a region containing calcified cartilage matrix in the __________________

o Peripheral

· If a membrane protein only contains hydrophilic amino acids, it is most likely a _______ membrane protein

o Premotor area

· If a person decided to jump over a chair, the _________ area would organize the motor functions needed to carry to this action

o Effector

· If a response is necessary, a/an ___________ responds, causing an action that maintains homeostasis

o Protein synthesis

· If a toxic drug inhibited mRNA synthesis, which of the following would be most directly affected?

o The cell would no longer be able to break down fatty acids, hydrogen peroxide, and amino acids

· If all of the peroxisomes in a cell were suddenly removed, how would the affect the cell's function?

o Longitudinal

· If the esophagus were cut from superior to inferior, as it occurs in the thoracic cavity, this would be considered a __________ section.

o Golgi apparatus

· If you compare a cell with a manufacturing plant that exports goods, the cell's ___________ would be compared to the manufacturing plants shipping department

o Motor neurons in the premotor area

· If you decide to "snap your fingers," the first neurons to be stimulated are the